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Grammar Notes

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Grammar Notes

Parts of Speech

-Noun-names a person, place or thing

-Pronoun-a word that replaces a noun (pro means “for)

-Verb-tells what is being done and/or a helping verb

-Helping Verbs:

|Is |Be |Has |Do |Shall |May |Can |
|An |Been |Have |Does |Will |Might |Could |
|Are |Being |Had |Did |Should |Must | |
|Was | | | |Would | | |
|Were | | | | | | |

-Adjective-describes a noun (answers which one, what kind, how many, or whose about the noun it modifies)

-Articles-a, an, the-specifically they are adjectives that show definite or indefinite forms of nouns

-Adverbs-a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. (it tells how, how, where, or how much the word it modifies)

-Conjunction-connects words, phrases, and clauses (FANBOYS)Fan An Neither/Nor But Or Yet So

-Subordinating Conjunctions-begins a subordinate clause (AWHITEBUS) Although While If That Even though Because Until Since

*When trying to determine parts of speech of any word in a sentence, you must consider the form and the function of the particular word.

Verbs and Subjects

-The word or words that tell what is done is the verb.

-The word that tells who or what does the verb is the subject

Adjectives

-An adjective modifies a noun; it tells which one, what kind, how many or whose about the noun or pronoun it modifies

Adverbs

-An adverb tells how, when, and where about verbs and how much about adjectives and other adverbs.

Pronoun

-A pronoun is a word used to take the place of a noun. Pro means “for”; a pronoun stands for a noun. When you use a pronoun, it should refer clearly to a noun you used earlier.

|Subjective |Objective |
|I |Me |
|You |You |
|He |Him |
|She |Her |
|It |It |
|They |Them |
|We |Be |

-Remember, polite order in using pronouns in compound subjects:

First: you, as the person to whom you are talking

Second: she, he, they, or nouns, persons about whom you are talking

Last: I and we.

Direct Objects-Nouns

-A direct object receives the action of a “doing” verb (D.O.)

Direct Objects-Pronouns

-The objective pronouns are:

ME, YOU HIM, HER, US, THEM

-To use the correct pronouns in a compound direct object, say each pronoun by itself after the verb

-Use polite order of pronouns in the direct object position:

First: you, the person to whom you are talking.

Second: her, him, them, or nouns, persons about whom you are talking

Last: me and us

Prepositional Phrases

-A prepositional phrase is used to describe modify) another word in a sentence just as an adjective or an adverb is used

-A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition (prep.) and ends with a noun or pronoun object (O.P.)

-A preposition shows a relationship of position (prep.) between the object of the preposition and the word it modifies

|About |At |Beyond |From |On |Toward |
|Above |Before |But |In |Out |Under |
|Across |Behind |By |Inside |Outside |Until |
|After |Below |Concerning |Into |Over |Up |
|Against |Beneath |Down |Like |Past |Upon |
|Along |Beside |During |Near |Since |With |
|Among |Besides |Except |Of |Through |Within |
|Around |Between |For |Off |To |Without |

Independent Clause-subject, verb, complete thought

Subordinate (dependant) Clause-subject, verb, but no complete thought

Simple Sentence-one independent clause, and no subordinate clause.

Compund Sentence-joined by: -Coordinating conjuntion (FANBOYS) -Conjunction Adverbs (however, therefore) -Semicolon ( ; )

Complex Sentence-has one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause

Compound Complex-sentence has two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause

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