...the gravitational force of Earth. The gravitational force at the surface of the planet is the force that binds all bodies to earth. This force is one of the four forces recognized by physicists, and this kind of force, known as ‘gravity’, attracts every celestial object to earth. Though it is the most important of the forces essential for our lives, it is the least comprehended of them all. Throughout ages scientists have tried to solve the mystery of gravity. One of the first discoveries concerning gravity was made by Aristotle who concluded from his experiments that the downward movement of any body is that has weight had a proportional relationship between its quickness in motion and its size. This theory was accepted for centuries, but after a series of experiments made by Galileo, Aristotle’s theory was proved to be incorrect, as Galileo said after a series of experimenting at the Pisa tower that body of different sizes fall with the same speed. Later on, the idea that the force is needed so as to change the motion of the body was discovered. After that, a great scientist was to improve all the previously accepted theories, this scientist was Newton who was to make decisive advances in understanding gravity. In his first law, Newton said that a body in state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line will keep on moving unless acted upon by a force, while in his second theory, Newton expressed his first law in a more quantitative way as he said that force acting...
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...being applied in the quest for gravitational waves, the conviction being that their identification could essentially help the examining of the universe. Be that as it may, starting yet, they have been distinguished just indirectly[1]. The expectation of the presence of gravitational waves comes as an immediate outcome of Einstein's hypothesis of general relativity[1], and measuring such waves stays one the last tests of his theory[2]. As per general relativity, gravity can be communicated as a space-time curvature[1], with gravitational waves being "swells" in these four measurements which spread as waves[2]. Not at all like electromagnetic waves, gravitational waves can go through matter without being impeded[3]. For example, the electromagnetic radiation discharged from supernovae blasts will be scattered endless times thus data from the blast will be lost[4]. The same does not remain constant for gravitational waves, which gives them specific criticalness in space science. Pretty much as cosmologists use optical telescopes to watch galactic wonders today, the trust is that the same will be made conceivable utilizing hardware that can distinguish gravitational waves[1]. About all galactic wonders radiate gravitational waves in some form[4], including frameworks, for example, dark opening communications, which have no electromagnetic signature[5]. In this manner, new wonders might get to be discernible if the force of gravitational waves can be bridled. Locators...
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...Universal Gravitation Objectives * Compare and contrast gravitational force vectors as mass and distance are changed. (Explorations 1, 2, and 3) * Discover how changes in the distance between two objects affects the gravitational force between them. (Explorations 1, 2, and 3) * Describe how changes in the masses of two objects affects the gravitational force between them. (Explorations 1, 2, and 3) Description of Activity In this activity, you will explore how distance and mass affect the gravitational force between two objects. You will select one of three locations to work within: a 9 m2 room, a 9 × 104 m2 city block, or a 9 × 1022 m2 region of space. You will also change the mass of each object as well as manipulate the positions of both objects. For purposes of this simulation, masses will be represented as spheres and the distance between them will be the distance between their centers. Jump Start 1. What is mass? Mass is the amount of matter an object has. 2. Describe gravitational force. Gravitational force is the force of attraction between all masses in the universe; especially the attraction of the earth's mass for bodies near its surface. 3. How can you tell if one variable is directly proportional to another variable? Two variables are said to be directly proportional if an increase or decrease in one variable causes simultaneous increase or decrease in another variable. 4. How can you tell if one variable is inversely...
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...Gravitational waves: Understanding and Detection Final draft Physics 222 November 11, 1999 Aaron Astle Dan Hale Dale Kitchen Wesley Krueger Abstract Gravitational waves carry information about catastrophic events in the universe. We give a brief description of gravitational waves with an overview of the current projects underway to detect them. We begin by discussing the theoretical prediction of gravitational waves from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. We list several possible sources of these waves and describe how they produce gravitational waves. We also discuss the characteristic signals each source sends to Earth. We outline advantages and challenges for several detection methods now being implemented. These include resonant mass detectors and laser interferometry. We also discuss improvements being made to each system and how these improvements further our progress towards detection of the waves. Finally, we conclude with a prediction that laser interferometry will first detect these waves within the next few years. In 1905 Albert Einstein presented his Theory of Special Relativity with two postulates that led to a new realm of reasoning and observing the universe. Eleven years later Einstein extended these postulates to form the General Theory of Relativity. This theory predicts the existence of gravitational waves and describes properties these waves must have. If such gravitational waves could be detected, they could reveal much about...
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...of the hammer during its final swing (iv) Calculate the kinetic energy of the hammer as it is released. 2011 Question 6 (c) A simple merry-go-round consists of a flat disc that is rotated horizontally. A child of mass 32 kg stands at the edge of the merry-go-round, 2.2 metres from its centre. The force of friction acting on the child is 50 N. Draw a diagram showing the forces acting on the child as the merry-go-round rotates. What is the maximum angular velocity of the merry-go-round so that the child will not fall from it, as it rotates? If there was no force of friction between the child and the merry-go-round, in what direction would the child move as the merry-go-round starts to rotate? 2006 Question 6 (i) Define velocity. (ii) Define angular velocity. (iii) Derive the relationship between the velocity of a particle travelling in uniform circular motion and its angular velocity. (iv) A student swings a ball in a circle of radius 70 cm in the vertical plane as shown. The angular velocity of the ball is 10 rad s–1. What is the velocity of the ball? (v) How long does the ball take to complete one revolution? (vi) Draw a diagram to show the forces acting on...
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...Formula Sheet for Stage 6 Physics Preliminary Course [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Energy = VIt P=VI [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] H.S.C. Course - Core [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] H.S.C. Course - Options [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Constants How to Use the Formulas for Stage 6 Physics Preliminary Course |Formula |Name |Comments |Typical Problem |Typical Answer | |[pic] |Wave Equation |v= velocity (m/s) |Calculate the wavelength of a water wave |[pic] | | |8.2.1 |f = frequency (hz) |travelling at 3 m/s whose frequency is 6 | | | | |( = wavelength (m) |Hz. | ...
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...circling the Earth to stay above the surface this causes a state of free fall allowing for the zero gravity to occur in the ISS. You will be using this setup to calculate the acceleration due to gravity using pendulum motion. The investigation is designed to demonstrate: • Air friction • Pendulum motion • Acceleration due to gravity Historical Context: Gravity has been long-known concept, first conceived Isaac Newton with the famous moment of the apple dropping on his head. With that remarkable accident, he derived the law of universal gravitational attraction. F =G ( m1 m2 ) d 2 F = Attraction force between two objects (N) G = Universal Gravitational constant (6.67 x 10-11 N M2 kg-2) m1,m2 = Masses of the two objects (kg) d = distance between the two objects (m) This law allowed us to measure the magnitude of the attraction force between two objects. If we combined this with Newton's second law of motion which states, “the vector sum of forces on an object is equal to the total mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration of...
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...Write-Up for Lab 10.1: Falling in a Gravitational Field PHYS121 Week 3 For this lab you will drop several objects from the same height and observe how they fall and how long each takes to hit the ground. Consider the following as you complete the lab and answer the Write-Up Questions below: * Do the objects fall at the same rate? * What if the objects are different sizes, does that make a difference? Questions: 1. The acceleration due to gravity calculated this way works well for objects near the Earth’s surface. How would you have to change the above equation if the object was 100,000 meters above the ground? (Note: this question refers to Newton’s equation for the force of gravity between two objects. How would that change if the radius of the earth or distance were increased by 100,000 meters. To help you answer this question, please review your textbook, chapter 3, Newton’s law of Gravitation section.) F= (6.67 x10-11N.m2/kg2)(m1)(m2) 100,0002 G is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center of the earth. 100 km above the earth's surface, g is reduced by a factor [6370/ (6370+100)] ^2 = 0.969 That would make it 9.51 m/s^2 6370 km is the radius of the earth. For questions 2 and 3, please consult the textbook and additional research materials on Newton’s Second Law of Motion. Pay particular attention to mass, gravity, acceleration and how they inter-relate. 2. How does air resistance alter the...
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...The Detection of Gravitational Waves, How Close Are We? Since the realization that the general theory of relativity predicts gravitational waves, there have been attempts to actually detect these waves. Indirect observations have been made that support their existence but no direct measurement. This paper gives a brief explanation of gravitational waves and discusses the current condition of the experimental search for gravitational waves. It deals with the newest techniques that will enable their detection. The focus of the paper is on three experimental groups: LIGO, VIRGO, and LISA. From our research of these groups we believe that the detection of gravitational waves will occur within the next decade. Gravitational waves: Understanding and Detection Gravitational waves carry information about catastrophic events in the universe. We give a brief description of gravitational waves with an overview of the current projects underway to detect them. We begin by discussing the theoretical prediction of gravitational waves from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. We listseveral possible sources of these waves and describe how they produce gravitational waves. We also discussthe characteristic signals each source sendsto Earth. We outline advantages and challenges for several detection methods now being...
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...general relativistically correct illustrations highlighting the distortion effects are presented and discussed. A short movie (VHS) depicting many of these effects is available to those interested free of charge. I. BACKGROUND It is impossible for a human to travel very near a high gravity star which has a mass like that of the Sun. If, somehow, a person could survive the extremely harmful radiation that would be emitted on or near these objects, the high gravity itself would likely pose insurmountable problems. The person could not stand casually on the surface of such a star because the high surface gravity would tend to flatten them. (Lying down wouldn't help.) Were a person to orbit the star in a spaceship, however, the immense gravitational field would be overcome by a large outward centrifugal acceleration.[1] The problem in this case, however, is the extreme change in gravity between the head and toe of the person, the extreme tidal pull, would surely prove much more than annoying for any human[2]. Nevertheless it is informative and interesting to wonder what it would look like to visit such a high gravity environment. Significant speculations on this include popular science fiction stories such as those by Forward [3] and Niven [4]. A...
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...Acceleration Due to Gravity Tushar Agarwal 17st November 2014 Aim-In this experiment I will be calculating the value of gravity by the drop of the ball. I will be measuring the distance and finding out the time . Distance will be changed however the size of the ball and the type of the ball will remain constant , The time will be then give me the value of gravity by the suvat equation ,where acceleration will be the subject . Background Knowledge.For an object to move, a force that is greater than its opposite force needs to act upon an object. Force =Mxa where in this case at least acceleration is due tp gravity . Every falling object accelerates at a constant rate and this happens simply due to the force of gravity ,so mathematically the distance “s” that the object is travelling is half the acceleration times of time squared additional to the initial speed and time . Now , We are going to make a the subject of the equation .After making a the subject of the equation we find out that the acceleration due to gravity is twice the distance of Time Squared will equal to acceleration due to gravity . The answer should be somewhere close to 9.81m/s-2 Time (m/s) Distance(m) The graph above shows the relationship between the two variables .In this experiment distance is the independent variable and Dependent variable is time . As Distance increases time will...
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...TheDetectionofGravitationalWaves, HowCloseAreWe? Sincetherealizationthatthegeneraltheoryofrelativitypredictsgravitationalwave s, therehavebeenattemptstoactuallydetectthesewaves.Indirectobservationshavebeenmade thatsupporttheirexistencebutnodirectmeasurement.Thispapergivesabriefexplanationof gravitationalwavesanddiscussesthecurrentconditionoftheexperimentalsearchfor gravitationalwaves.Itdealswiththenewesttechniquesthatwillenabletheirdetection.The focusofthepaperisonthreeexperimentalgroups:LIGO,VIRGO,andLISA.Fromourresearc h ofthesegroupswebelievethatthedetectionofgravitationalwaveswilloccurwithinthenext decade. TheDetectionofGravitationalWaves, HowCloseAreWe? Einstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativitywaspublishedin1915.1Sincethattimemanyofthe predictionsderivedfromthetheoryhavebeenexperimentallyobserved.Threemainexamples arethebendingoflightbygravity,thered-shiftoflighttravelinginagravitationalfield,andthe precessionofMercury.Einstein'stheoryhasbeencrediblyestablishedbecauseofobserva tions likethese.Therearestillotherpredictionsthathaveyettobeobserved.Thedetectionof gravitationalwavesisoneofthesepredictions. Itwasdiscoveredin1916thatthegeneraltheoryofrelativitypredictstheexistenceof gravitationalwaves.“Gravitationalwavesareperturbationsinthecurvatureofspacetime propagatingwiththevelocityoflight.Theyarecausedbyacceleratingmasses...
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...It may be hard to believe but everything in the world in is motion. Even the most still objects have atoms vibrating inside of them with energy. Energy is never destroyed, just transferred to another object. For instance when shooting a basketball you are holding the ball above your head with two hands. One to hold the ball and the other to apply force, which is an example of kinetic energy. When shooting you are jumping to build up momentum for your shot, which is an example of gravitational energy. Gravitational Energy also takes place when shooting with an arch. When shot the ball goes falling back down to the ground because of gravitational pull. In order for something to move, it must be pushed or pulled along. Pushes and pulls are called...
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...Holt Physics—Chapter 5: Work and Energy Price I. Section 5.1—Work A. Definition of work 1. Work does not mean the same thing in Physics as it does in the everyday sense of the word. 2. Work is defined as a force causing a displacement. Work = force x displacement W = Fd 3. Work is NOT done on an object unless the displacement is greater than zero 4. The only forces that are considered to do work are those that are parallel to the displacement. 5. For this reason we use our trigonometric functions to calculate forces applied at an angle. Insert Fig 5-2 6. Note that Θ is the angle between the applied force and the displacement. 7. Work is described in Newtons x meters (force x displacement). The unit of work is the Joule (J) 8. 1 Newton meter = 1 Joule 9. Work is a vector with both direction AND magnitude. This means WORK CAN BE NEGATIVE! 10. Negative work is most commonly used to slow an object down or decrease its velocity. II. Section 5-2: Energy A. Kinetic Energy 1. Kinetic energy is associated with an object in motion. 2. Kinetic energy depends on speed and mass Kinetic Energy = ½mv2 3. Kinetic energy is a scalar and will use Joules as...
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...that produces enough force to propel a vehicle using the reciprocal motion of a piston cylinder, which is itself propelled by electromagnetic force. The problem that this patent solves is the ability to produce the driving force necessary without the numerous types of resistance that inherently occur in internal combustion engines. In the electromagnetic piston engine, the inner wall of the cylinder is magnetizable to a single magnetic pole. To make the piston more able to engage with the cylinder, the piston magnetization unit magnetizes part of the piston to another single pole. The cylinder’s magnetization creates a force between the cylinder and piston that is magnetically attractive. This, in turn, causes the piston to move in one direction until it is repelled by the opposing magnetic force in the opposite direction. Friction force arises from motion of one object with respect to another when the two objects are within contact distance. This is due to the surface molecules of one object forming atomic bonds with the surface molecules of the other object. These bonds apply a force that resists any motion of the objects (which break the bonds). Friction force depends on the relative speed of the objects with respect to one another, being smaller at higher speeds. For all practical applications, the friction force is constant at rest (called static friction) and a different constant as the objects move (called kinetic friction). The friction force obviously depends also...
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