...Detection of Gravitational Waves, How Close Are We? Since the realization that the general theory of relativity predicts gravitational waves, there have been attempts to actually detect these waves. Indirect observations have been made that support their existence but no direct measurement. This paper gives a brief explanation of gravitational waves and discusses the current condition of the experimental search for gravitational waves. It deals with the newest techniques that will enable their detection. The focus of the paper is on three experimental groups: LIGO, VIRGO, and LISA. From our research of these groups we believe that the detection of gravitational waves will occur within the next decade. Gravitational waves: Understanding and Detection Gravitational waves carry information about catastrophic events in the universe. We give a brief description of gravitational waves with an overview of the current projects underway to detect them. We begin by discussing the theoretical prediction of gravitational waves from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. We listseveral possible sources of these waves and describe how they produce gravitational waves. We also discussthe characteristic signals each source sendsto Earth. We outline advantages and challenges for several detection methods now being implemented...
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...Gravitational waves: Understanding and Detection Final draft Physics 222 November 11, 1999 Aaron Astle Dan Hale Dale Kitchen Wesley Krueger Abstract Gravitational waves carry information about catastrophic events in the universe. We give a brief description of gravitational waves with an overview of the current projects underway to detect them. We begin by discussing the theoretical prediction of gravitational waves from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. We list several possible sources of these waves and describe how they produce gravitational waves. We also discuss the characteristic signals each source sends to Earth. We outline advantages and challenges for several detection methods now being implemented. These include resonant mass detectors and laser interferometry. We also discuss improvements being made to each system and how these improvements further our progress towards detection of the waves. Finally, we conclude with a prediction that laser interferometry will first detect these waves within the next few years. In 1905 Albert Einstein presented his Theory of Special Relativity with two postulates that led to a new realm of reasoning and observing the universe. Eleven years later Einstein extended these postulates to form the General Theory of Relativity. This theory predicts the existence of gravitational waves and describes properties these waves must have. If such gravitational waves could be detected, they could reveal much about...
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...Space Station (ISS), however theoretically they should be not experiencing as they as still in the Earth's gravity field however as the constantly circling the Earth to stay above the surface this causes a state of free fall allowing for the zero gravity to occur in the ISS. You will be using this setup to calculate the acceleration due to gravity using pendulum motion. The investigation is designed to demonstrate: • Air friction • Pendulum motion • Acceleration due to gravity Historical Context: Gravity has been long-known concept, first conceived Isaac Newton with the famous moment of the apple dropping on his head. With that remarkable accident, he derived the law of universal gravitational attraction. F =G ( m1 m2 ) d 2 F = Attraction force between two objects (N) G = Universal Gravitational constant (6.67 x 10-11 N M2 kg-2) m1,m2 = Masses of the two objects (kg) d = distance between the two objects (m) This law allowed us to measure the magnitude of the attraction force between two objects. If we combined this with Newton's second law of motion which states, “the vector sum of forces on an object is equal to the total mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration of...
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...Leaving Cert Physics Long Questions: 4. Circular Motion and SHM (all higher level) Remember to photocopy 4 pages onto 1 sheet by going A3→A4 and using back to back on the photocopier 2015 - 2002 Solutions begin on page 7 Circular Motion 2012 Question 12 (a) An Olympic hammer thrower swings a mass of 7.26 kg at the end of a light inextensible wire in a circular motion. In the final complete swing, the hammer moves at a constant speed and takes 0.8 s to complete a circle of radius 2.0 m. (i) What is the angular velocity of the hammer during its final swing? (ii) Even though the hammer moves at a constant speed, it accelerates. Explain. (iii) Calculate the acceleration of the hammer during its final swing (iv) Calculate the kinetic energy of the hammer as it is released. 2011 Question 6 (c) A simple merry-go-round consists of a flat disc that is rotated horizontally. A child of mass 32 kg stands at the edge of the merry-go-round, 2.2 metres from its centre. The force of friction acting on the child is 50 N. Draw a diagram showing the forces acting on the child as the merry-go-round rotates. What is the maximum angular velocity of the merry-go-round so that the child will not fall from it, as it rotates? If there was no force of friction between the child and the merry-go-round, in what direction would the child move as the merry-go-round starts to rotate? 2006 Question 6 (i) Define velocity. (ii) Define angular velocity. (iii) Derive the relationship...
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...being applied in the quest for gravitational waves, the conviction being that their identification could essentially help the examining of the universe. Be that as it may, starting yet, they have been distinguished just indirectly[1]. The expectation of the presence of gravitational waves comes as an immediate outcome of Einstein's hypothesis of general relativity[1], and measuring such waves stays one the last tests of his theory[2]. As per general relativity, gravity can be communicated as a space-time curvature[1], with gravitational waves being "swells" in these four measurements which spread as waves[2]. Not at all like electromagnetic waves, gravitational waves can go through matter without being impeded[3]. For example, the electromagnetic radiation discharged from supernovae blasts will be scattered endless times thus data from the blast will be lost[4]. The same does not remain constant for gravitational waves, which gives them specific criticalness in space science. Pretty much as cosmologists use optical telescopes to watch galactic wonders today, the trust is that the same will be made conceivable utilizing hardware that can distinguish gravitational waves[1]. About all galactic wonders radiate gravitational waves in some form[4], including frameworks, for example, dark opening communications, which have no electromagnetic signature[5]. In this manner, new wonders might get to be discernible if the force of gravitational waves can be bridled. Locators...
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...Essay on the gravitational force of Earth. The gravitational force at the surface of the planet is the force that binds all bodies to earth. This force is one of the four forces recognized by physicists, and this kind of force, known as ‘gravity’, attracts every celestial object to earth. Though it is the most important of the forces essential for our lives, it is the least comprehended of them all. Throughout ages scientists have tried to solve the mystery of gravity. One of the first discoveries concerning gravity was made by Aristotle who concluded from his experiments that the downward movement of any body is that has weight had a proportional relationship between its quickness in motion and its size. This theory was accepted for centuries, but after a series of experiments made by Galileo, Aristotle’s theory was proved to be incorrect, as Galileo said after a series of experimenting at the Pisa tower that body of different sizes fall with the same speed. Later on, the idea that the force is needed so as to change the motion of the body was discovered. After that, a great scientist was to improve all the previously accepted theories, this scientist was Newton who was to make decisive advances in understanding gravity. In his first law, Newton said that a body in state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line will keep on moving unless acted upon by a force, while in his second theory, Newton expressed his first law in a more quantitative way as he said that force...
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...Write-Up for Lab 10.1: Falling in a Gravitational Field PHYS121 Week 3 For this lab you will drop several objects from the same height and observe how they fall and how long each takes to hit the ground. Consider the following as you complete the lab and answer the Write-Up Questions below: * Do the objects fall at the same rate? * What if the objects are different sizes, does that make a difference? Questions: 1. The acceleration due to gravity calculated this way works well for objects near the Earth’s surface. How would you have to change the above equation if the object was 100,000 meters above the ground? (Note: this question refers to Newton’s equation for the force of gravity between two objects. How would that change if the radius of the earth or distance were increased by 100,000 meters. To help you answer this question, please review your textbook, chapter 3, Newton’s law of Gravitation section.) F= (6.67 x10-11N.m2/kg2)(m1)(m2) 100,0002 G is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center of the earth. 100 km above the earth's surface, g is reduced by a factor [6370/ (6370+100)] ^2 = 0.969 That would make it 9.51 m/s^2 6370 km is the radius of the earth. For questions 2 and 3, please consult the textbook and additional research materials on Newton’s Second Law of Motion. Pay particular attention to mass, gravity, acceleration and how they inter-relate. 2. How does air resistance alter the...
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...general relativistically correct illustrations highlighting the distortion effects are presented and discussed. A short movie (VHS) depicting many of these effects is available to those interested free of charge. I. BACKGROUND It is impossible for a human to travel very near a high gravity star which has a mass like that of the Sun. If, somehow, a person could survive the extremely harmful radiation that would be emitted on or near these objects, the high gravity itself would likely pose insurmountable problems. The person could not stand casually on the surface of such a star because the high surface gravity would tend to flatten them. (Lying down wouldn't help.) Were a person to orbit the star in a spaceship, however, the immense gravitational field would be overcome by a large outward centrifugal acceleration.[1] The problem in this case, however, is the extreme change in gravity between the head and toe of the person, the extreme tidal pull, would surely prove much more than annoying for any human[2]. Nevertheless it is informative and interesting to wonder what it would look like to visit such a high gravity environment. Significant speculations on this include popular science fiction stories such as those by Forward [3] and Niven [4]. A...
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...Formula Sheet for Stage 6 Physics Preliminary Course [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Energy = VIt P=VI [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] H.S.C. Course - Core [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] H.S.C. Course - Options [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Constants How to Use the Formulas for Stage 6 Physics Preliminary Course |Formula |Name |Comments |Typical Problem |Typical Answer | |[pic] |Wave Equation |v= velocity (m/s) |Calculate the wavelength of a water wave |[pic] | | |8.2.1 |f = frequency (hz) |travelling at 3 m/s whose frequency is 6 | | | | |( = wavelength (m) |Hz. | ...
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...Acceleration Due to Gravity Tushar Agarwal 17st November 2014 Aim-In this experiment I will be calculating the value of gravity by the drop of the ball. I will be measuring the distance and finding out the time . Distance will be changed however the size of the ball and the type of the ball will remain constant , The time will be then give me the value of gravity by the suvat equation ,where acceleration will be the subject . Background Knowledge.For an object to move, a force that is greater than its opposite force needs to act upon an object. Force =Mxa where in this case at least acceleration is due tp gravity . Every falling object accelerates at a constant rate and this happens simply due to the force of gravity ,so mathematically the distance “s” that the object is travelling is half the acceleration times of time squared additional to the initial speed and time . Now , We are going to make a the subject of the equation .After making a the subject of the equation we find out that the acceleration due to gravity is twice the distance of Time Squared will equal to acceleration due to gravity . The answer should be somewhere close to 9.81m/s-2 Time (m/s) Distance(m) The graph above shows the relationship between the two variables .In this experiment distance is the independent variable and Dependent variable is time . As Distance increases time will...
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...Universal Gravitation Objectives * Compare and contrast gravitational force vectors as mass and distance are changed. (Explorations 1, 2, and 3) * Discover how changes in the distance between two objects affects the gravitational force between them. (Explorations 1, 2, and 3) * Describe how changes in the masses of two objects affects the gravitational force between them. (Explorations 1, 2, and 3) Description of Activity In this activity, you will explore how distance and mass affect the gravitational force between two objects. You will select one of three locations to work within: a 9 m2 room, a 9 × 104 m2 city block, or a 9 × 1022 m2 region of space. You will also change the mass of each object as well as manipulate the positions of both objects. For purposes of this simulation, masses will be represented as spheres and the distance between them will be the distance between their centers. Jump Start 1. What is mass? Mass is the amount of matter an object has. 2. Describe gravitational force. Gravitational force is the force of attraction between all masses in the universe; especially the attraction of the earth's mass for bodies near its surface. 3. How can you tell if one variable is directly proportional to another variable? Two variables are said to be directly proportional if an increase or decrease in one variable causes simultaneous increase or decrease in another variable. 4. How can you tell if one variable is inversely...
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...TheDetectionofGravitationalWaves, HowCloseAreWe? Sincetherealizationthatthegeneraltheoryofrelativitypredictsgravitationalwave s, therehavebeenattemptstoactuallydetectthesewaves.Indirectobservationshavebeenmade thatsupporttheirexistencebutnodirectmeasurement.Thispapergivesabriefexplanationof gravitationalwavesanddiscussesthecurrentconditionoftheexperimentalsearchfor gravitationalwaves.Itdealswiththenewesttechniquesthatwillenabletheirdetection.The focusofthepaperisonthreeexperimentalgroups:LIGO,VIRGO,andLISA.Fromourresearc h ofthesegroupswebelievethatthedetectionofgravitationalwaveswilloccurwithinthenext decade. TheDetectionofGravitationalWaves, HowCloseAreWe? Einstein'sgeneraltheoryofrelativitywaspublishedin1915.1Sincethattimemanyofthe predictionsderivedfromthetheoryhavebeenexperimentallyobserved.Threemainexamples arethebendingoflightbygravity,thered-shiftoflighttravelinginagravitationalfield,andthe precessionofMercury.Einstein'stheoryhasbeencrediblyestablishedbecauseofobserva tions likethese.Therearestillotherpredictionsthathaveyettobeobserved.Thedetectionof gravitationalwavesisoneofthesepredictions. Itwasdiscoveredin1916thatthegeneraltheoryofrelativitypredictstheexistenceof gravitationalwaves.“Gravitationalwavesareperturbationsinthecurvatureofspacetime propagatingwiththevelocityoflight.Theyarecausedbyacceleratingmasses...
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...Riki Shafier Professor Kimberlee Hoftiezer SOS-110 24 January 2016 Music Education: A Personal Journey For the past few years I have been taking different courses, learning many things and preparing myself for the life ahead of me. As a soon-to-be college graduate, the future beckons, bright and inviting. There are endless career opportunities that await those who have put forth the effort to receive an education. The career goals toward which I am currently preparing are to become a highly sought-after piano teacher and piano-teacher trainer with a full roster of students, complete with a waiting list for those who wish to join my studio. I plan to build a fully- developed business model for my piano studio. This plan will include curricula for various ages and skill levels, as well as plans for accommodating specific needs of individual students. The plan will also have processes for the acceptance and rejection of potential students, registration and payment options, and online booking opportunities. This will be optimized through the use of technology. Technology, in all its many forms, has transformed the world we live in, and I anticipate that it will prove to be of great use to me in the development of my career goals. In the short-term, I will be able to train under experienced piano educators and teacher-trainers via Skype lessons and workshops, and use various training software programs to improve my technical and teaching skills. Additionally, I plan to...
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...Blue Pelican Java by Charles E. Cook Version 3.0.5h Copyright © 2004 - 2008 by Charles E. Cook; Refugio, Tx (All rights reserved) 1-1 “Blue Pelican Java,” by Charles E. Cook. ISBN 1-58939-758-4. Published 2005 by Virtualbookworm.com Publishing Inc., P.O. Box 9949, College Station, Tx 77842, US. ©2005, Charles E. Cook. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Charles E. Cook. Manufactured in the United States of America. Preface You will find this book to be somewhat unusual. Most computer science texts will begin with a section on the history of computers and then with a flurry of definitions that are just “so many words” to the average student. My approach with Blue Pelican Java is to first give the student some experience upon which to hang the definitions that come later, and consequently, make them more meaningful. This book does have a history section in Appendix S and plenty of definitions later when the student is ready for them. If you will look at Lesson 1, you will see that we go right to work and write a program the very first day. The student will not understand several things about that first program, yet he can immediately make the computer do something useful. This work ethic is typical of the remainder of the book. Rest assured that full understanding...
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...Researching Variable Naming Rules Visual Basic You must use a letter as the first character. You can't use a space, period (.), exclamation mark (!), or the characters @, &, $, # in the name. Name can't exceed 255 characters in length. Generally, you shouldn't use any names that are the same as the functions, statements, and methods in Visual Basic. You end up shadowing the same keywords in the language. To use an intrinsic language function, statement, or method that conflicts with an assigned name, you must explicitly identify it. Precede the intrinsic function, statement, or method name with the name of the associated type library. For example, if you have a variable called Left, you can only invoke the Left function using VBA.Left. You can't repeat names within the same level of scope. For example, you can't declare two variables named age within the same procedure. However, you can declare a private variable named age and a procedure-level variable named age within the same module. Python Must begin with a letter (a - z, A - B) or underscore (_) Other characters can be letters, numbers or _ Case Sensitive Can be any (reasonable) length There are some reserved words which you cannot use as a variable name because Python uses them for other things.- See more at: http://www.w3resource.com/python/python-variable.php#sthash.5AXuVlWN.dpuf Java Variable names are case-sensitive. A variable's name can be any legal identifier — an unlimited-length...
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