...Economic Recession: Causes and Effects Student’s Name University Affiliation Economic Recession: Causes and Effects An economic recession is a slowdown in economic activities such as employment, distribution, production, real income and real GDP. The 2008-2009 economic recession was the longest in duration and deepest in contraction since the great depression of 1929-1932, (Roberts, 2009). Its causes were mainly preventable through a series of legislations and so it can be avoided in the future. This paper champions the thesis that the recent economic recession was largely avoidable, but the application of inappropriate economic strategies as presented below caused its occurrence, and has so far had overarching effects on the world. According to (Simpson, 2009), the recession was the direct and unavoidable result of the credit boom that preceded it. First, the credit boom was partly a result of low interest rates that lasted too long, facilitated by governments and their central banks. This resulted in the build-up of a credit bubble. Secondly, governments failed in the role of regulating the credit market. This encouraged borrowing of those who were least able to repay, resulting in an increase in demand of properties, (Bessler, Leatham and Zhang, 2006). Once demand had risen, property prices went up, attracting more investors into the market. Then the desire for profit was overtaken by the fear of loss as the market was flooded with...
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...I. United States of America economic history In order to successfully move forward, we need to look to the past. The country’s economic history is like all history, meaning that it examines and observes the past activities of mankind (Fite 4). The most significant periods in the United States economic history are actually the three centuries before England settled in America. There were four changes happening in Western Europe that have greatly influenced America. Those changes were economic, political, religious, and intellectual (Fite 15). So why were these changes so important? They were the reasons that England decided to explore and expand in the western part of the world. The decision to expand trade and commerce was the most important advancement in the history of economics (Fite 15). From the time that the Virginia colonies were settled in 1609 up until 1890, farming was the most important aspect of the United States economy (Fite 30). Although manufactured products were worth more than products produced on a farm for the first time in 1889, farming was how the majority of Americans made a living (Fite 30). Despite the fact that agriculture dominated in these early years and the industrialization of the colonies was well under developed, “there was a high degree of specialization in the colonial economy” (Fite 63). For example, there were tobacco crops in the southern colonies which were crops that produced money, and in the northern colonies there was international...
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...activity as measured by GDP .The great economic depression of the US from 1929-1939 was one of the worst economic depressions in the world economy. The GDP per capita of the United States fell by a third (Federico 2005). A lot of economic activities went down and so many people suffered. Even though the depression affect the rest of the world, it has been called the great depression of the US because it’s believed that the US suffered more than any other nation and the causes are also attributed to have been started in America. Many things have been attributed to have caused the great depression among them are bank failure, Stock Market Crash of 1929, Reduction in Purchasing Across the Board, American Economic Policy with Europe, Drought Conditions but many people believe that it’s the American economic policies that really caused the depression and entirely blame the government for that. Some of the effects are increase in unemployment, collapse of banks and increase in the cost of living. On the other hand the economic recession of 2008 was longest recession since the world war two hence the term great recession. The recession lasted for 18 months from December 2007 to June 2009. Various things have been attributed to have cause the recession among them are irrational excitement in the housing market and low interest rates while some of the effects are increase in unemployment, increase in oil prices, decrease in consumption and investment. Recessions are declared by the national...
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...2008 GREAT RECESSION COMPANIES WHO SURVIVED AND ALTERNATE METHODS TO EMPLOYEE LAYOFFS MGT 310-06 PROFESSOR CAS CASWELL BY DE’-LISA BARNES INTRODUCTION In 2008, the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the world market experienced the worst economic decline, known as the Great Recession. The overall impact was described as being the worst global recession since World War II. The precise magnitude and timing of the recession is widely debated and varied from country to country. The years leading up to the crisis were characterized by a highly excessive rise in asset prices, combined with a boom in economic demand, which inflicted a clear hardship for businesses and families. To further explain my research, this paper will focus on the following: What caused the great recession, Effects of the recent recession, Types of Businesses that survived the recession, Companies that hired during the recession, Companies that choose shared-worked programs over layoffs, Various states that participates in the work shared programs, and the Advantages of the work share program. WHAT CAUSED THE GREAT RECESSION The Great Recession actually began in December 2007, which is long before most people ever realized what was to soon transpire. Although there are many speculated factors or causes that led to the recession, the American people strongly believe that the following groups are responsible for the Great Recession of 2008: Government, Mortgage Companies, Banking...
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...Running head: CAUSE OF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE UNETHICAL BUSINESS THAT LED TO IT Final Paper James Smith Hodges University GEB/PAD 6376 Dr. Forrer Week Due: 14 Due: 08/14/2011 Submitted: 08/10/2011 INTRODUCTION (Part 1) Why has the unemployment rate been above 12 percent for the last several years? Why have so many prior successful businesses closed in the last four years? Why have so many major corporations and publicly traded companies filed for bankruptcy? Why did a house that used to cost $200,000.00 just sell for $40,000.00? Why are foreclosures at the highest rate in US history? Maybe the question to ask is what has caused all of this? There are so many questions to be answered when it comes to the economic conditions in the United States. How did it get into the current condition? What were the signs of slipping into the crisis (economic indicators)? Whose actions were responsible? Was the responsible party also guilty of unethical behavior (big issue) or was it accidental. How long will it take for the economy to get back to being productive? In the past, America has been a very productive, successful country. There have been other recessions and a depression that have affected the U.S. but for some reason this current crisis was started by a completely different chain of events. What was the chain of events that triggered this...
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...THE GREAT RECESSION Anthony Pellegrino March, 2014 The Great Recession and Economic Policy Abstract The most recent Great Recession (GR), including the events which led to it, the policies which followed it and the slow recovery after it have been a topic of debate and inquiry since it began in 2008 and ended in 2009. The purpose of this thesis is to portray those events from the perspective of a 21-year-old economics student in 2014. I, that student, will recount the events which are portrayed as the official cause(s) of the GR, accounting for alternative theories. Then I will examine the policy responses by the Federal Reserve (Fed) and the US Federal government and analyze some historical talking points regarding the GR from multiple sources. Following that, I will explain the effects of policy responses, confront the possibility that responses only served to mask the symptoms instead of removing the cause, and try to explain the atypical slow recovery that we’re currently experiencing. I will list the sectors which were affected by the GR chronologically, beginning with the housing market, and include those presently experiencing the effects and those likely to suffer in the future. I will include, where relevant, common misconceptions about the GR. Finally, I will conclude by offering alternative explanations for the GR and alternative potential policy responses. This item will synchronize with my final judgment of whether we’re on the right track or if the worst has yet...
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...Martinez Research Paper 1) The Exposition In Christopher Papagianis’s and Arpit Gupta’s article, “Making the Housing Market Work Again,” the two provide a descriptive summary of the causes of the housing market collapse in the United States which spurs the Great Recession of the late 2000s. The authors use the actions taken by two groups before, during, and after the recession, as tools to show what not to do when dealing with the housing industry. They then build off these mistakes and offer advice for the future to the two main players in their article, the borrowers and the policy makers. The article does a great job of identifying the problems and raising flags on mistakes made by all parties, but in my opinion the authors did not redirect the blame equally. I believe that the general public was not criticized enough for their part in the collapse, as illogical decisions, specifically with their reliance on credit, led large scale loss in the long term. Where the authors point fingers at borrowers and policy makers for allowing ill-fit people to take out a loan, I blame the people for taking out a loan that they should have known they could never afford in the first place, and explain how we can avoid these economic downturns in the future. The two begin their article by discussing the causes of the housing market crash. They pinpointed the main reason for the crash by discussing how a large number of loans being taken out for things such as homes, cars and boats, were being...
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...This assignment´s main objective is to clarify the Great Recession, it´s causes and consequences. Then, it will be highlighted the possible relation between the actual crisis and one(s) of the “killer apps” listed by Neil Fergunson, a British Historian known by his provocative and controversial views. Many economics acknowledge the Great Recession to be the most devastating global economic crisis since the Great Depression in the 30´s. This crisis is based on some factors, worth to be emphasized, such as easy credit conditions that encouraged high risk lending and borrowing practices; international trade imbalances; the housing bubbles; the fiscal policy choices by the governments, related to their revenues and expenses or the position taken by some federal reserve banks, especially on the bailing out process of financial institutions. The first cause we can appoint it’s related to the risk or actual bankruptcy of the major financial institutions globally, starting with the collapse of the “Lehman Brothers” (September 2008), a global financial services firm. Some of these kinds of institutions highly invested in risky securities, which depreciate almost their entire value, when United States and European housing bubbles began to deflate during the 2007-2009 period. Consequently, as share and housing prices decreased, a major panic was installed on the inter-bank loan market, resulting on the failure of many others large and well established investment and commercial...
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...How does the stock market effect the economy? Movements in the stock market can have a profound economic impact on the economy and everyday people. A collapse in share prices has the potential to cause widespread economic disruption. Most famously, the stock market crash of 1929 was a key factor in causing the great depression of the 1930s. Yet, daily movements in the stock market can also have less impact on the economy than we might imagine. During the great recession of 2009-13, the stock market performed quite strongly. This rise in share prices was rather misleading to the state of the economy. Also, a fall in share prices doesn’t necessarily cause an economic downturn. There is a saying: Stock markets have predicted 10 out of the last 3 recessions. For example, the stock market crash of 1987, didn’t cause any lasting economic damage. (though it did influence monetary policy. UK cut interest rates in fear the stock market crash would cause a recession. Instead, low interest rates caused a boom. Plummeting share prices can make headline news. But, how much should we worry when share prices fall? How does it impact on the average consumer? and how does it affect the economy? Economic effects of the Stock Market 1. Wealth effect The first impact is that people with shares will see a fall in their wealth. If the fall is significant it will affect their financial outlook. If they are losing money on shares they will be more hesitant to spend money; this can contribute...
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...The Great Depression was the worst collapse in the history of American capitalism. Throughout the 1930s, neither the free market nor the federal government was able to get the country working again. The American people endured a full decade of almost unbelievable economic misery. While a much-feared revolution of either Communist or fascist persuasion, thankfully never materialized, Americans flirted with a number of radical alternatives to the status quo. Some of those radical alternatives faded into memory, while others were incorporated into the New Deal, where a few remain with us even today. The Great Depression plunged the American people into an economic crisis unlike any endured in this country before or since. The worst and longest downturn in our economic history threw millions of hardworking individuals into poverty, and for more than a decade neither the free market nor the federal government was able to restore prosperity. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in 1930 and lasted until the late 1930s or middle 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can decline. The depression originated in the U.S., after the fall in stock prices that began around September...
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...Escaping the Recession 2007 Is Creating Recession? Han Tran Principles of Macroeconomics Mihaylo College of Business and Economics California State University at Fullerton December 2, 2010 Abstract The Economic Recession 2007 is the second worst recession in American history. It starts out within the housing market. Then, it expands and harms the other business sectors clearly. To illustrate, the U.S GDP failed by around 7%. Americans struggles who laid-off so unemployment rate shoot up to 9.7%. Many retirees lose their money due to the failure of many investment vehicles. The stock market performance declines because companies go bankrupt. Faced the threat of another Great Depression, the government and Federal Reserve Bank immediately interfere to boost up the economy using many fiscal and monetary policies. These efforts definitely help to improve or at least lighten the crisis’s impact on households and businesses. However, economists are concerned by the potential risks of future inflation and debts. 1. Introduction It started out as a failure of the housing market only. However, unexpectedly and quickly expanded, it flooded the whole economy with bankruptcy, unemployment and failure of stock market and other investment vehicles. It is the Recession 2007 whose damages are just less than the Great Depression. The following paper primarily demonstrates the causation of the Recession 2007, the responded policies of the government or the Federal...
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...Expansionary Economic Policy Clinton Dullin Eco203: Principles of Macroeconomics Evelyn Carlson 9/1/02014 The government in times of economic recession has responsibility to take action, engaging in expansionary economic policies is the action my paper will discuss. The types of economic expansion include Fiscal Policy, and Monetary Policy, the expansion of the two policies allows the government to adjust taxes, and government spending. Harry Truman once quoted “It’s a recession when your neighbor loses his job: it’s a depression when you lose yours.” (The economy perspective, the banker's banker. (1998, Jul 29). When recession hits the first party that is blamed is the government, so there ability to take action is a sign of them taking responsibility. Government action is necessary to right the recession ship, expanding Fiscal, and Monetary Policy may very well be the answer. The first topic of discussion is Expansionary Fiscal Policy and how the government uses the policy to affect the economy. Expansionary Fiscal Policy is a type of policy which includes increase in government purchases, a supple decline in taxes, while making an increase in transfer payments. These changes are designed to close the recessionary gap, while increasing economic stimulus packages and they aim to decrease unemployment. The government will introduce Expansionary Fiscal Policy during anticipation of contractions in the business-cycle. Increase in government spending will increase...
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...Neglect from banks and others also led to the Great Recession. The subprime mortgage crisis could have been avoided if accountants were more aware because large banks were violating regulations and concealing the investments that were unstable. Moreover, accountants did not recognize these violations, allowing banks to continue lending subprime mortgages. (Rosenberg 2). Greater awareness from the part of accountants would have prevented many bank failures. On the other hand, the negligence of the Federal Reserve in maintaining low-interest rates could have had been prevented by corporations themselves. Due to the bankruptcy of Enron in December 2001 due to bad management and greed, the Federal Reserve needed to add money to the economy by lowering interest...
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...economic recession that hit the world in 2007 resulted in global downsizing in many prestige organizations and its effects of workers productivity. This literature reviews focuses on affective organizational commitment among survivors of organizational restructuring and downsizing. It focused on middle level managers and employees in supervisory positions because survivors of this group are often called upon to assume expanded roles, functions and responsibilities in a post restructuring and downsizing environment. This paper also explores the impact of recession for those still in employment by looking at a key indicator of employee wellbeing, work pressure staff reductions and company reorganization both increase work pressure, as does current job insecurity. Other job changes, like large pay cuts, increases in responsibility, autonomy and monitoring also increase work pressure. Keywords: Recession, downsizing, layoffs, economic downturns, organizational behavior, commitment, motivation, loss and grief, leaders, employees, stakeholders. 2 INTRODUCTION The great recession of 2007 started on the month of December. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), the prestigious private research institute declared it officially. The government of US acknowledged the NBER's declaration, aware of the downfall since August 2007; the White House did not change its course on coping with the financial crisis. This was the third longest since The Great Depression. The Great recession...
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...Intro to Economic Thought (ECO 105) Robert Ellmann Financial Crises Irina Sterpu __________________________________________________________________________________ OUTLINE Introduction into the topic and its origins The Great Depression 1929-1939 German Hyperinflation 1918-1923 The Great Recession 2008 1973 Oil Crisis European Sovereign Debt Crisis 2009, onward Ruble Crisis 1998 Black Monday 1987 Conclusion References Financial crises – definitions and origin The majority of economists and monetarists define financial crises as a manifestation form of banking crises, with an impact on financial stability and reaching the state of collapse of the financial infrastructure in the absence of central bank‟s intervention. Financial collapse which affects most of the companies generates quickly problems over the banking system as the following consequences: the panic of the clients, inability to distinguish between the efficiency and the difficulty of banks, deposit withdrawals. Jack Reed, an American politician mentions: “The financial crisis is a stark reminder that transparency and disclosure are essential in today's marketplace.” In economic literature, the problems in the banking system are the main sources of the financial crises. All the economic collapses require injections of liquidity or public financial funds, in some cases, private funds from banks and international institutions. Financial crises have usually...
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