...Wellington Alornyo Unit 5 Assignment 1 RN1320 Why Should Drugs Be Legal? Should drugs be legalized? Drugs are resources that are capable of affecting the American economy in many ways--both positively and negatively. Drugs often have a bad name even though they help us every day in medical cases. And the drugs with the worst reputations are not the most abused drugs one may benefit from the legalization of drugs in many ways, while others would suffer greatly. Almost every person in the United States has their own opinion on drug legalization. There are many different pros and cons to the legalization of drugs. Drug legalization is also an ethical and a moral issue. Should drugs be legalized or not? While I think drugs should be legalized, many others disagree. The first major benefit that will come from the legalization of drugs will be the increase in jobs. Creation of new jobs will take place in the manufacturing industry, sales industry, and marketing industry, due to the increased demand for drugs. The manufacturing industry will experience a boost because some drugs will need to be mixed with other substances to become other drugs, such as crack cocaine. The sale industry will expand from the legalization of drugs because the drugs will not sale themselves. A new form of entrepreneurship will be available for many individuals to take part in. Marketing jobs will increase simply because every new drug product...
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...May 19, 2015 Factual Summary of Rojo v. Kliger Rojo v. Kliger, 801 P.2d 373 (Cal. 1990) Plaintiffs Emma Rojo and Teresa Maloney were employed as assistants by defendants Erwin H. Kliger, a practicing physician, and Erwin H. Kliger, M.D., a medical corporation (hereafter referred to collectively as defendant). In August 1986, there was a complaint filed by the plaintiffs against the defendant. The plaintiff accused the defense of violating FEHA and “intentional infliction of emotional distress”. The Plaintiffs alleged that during their employment the defendant subjected them to sexually harassing remarks and demands for sexual favors. These remarks resulted in the plaintiffs being forced to leave their employment. Defense moved for summary judgment due to the fact that, “FEHA constituted plaintiffs' exclusive remedy and that plaintiffs had failed to exhaust their administrative remedies under the act.” Plaintiffs argued, “FEHA does not supplant other state law remedies, including common law claims, relating to discrimination in employment, and that pursuit of the administrative remedy is not a condition precedent to judicial relief.” The trial court granted defendant's motion and entered summary judgment in Defendant’s favor. However, Court of Appeal reversed the judgment. They asserted that, “FEHA does not preempt or preclude other state law claims relating to employment discrimination.” IRAC for Rojo v. Kliger Issue Review in this case was granted to determine...
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...be doing harm to the animals themselves. The way by which we can help animals in the most humane way is to have obligations towards them which is not the same as granting them rights. In this essay I will present the arguments of writers, thinkers and philosophers to give the reader background and knowledge on many of the topics and ideas I will be speaking about. In addition I will provide real life examples of why granting animals too many rights is harmful to both animals and humans. To do this I will first go over and analyze the arguments laid out by Carl Cohen who is opposed to animal rights. I will then discuss the arguments presented by Tom Regan. After this I will present my own opinion based on their arguments and the writings of others. Animal rights is the idea that some or all nonhuman animals are entitled to the possession of their own lives, and that their most basic interests – such as an interest in not suffering – should be afforded the same consideration as the similar interests of human beings. Advocatess, such as Peter Singer oppose the assignment of moral value and fundamental protections on the basis of species membership alone – an idea known as speciesism. Peter singer argues that speciesism is a prejudice similar to racism or sexism, in that the treatment of individuals is predicated on group membership and morally irrelevant physical differences. The argument is that species membership has no moral significance.[2] Tom Regan In The Case for Animal...
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...Literature Review Being victimized as a child can stick with you for life. There are many things that you can never forget and abuse is one of them. Child abuse is my topic of choice because it has impacted me on various levels; in some cases, not mine in particular; it can mold you to be a person that you grow to dislike. Child abuse is determined by the state laws, but according to Child Welfare Information Gateway all states follow the minimum standards set by Federal law. "Federal legislation lays the groundwork for States by identifying a minimum set of acts or behaviors that define child abuse and neglect. The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), (42 U.S.C.A. §5106g), as amended by the Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 defines child abuse and neglect as, at minimum: • "Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or • An act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm. Most Federal and State child protection laws primarily refer to cases of harm to a child caused by parents or other caregivers; they generally do not include harm caused by other people, such as acquaintances or strangers."(Child Welfare Information Gateway) these are the minimum laws for child abuse. Child abuse is not specific to one thing. There are many different types of abuse which according to Child Welfare...
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...Annals of Internal Medicine Clinical Guidelines Screening Mammography for Women 40 to 49 Years of Age: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA; Vincenza Snow, MD; Katherine Sherif, MD; Mark Aronson, MD; Kevin B. Weiss, MD, MPH; and Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS, for the Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians* Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of death for women in their 40s in the United States. Individualized risk assessment plays an important role when making decisions about screening mammography, especially for women 49 years of age or younger. The purpose of this guideline is to present the available evidence for screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age and to increase clinicians’ understanding of the benefits and risks of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:511-515. For author affiliations, see end of text. www.annals.org RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendation 1: In women 40 to 49 years of age, clinicians should periodically perform individualized assessment of risk for breast cancer to help guide decisions about screening mammography. A careful assessment of a woman’s risk for breast cancer is important. The 5-year breast cancer risk can vary from 0.4% for a woman age 40 years with no risk factors to 6.0% for a woman age 49 years with several risk factors (1). Factors that increase the risk for breast cancer include older age, family...
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... * * * * * * Table of Contents Executive summary 2 Introduction 3 Question 1: Efficacy of Monsanto’s Ethical Culture 4 Question 2: Costs and Benefits of Growing GMO seed 5 Question 3: Management of Harm with Plants and Animals 6 Question 4: Visit Monsanto website, what is CSR and Sustainability Strategy of Monsanto, and give suggestions for its strategy for Monsanto Company? 8 Conclusion 9 Bibliography 10 * * Executive summary Monsanto is one of the world’s largest industrial agriculture businesses, especially focusing on genetically modified products. Monsanto has obtained a progress in corporate responsibility, but Monsanto has deficiencies with ethical culture. Monsanto is in a difficult position, because the products are highly specialized and therefore most consumers do not understand them. Although, Environmental and health issues aside, Monsanto’s GM seeds provide an opportunity for farmers to increase profits by allowing them to grow crops on land that would not support traditional seeds. And it suggests creating ethical corporate system to help them to deal with the problem that products harm to plants and animals. Finally, it introduces the website, what kinds corporate social responsibilities and sustainability strategy does Monsanto...
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...Annals of Internal Medicine Clinical Guidelines Screening Mammography for Women 40 to 49 Years of Age: A Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA; Vincenza Snow, MD; Katherine Sherif, MD; Mark Aronson, MD; Kevin B. Weiss, MD, MPH; and Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS, for the Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians* Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of death for women in their 40s in the United States. Individualized risk assessment plays an important role when making decisions about screening mammography, especially for women 49 years of age or younger. The purpose of this guideline is to present the available evidence for screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age and to increase clinicians’ understanding of the benefits and risks of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:511-515. For author affiliations, see end of text. www.annals.org RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendation 1: In women 40 to 49 years of age, clinicians should periodically perform individualized assessment of risk for breast cancer to help guide decisions about screening mammography. A careful assessment of a woman’s risk for breast cancer is important. The 5-year breast cancer risk can vary from 0.4% for a woman age 40 years with no risk factors to 6.0% for a woman age 49 years with several risk factors (1). Factors that increase the risk for breast cancer include older age, family...
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... which has had minimal success to date. It continues to unfairly punish those who choose to use narcotics, and only harming themselves. In 2008, the United Nations estimated that globally, approximately 200 million people took illicit drugs at least once in the past year. The use of illicit drugs has proven to be nearly impossible to control, and the state would be better off allocating its drug enforcement resources to other sectors, such as drug treatment. Portugal portrays an accurate depiction of the effectiveness of a decriminalized state focusing on harm reduction. The state’s drug policy should be a total legalization of all drugs, with an emphasis on harm reduction, public health, and strict regulations. Prohibition has caused more harm than good for minorities and developing nations. For over a century, prohibition was believed to be the only effective method of controlling drug usage; this is no longer the case. Thus, the main objectives of prohibition are pointless to begin with. The current prohibition laws have created vast economic disparities for millions of minorities. The skewed enforcement of drug laws on minorities allows for discretionary arrest, making victimization is all too easy. Tougher drug laws are the reason why 29% of black American men spend some time in jail, compared to 4% of white males. The profiling of drug users has created an immense socio-economic issue for minorities, creating a continual cycle of poverty and crime. The model of a democratic...
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...of this communication technology. The origins of computer ethics can be traced to the 1940s to the time at which cybernetics and digital computers were first developed. These developments prompted Wiener (1948) to recognize both the good and evil inherent in these artificial machines. Since then, attempts have progressively been made to explore computer ethics from a variety of perspectives including that of computer ethics as not a real discipline, as a pedagogical methodology, as a unique discipline, as applied ethics, and as employing information ethics as the foundation of computer ethics the increasing integration of information and communication technology (ICT) into society. As technology advances, computers continue to have a greater impact on society. Therefore, computer ethics promotes the discussion of how much influence computers should have in areas such as artificial intelligence and human communication. As the world of computers evolves, computer ethics continues to create ethical standards that address new issues...
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...Child Abuse Adrianna White SOSC 499 DR. TURNER In 1999, an estimated 3,244,000 children were reported to Child Protective Services (CPS) agencies as alleged victims of child maltreatment. Child abuse reports have maintained a steady growth for the past ten years, with the total number of reports nationwide increasing 45% since 1987 (Nation Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse (NCPCA) 2000 Annual Fifty State Survey). Neglect represents the most common type of reported and substantiated form of maltreatment. In 1996, 25 states provided the following breakdown for reported cases: 62% involved neglect, 25% physical abuse, 7% sexual abuse, 3% emotional maltreatment and 4% other. For substantiated cases, 31 states gave the following breakdowns: 60% neglect, 23% physical, 9% sexual, 4% emotional maltreatment and 5% other (NCPCA's 1996 Annual Fifty State Survey). In 1999, an estimated 1,401 child abuse and neglect related fatalities were confirmed by CPS agencies, nearly 4 every day. Since 1985, the rate of child abuse fatalities has increased by 39%. Based on these numbers, more than three children die each day as a result of child abuse or neglect (NCPCA's 1996 Annual Fifty State Survey). According to information from at least 18 states that were able to report the type of maltreatment which caused the child's death for at least one of the past three years. Approximately 54% of the deaths were due to physical abuse while 43% resulted...
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...conventional plant breeding methods can be very time consuming and are often not very precise, says Whitman (2000). In other words, the potential benefits of genetic engineering consists of a greater measure for the growth and perfection of “foodstuff” and so the adjustment of genetic material in any case not found in nature has fueled public debate surrounding the health and environmental issues of GM foods. A study stresses that, “pest resistance crop losses from insect pests can be staggering, resulting in devastating financial loss for farmers and starvation in developing countries. Farmers typically use many tons of chemical pesticides annually. Consumers do not wish to eat food that has been treated with pesticides because of potential health hazards, and run-off or agricultural wastes from excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers can poison the water supply and cause harm to the environment. Growing genetic-modification of foods, such as B.t., or Bacillus thuringiensis corn can help eliminate the application of chemical pesticides and reduce the cost of bringing a crop to market” (Whitman, 2000). However, critics are concerned that insects will become unresponsive to B.t. or other crops that have been genetically engineered to produce their own pesticides. In summary, genetic...
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...paying the fine, as opposed to the high likelihood that if you go to court, you may be fined an even greater amount – a fine not exceeding $5,000.00. The situation is currently not in your favor and it would be difficult to swing the jury to your side. On the 1st December 2010, you collected and drove a truckload of contaminated soil from Melville and parked it there overnight. Although you intended to drive it away to a remote waste dump the next day, you were in breach of section three of the Contamination Avoidance Act due to the fact that the toxic waste was in the vicinity of the Swan River. A municipal inspector discovered your breach of the law and made a report to the Police, which subsequently led to charges being brought upon you. The facts of the case in dispute are namely whether or not leaving the toxic waste near the river overnight is considered storing, and whether you were really in breach of the Act. The fact that you were carrying toxic waste that might cause harm to the surroundings or compromise water resources is indisputable. Even more so because the offence was committed near the Swan River, to make matters worse, you did not own a permit for it as well. Since this issue took place in Welshpool, which is in Western Australia, the Contamination Avoidance Act applies. In addition, since this bill was passed on 30th July 2009, it is also applicable to your case as the incident took place on 1st December 2010. Under Section 3 of the Act, “Storage of toxic materials...
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...the United Nations Human Rights Council and urge UN member states to support and take steps to monitor and promote meaningful transparency and legal compliance by states with regard to their targeted killing policies and practices. In particular, we call on states to publicly disclose their targeted killing standards and criteria; ensure that their use or facilitation of lethal force operations abroad comply with international law; enable meaningful oversight and remedies; and ensure effective investigations, tracking and response to civilian harm. Disclose legal standards and criteria. We are concerned about the lack of transparency in targeted killing operations. While many states affirmed their commitment to transparency at the UN General Assembly in 2013, some states have made only minimal progress in practice. Commitment to the rule of law requires that states disclose the legal constraints on their lethal targeting operations. Greater disclosure of legal and policy standards, and procedural mechanisms, is a prerequisite to informed assessment and debate. We believe this disclosure is an essential first step toward ensuring accountability and redress, and are confident it is possible to improve transparency without putting intelligence sources at risk or endangering national security interests. Ensure operations comply with international law. States should ensure that their standards and criteria for determining that they can conduct lethal targeting operations are in...
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...Chapter 2 Basic concepts Contents Introduction 17 2.1 2.2 2.3 Relevance, weight and admissibility 18 Classification of evidence 20 Development and current objectives of evidence law 23 Introduction When you begin to study a new legal subject, you soon find that you come across words and expressions that you have not encountered before, or that you suspect are being used in a special way. This is especially so for evidence law. You need to understand the most important of these early on in order to get to grips with the subject. This chapter introduces you to these words and expressions. Besides ‘learning the language’ of evidence, you need to begin to develop a critical attitude towards the law so that you can write good answers to essay questions in the examination. But it’s impossible to adopt a critical attitude if you have no opinion about what the objectives of the law should be, and so this chapter introduces you to that topic too. Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter and the relevant readings you should be able to: explain what is meant by ‘relevance’, ‘weight’ and ‘admissibility’ present arguments defending or attacking the relevance of a given item of evidence explain what is meant by the following major technical terms used in evidence law: the best evidence rule, circumstantial and direct evidence, collateral facts, documentary evidence, facts in issue, original evidence, real evidence, hearsay, the best evidence rule and the voir dire describe two...
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...autonomous individuals. They also expect that they have the right to make decisions about what will and will not be done to them and about what personal information they will share with others. However, researchers also are aware that there are circumstances in which obtaining and documenting consent in social and behavioral research may be a complex, and often challenging process. For instance, potential subjects may be fluent in a language but not literate. Researchers may need to deceive research subjects in order obtain scientifically valid data. Asking subjects to sign consent forms linking them to a study about illegal activities could put them at risk of harm. The federal regulations provide sufficient flexibility to address some of these concerns, particularly for research posing no more than minimal risk of harm. For example, the regulations allow waivers of and alterations in the requirements for the consent and documentation processes. Learning Objectives By the end of this module you should be able to: • Distinguish between consent as a process and the documentation of consent. • Recognize the elements of consent. • Determine when waivers are appropriate. • Identify methods for ensuring comprehension of consent. Overview of Informed Consent Federal regulations require researchers to obtain legally effective informed consent from the subject or the subject's legally authorized representative (LAR). There are two parts to informed consent. The first is the process...
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