...SAKWA. PROFESSOR GEERT HOFSTED DIMENSIONS. QUESTION. A thorough understanding of the study of culture and intercultural communication must include the influential work of Professor Geert Hofsted. Examine comprehensively the cultural dimension model he came up with. Are there any additional development done by other Hofstede’s finding on cultural groups? INTRODUCTION International business is different from domestic business because countries are different in all nature. We can say that national differences in political, economic and legal system influences the benefits, cost and risks associated with doing business in different countries in the world. Scholars have never been able to agree on a simple definition of culture. In the 1870s the anthropologist known as Edward Tylor gave a definition of Culture as that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society. On the other hand Greet Hofsted an expert on cross-cultural differences and management defined culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the member of one human group from another. He noted that Culture in this sense includes system of values and Values are among the building blocks of culture. While a well renowned Sociologist, by the name Zvinamenwirth and Robert Weber also sees culture as a system of ideas and argues that these ideas constitute a design for living. Greet Hofsted view culture as a system...
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...Culture and Frameworks Years ago, dealing with another country for a product might have been unusual. In today’s world, businesses are becoming more global in enterprise so in order to be successful it’s important to understand how to “talk” to a business or employee from another country. There are different social and psychological frameworks that can be used to help an organization understand different cultures and to better communicate. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck developed a sociological framework which is made up of six dimensions: time orientation, space orientation, activity orientation, relationships among people, relations to nature, and basic human nature (Ahlstrom & Bruton, 2010, pp. 44-45). Different cultures will have different emphasis in the six dimensions. For example, the time orientation for people from South America may be vastly different than for people from North America. North Americans are more rigid and South Americans are more flexible when it comes to timing. So if you are given a time for something in North America, you’d better be on time if you don’t want to be rude. In South America, being late is the in thing to be. China and Japan are also very time conscious and the Chinese Business Etiquette Instructional Video shows how the two Americans show up early for their meeting with the Chinese section chief thus exhibiting a positive time orientation example (Liu, 2007). When looking at the Outsourced movie, Mr. Todd appears to be totally...
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...these people act and interact with each other on the educational environment. The behavior of an individual, student or teacher, in a classroom may have much to do with the cultural background that this particular person comes from. Each society will think about education considering their own needs, and in this way their adopted systems and methods to train their students might differ from each other (Barmeyer, 2004). On this mindset, the present study will be conducted in comparative terms between a German student, who was interviewed by me, a Brazilian student, highlighting the differences and possible similarities in educational experiences in our home countries. In order to conduct these comparisons, I will use Hofstede’s cultural dimensions of Power Distance – referring to the power distribution in our societies - and Individualism vs. Collectivism – the degree of integration of each country into groups - to explain our behavior patterns and opinions in each subject. In order to do that I divided this work into subgroups to better explain each point examined. The first one will be a comparison between the educational systems highlighting how they work, the second will explore the learning process and interaction between teacher and students in a classroom, following by...
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...Nova Southeastern University H. Wayne Huizenga School of Business and Entrepreneurship MGT 5012– Twenty First Century Management Practices Date of Submission: March 17, 2013 Title of Assignment: Managing Cultural Diversity Syllabus: MGT 5012- 21st Mgmt Practices 26 Over the years, the workforce has grown to have diverse groups of people working together. Diversity is defined as the differences or dissimilarities among people. These differences can be age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, education, experience, and any characteristic used to distinguish between people. (Jones, 2011) To understand the present, a look at the history of diversity in the workplace will be discussed. I will research and discuss the cultural diversity and how managers today have evolved over the years to learn how to handle it. I will discuss certain steps that managers can take to effectively manage the diversity in their workplace. I will look into the business etiquette and protocol of countries like the United States, Mexico, and Japan. I will also look into where these countries fall on Hofstede’s model of national culture. I will also discuss why it’s important for mangers to learn about a culture they are not familiar with when doing business to make sure they don’t offend the other person or company. History of Diversity in the Workplace The workforce slowly changed after World War II as a growing number of minority groups began to speak up and demand...
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...Author Author Strategic Marketing Plan for IKEA in INDIA [Document subtitle] Strategic Marketing Plan for IKEA in INDIA [Document subtitle] Contents Introduction 2 About IKEA 2 1.0 Analysis of Indian Market 3 1.1 Micro Analysis 3 1.1.1 PESTEL Analysis 3 1.2 Micro Analysis 4 1.2.1 SWOT Analysis 4 1.3 Impact on Hofstede Culture Dimension 5 a) Collectivism vs Individualism 6 b) Femininity vs Masculinity 6 c) Avoidance of Uncertainties 6 d) Power Distance 6 1.4 Porter’s Diamond Model 7 2.0 Global Marketing Objective 7 2.1 Porter’s Generic Strategy Mix 8 2.2 Ansoff’s Marketing Strategies 8 3.0 Mode of entry 9 4.0 7 P’s of Marketing 10 a)Product 10 b) Process 10 c) Price 10 d) Physical evidence 11 e) Place 11 f) People 11 g) Promotion 11 References 0 List of Figure Figure 1: SWOT Analysis 5 Figure 2: Hofstede Dimensions 7 Figure 3: Comparison of Entry Mode 9 Introduction India is developing country, populated with 1.2 billion people. India’s economy is of very worthwhile. The current analysis shows India is expected to be considering in Top 5 economies in the world. Due to powerful economic development in past few decades, the living standards of Indian nation are improved and improving day by day. The people of India are establishing themselves in the field of information technology and in other industries. They also step up in urbanization and trend of using foreign band has increased much. The retailing...
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...2014 TIAS SCHOOL FOR BUSINESS AND SOCIETY Mariana Simões Foschetti [BRAZILIAN NEGOTIATING STYLE: CULTURAL TRAITS WITHIN] ABSTRACT The opening of borders to international trade transformed the forms of trading, whether in domestic or foreign markets, however, to internationally negotiate it is essential to take into account the cultural aspects of all parts involved in the process. It is notable that culture plays a crucial role in all negotiation process, such as to determine its triumph or fiasco. This paper aims to relate the general cultural aspects of the Brazilian people, how these characteristics influence their behavior during the international trading process and how to generally deal with them as the other party in negotiations. 1. INTRODUCTION In this era of globalization, there is an inordinate necessity to comprehend how culture effects negotiations among parties in diverse areas of the world. Culture deeply influences how people communicate, think and behave. Prosperous cross-cultural negotiations require a perception of the negotiation style of those involved in the process, and the approval and respect of their cultural dogmas and rules. As mentioned, it is unquestionable that culture profoundly influences how people think, communicate and behave (Faure, 1999), thus guiding the type of transactions made and how they are traded. Cultural differences between the negotiators can create barriers that prevent or hinder the development of negotiations....
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...our name is stamped by our cultural origin. I did further research into her name; I found out that Luciana is a typical Spanish name meaning light. The religious ties were very prevalent from the beginning even before I had started the interview. Argentina like most of Latin America and my own culture, the Caribbean has a deep history of colonialization; which is even more crucial part to the history of Luciana Cappuciano since she is of European ancestry. The Europeans arrived in Argentina 1502 this is most likely when Lucky’s ancestors first entered Latin America. One of the issues Lucky faced is being ethnically a Caucasian but identifying herself as a Latina. This is her avowal identity, meaning that is the identity “that [she] choose[s] to associate with and portray” (Willis-Rivera 28). However most American ascribes a Caucasian identity to her because of her blonde hair and fair skin; which is features attributes as white in America. This issue was something we discussed with great importance during our interviews. Lucky identifying herself as a Latina despite being of European descent is not strange in Argentina. Actually the predominant ethnic group in Argentina is white; with 97% coming from Spanish and Italian descent (CIA World Factbook, Argentina). The confusion on whether Latina is describing a race or ethnicity it also describe in “The Essential...
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...Business Project – HMV Chan Ho Yeung 13431908 Context 1. Introduction 2 2. Comparative Analysis of the company’s competitive position in its various markets 3 2.1 PEST 4 2.2 Porter 5 forces 5 2.3 Value Chain 7 3. Considerations for the company’s position in relation to cross-cultural issues 10 3.1 Hofstede Cultural dimensions 10 3.2 Iceberg model of culture 14 4. The company’s position in relation to corporate social responsibility 16 4.1 Carroll’s CSR Pyramid 16 5. Conclusion 21 6. References 24 1. Introduction People who were born in 1990s or before, they should have gone to CD shops to buy CDs and supported their favourite singers. So that, you must know HMV. HMV, everyone knows that it is a CDs retailer basically. HMV opened in Oxford Street London on 20th July 1921. HMV’s full name is “His Master’s Voice”. At that time, HMV was a part of EMI - Electric and Musical Industries. In 1998, HMV was divested from EMI. It needs to especially mention the logo of HMV. HMV’s logo is based on a dog that called Nipper, is listening to a gramophone. In 1921, when HMV had started, they were a company which sold gramophone and also used HMV’s name to produce TVs and radios. After that, HMV did not sell gramophone, they was transiting gradually to sell CDs. Until now, HMV has changed a lot. They are not only selling CDs, they also sell the other products including film, games and headphones. In 1988, HMV has opened their first overseas store in Canada...
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...provide the context within which a society’s norms are established and justified Norms are the social rules that govern the actions of people toward one another and can be further subdivided into ◦ folkways (the routine conventions of everyday life) ◦ mores (norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life) 4. Culture, Society, and the Nation-State A society can be defined as a group of people that share a common set of values and norms There is not a strict one-to-one correspondence between a society and a nation-state ◦ Nation- states are political creations that can contain a single culture or several cultures ◦ Some cultures embrace several nations 5. Cultural Dimensions in China Greetings are done in order of age–always greet the eldest member of a group first As status is recognized by age, university degree and profession, use of a person’s title is important. Address someone as Dr. or Professor whenever possible. Do not call someone by their first name until they...
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...Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Cultural Dimensions of Pakistan 2 2.1 Hofstede’s Study 2 2.2 Trompenaar’s Dimensions 5 2.3 GLOBE Study 6 3. Communicating Cross Culturally 7 3.1 Proper Greetings 7 3.2 Introductions 7 3.3 Touch Behaviour 8 3.4 Taboos 9 3.5 Entertaining 9 4. Management Issues in Pakistan 9 4.1 Leading 9 4.2 Motivation 12 5. Negotiating in Pakistan 13 6. Expatriates in Pakistan 15 7. Managing Social and Ethical Issues in Pakistan 18 7.1 Conflict of Development 18 7.2 Conflict of Tradition 18 7.3 Conflict of Interest 19 8. Conclusion 21 References 22 Appendix 1 – Map of Pakistan 23 Appendix 2 – GLOBE Study 24 Appendix 3 - Supplementary Information 26 Appendix 4 - Important Contact Information 28 1. Introduction Pakistan was one of the two original successor states to British India, which was partitioned along religious lines in 1947. For almost 25 years following independence, it consisted of two separate regions, East and West Pakistan, but now is made up only of the western sector. Both India and Pakistan have laid claim to the Kashmir region, and this territorial dispute led to war in 1949, and again in 1965, 1971, and 1999, and remains unresolved today. Pakistan is situated in the western part of the Indian subcontinent, with Afghanistan and Iran on the west, India on the east, and the Arabian Sea on the south. The name Pakistan is derived from the Urdu words Pak (meaning pure) and...
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...Cross-Cultural Communication Paper Arab World v/s Bulgaria MBA 501 – Business Communications and Research Methods Cross-Cultural Communication Paper December 5, 2011 Arab World is rather heterogeneous group of nations and tribes who live in 22 states, counts more than 350 million people spread on bigger than Europe territory with very long distances - 7800 km. from East to West (United Nation Website, 2008). However based on common religion, origin and cultural roots many authors talk for "Arabs" making assumptions and conclusions. On the other hand different historical paths, isolation between remote groups and stage of development are the most probable reason for discrepancies and controversies found in the sources when the same topics are discussed. That is why this paper focuses on group of Arabic nations usually called Middle East and "Arabs" means Middle-East-Arabs in this paper. By contrast, Bulgarians are small nation situated in South-Eastern Europe what some authors and international authorities consider as Central Europe. Living in country in transition period and the will of younger generation to move towards Western stile are reasons for occurrence of somewhat of mixed business practices. The younger the staff is and the bigger the company is - the more western oriented the practices are, especially in the local branches of big multinational corporations. Even though geographically close situated and shared common history, for several centuries these...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction and Overview…………………………………………………………….Page 1 The Country…………………………………………………………………………….Page 2 Government and Politics………………………………………………………………..Page 3 Economic Structure……………………………………………………………………..Page 4-8 National Culture………………………………………………………………………...Page 9-11 Management…………………………………………………………………………….Page 12-14 Comparison U.S. and Canada………………………………………….……………….Page 15 Interview……………………………………………………………………………….Page 16 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………Page 17 References………………………………………………………………………………Page 18-22 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Introduction The purpose of this paper is for us, as a team, to learn more about the culture in Canada relating to a business atmosphere as well as a casual atmosphere. It is important to be knowledgeable of cultures in other countries, due to possible international business opportunities that may arise in the future. Overview In this paper, we discuss a little bit about the history and demographics of the country as a whole. We also talk about the government, economy, and culture of Canada on a more detailed level. Later, in the paper management in Canada as well as a comparison of the U.S. and Canada is covered. 2 CANADA- THE COUNTRY History The first group to come to Canada was the Aboriginal people who were later joined by the French and British to form the culture of Canada (Wikipedia, 2010). Canada has also been influenced by the United States relating to its...
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...Executive Commentaries] Author(s): Joyce S. Osland, Allan Bird, June Delano and Mathew Jacob Source: The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005), Vol. 14, No. 1, Themes: Forming Impressions and Giving Feedback (Feb., 2000), pp. 65-79 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4165609 . Accessed: 05/08/2013 09:54 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005). http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 155.33.240.146 on Mon, 5 Aug 2013 09:54:15 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ? Academy of Management Executive, 2000, Vol. 14, No. 1 Beyond sophisticated stereotyping: Cultural sensemakingn i context Joyce S. Osland and Allan Bird Executive Overview Much of our cross-cultural training and research occurs within the framework of bipolar cultural dimensions. While this sophisticated stereotyping...
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...Understanding Cross-Cultural Management Second Edition Marie-Joëlle Browaeys & Roger Price Part One CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT Concept 1.1 Facets of culture Introduction to Part One Setting the scene This introductory chapter will give an outline of the research in the field of culture and management, which in turn serves as a framework for Part One. The concept of culture Many experts in their fields have wracked their brains to come up with what they consider to be their concept of ‘culture’. Those working in the field of cultural anthropology, alone, for example, have come up with a long list of definitions of the concept, based on their analysis of ethnological, social, psychological and linguistic data. The attempt made by Bodley (1994) to summarize these (Table I.1) gives an idea of all the facets of culture that need to be taken into account from an anthropological perspective. Although acknowledging the multiplicity of cultures, the authors of this book consider that the fundamental aspect of culture is that it is something all humans learn in one way or another. It is not something people inherit, but rather a code of attitudes, norms and values, a way of thinking that is learnt within a social environment. Family, the social environment, school, friends, work – all these help to form this code and determine how people see themselves and the world. The national culture and the particular region which people live in also help to shape a...
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...INDIA/BharaT International Marketing: An Exploration of India Table of Contents Background P. 3 Geography, Terrain, Land, Climate, & Resources Population Language Literature Religion Leisure and Entertainment P.6 Music Dance Dress Calendar Celebrations National Symbols Dining Business Entertaining Government and Politics p.12 Education Meeting and Greeting p. 13 Giving Gifts Style of Negotiation Communication Economy P. 16 Overview Statistics Labor Force Transportation Culture P. 18 Geert Hofstede Analysis Appearance Behavior Public Conduct Aspects of Business P. 21 Business Relationships Business Statistics Foreign Trade Political Risk India’s Top Companies Reasons to do Business in India References P. 27 Background (13) The official name of India is the Republic of India. The country is bordered by several countries including; Pakistan, China, Nepal, and Bangladesh. India is also surrounded by many bodies of water which include the Arabian Sea, the Laccadive Sea, and the Bay of Bengal (1). India has an extensive history dating back to the Indus Valley civilization of 2nd century B.C. “Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical...
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