...‘The relationship between religious beliefs, religious organisations and social groups is complex and diverse. Different groups have different needs and priorities.’ To what extent do sociological arguments and evidence support this view? Statistics show that women have a greater participation rate in religious organisations than men. Women are more likely to express a greater interest in religion, to have a stronger personal faith and believe in life after death. They are more likely to involve themselves in religious rituals and worship, for example, attend religious services and lead a more religious life generally. There are many sociological explanations as to why women are more religious than men. Firstly, Miller and Hoffmann suggest that gender socialization means females are brought up to be more compliant, obedient and nurturing than males. They state that women are more involved with feelings, co-operation and caring for others. However, Walter and Davie see women as more exposed than men, to the ups and downs and changes of life. This is because of their biological involvement through childbirth, and through their greater participation in paid caring jobs, for example as teachers, nurses, social workers. Davie suggests that these factors give women a closer association with birth and death than men, and these are also central issues for many religions. They make women more aware of the helplessness of human life, and more familiar to the spiritual dimensions for human...
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...Article Critique - Adherence to ocular hypotensive therapy: Patient health education needs and views on group education This paper evaluates a medical journal article entitled, “Adherence to ocular hypotensive therapy: Patient health education needs and views on group education,” by Waterman et.al. published on the Journal of Patient Preference and Adherence, Volume 7, pages 55-63, 2013. While the title is apparent to the clinicians on the topic that the article is looking at, it may be slightly challenging for the general public to understand the term "ocular hypotensive therapy" in the title as it was not explained anywhere in the article. The term may be phrased in a more understandable manner such as "therapy to reduce eye pressure" or "glaucoma therapy" as this article is from an open access medical journal focusing on patient preference and adherence, the general public who are interested in this topic will have access to it and they intend to understand and get useful information from the article. Therefore, the title should be as clear as possible to stimulate the interest of not only the clinicians but also the general public to encourage them to read. Nonetheless, after reading the article, the title is considered as precise and concise in reflecting the content of the work. As the title of the article suggests, the main issue discussed in the article was that as in other long-term conditions, there is a tendency in patients with glaucoma did not adhere to their prescribed...
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...DIFFERENT SOCIAL GROUPS HAVE DIFFERENT SOCIAL AND SPIRITUAL NEEDS AND USE RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS IN VERY DIFFERENT WAYS TO WHAT EXTENT DO SOCIOLOGICAL ARGUMENTS AND EVIDENCE SUPPORT THIS VIEW? There are many different social groups within society and many different reasons why one would join a religion and follow a certain belief. Religiosity is related to age, gender, and social acts. Religion take help many people solve underlying problems where people are experiencing anomie. Religion can be defined in many different ways such as Weber defining it as a belief in a superior or supernatural power that cannot be explained through science. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the extent to which sociological arguments and evidence support the view that different groups have different social and spiritual needs and use religion and religious organisations in very different ways. Religiosity varies by age, this can be due to many different reasons such as the amount of time one has to participate and commit to a set belief. People younger than 15 and over 65 are more likely to be involved in a religious activity; however participation by those under the age of 15 takes part in the form of Sunday school and religious playgroups. Therefore, this portrays that they may have been brought up by their primary caregiver mother to attend Sunday school since they were young so attending is part of their weekly routine. As well, the elderly (over 65) are most likely...
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...LSS 5100-14B-1A15-S5: Learning Strategies for Success in Graduate Programs Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation LSS 5100-14B-1A15-S5: Learning Strategies for Success in Graduate Programs The three fundamental elements of online education include effective communication, time management, and organization. Proper utilization of these three elements helps students have a successful online learning experience as well as set them on the path to successful careers. First, Effective communication among online students involves communicating on time and at the right time with professors, tutors, colleagues and other relevant persons. For instance, these people have other commitments and may not be available throughout the day. Therefore, effective communication requires that online student know the best communication channel to use when communicating with professors, lecturers, tutors and colleagues. Similarly, they must know the right time to communicate with these people so that they receive timely feedback or what they require. Second, online students do not attend physical classes thus many people believe that they have extra time to study. However, most online students are employed and have families as well as social life. Accordingly, balancing these three aspects of their lives become a daunting task that condemns most of them to poor grades, retakes and supplementary papers. For example, self-directed study is challenging since many believe...
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...have basic needs and people do not concern themselves with higher-level needs until lower-level needs are satisfied. These interpersonal needs can be arranged in a hierarchy. Maslow calls the first two levels of the hierarchy survival needs and these needs are necessary for basic human existence. The first level of the hierarchy is Physiological Needs. People have physiological needs for air, water, and food. The second level is Safety Needs, which are for security and protection. During the early years of a person's life, the family satisfies these needs. It is only after the survival needs have been fulfilled can the higher-level needs, that Maslow calls psychological needs, become important. These needs include the need to belong, the need for esteem, and the need for self-actualization. The need to belong, third level of the hierarchy, provides people the need to feel that they are part of some group. In children, this sense of belonging is provided by the family but as the children get older, they begin to look outside the family to satisfy this need. The emergence of gangs may be a response to this need. Once the need to belong is reached, the fourth level comes into play; the need for respect or esteem. Not only do people need to feel accepted, but also that they are valued and considered worthwhile. The fifth and final level of the hierarchy, the need for self-actualization, differs from the other four needs. Maslow calls the previous four needs deficiency need meaning...
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...terms of its usefulness and practical application in work organisations. Content theories centralise on what can motivate people and also, are concerned of their needs. In order to satisfy those needs there are goals that must be pursued. An example of a content theory is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy of needs and some examples for each one of them are as following: Physiological needs are concerned with the people’s basic needs of air, food, water, clothing and home. In other words, physiological needs are the needs for basic customs of life. Safety needs are concerned with the physical, environmental and emotional safety and protection. For instance, job security, health security, financial security and family security. Social needs are concerned with the need for care, love, belongingness, and friendship. Esteem needs are concerned with internal esteem needs for example, competence, confidence, self- respect achievement and freedom, and external esteem needs such as power, recognition, attention, appreciation and status. At last is the self-actualization, which is concerned with peoples creativity, morality and solving their problems. Self-actualisation comes after the first four needs are full-filled and after the employer receives recognition on his potential. The self- actualization needs are never truly fulfilled. Conversely, then comes the desire for gaining more knowledge, social- service and creativity. As an individual grows psychologically, opportunities...
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...People join groups for a multitude of reasons. A major reason is that group membership often results in some form of need satisfaction on the part of the individual. Membership into a group can fulfil numerous needs, some which group members may not realize they are benefiting from: * Companionship – groups provide members to simply be in the company of other people. * Survival and security – From a historic or evolutionary perspective our ancestors would partake in group experiences for hunting and defence. * Affiliation and status – membership into various groups can provide individuals with certain socials status’ or security. * Power and control– with group membership comes the opportunity for leadership roles; individuals who feel they need to exert their power and opinions over others can have such experiences within group settings. * Achievement – groups have the capability to achieve more than individuals acting alone. Organizations typically form groups in order to accomplish work related tasks; however, as a member of a work group you may unintentionally reap the numerous benefits independent of the original group construct. Defining characteristics of groups Groups can have varying numbers of members, communication styles, and structures. Research has identified a few common requirements contributing to the recognition of individuals working in a collaborative environment to be considered a “group” * Interdependence: In order for an individual...
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...Group norms: expected behaviour sanction by a group which regulate and foster uniform member behaviours. Norms develop due to: * Explicit statements * Critical events * Primary Explicit statements: explicit supervisor and co-worker statements can inform about group member’s expectations Critical events: in any group, critical events in a group history set precedents for the future. Primary: See tendency for the first behaviour pattern, a group displays to set group expectations. Group cohesiveness – how much members are attracted to a group, are motivated to staying it, and are influenced by one another. Group development: * Forming: Members try to assess the ground rules that apply to a task and to group interaction. Members seek information about the task, evaluate now group could interact to achieve it, and begin to test how valued their input will be. * Storming: Group members conflict with each other as they find and try to resolve differences of opinion on key issues. Issues might involve task needs and possible resistance. Conflict may arise from how members relate. Members may struggle for leadership if one is not appointed. * Norming: Group members start to build group cohesion, reaching a consensus about task performance and relationship norms. Members idiosyncrasies are accepted and people start to identify with the group members roles are clearer, the group is willing to engage in mutual problem solving. * Performing: Stage when energy...
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...Which Age group do you belong to? * 14-17 * 17-20 * 20-23 * 23+ 3) To which rank do you belong? * Patrol leader * Scouts master * Venture scout 4) How long have you been in this scout group? * 1-2 years * 3-4 years * 5-6 years * 7+ 5) Is there a structure to this group? * Yes * No 6) Does this group have any specific objectives laid out? * Yes * No 7) Does this group have any laws you have to abide by? * Yes * No 8) Does this group take part in events in the community? * Yes * No 9) Does the scout group need new programs? * Yes * No 10) Does the scout group face any problems? * YES * No 11) ------------------------------------------------- If yes state what ------------------------------------------------- 12) Does the problem affect the scout group? * Yes * No 13) Does the programs and policies are effective in the scout group? * Yes * No 14) How relevant is the scout movement to the youths in the area? * Very relevant * Not relevant * Little relevant 15) Does the scout group need new programs to be implemented? * Yes * No 16) How does the group have an impact on society? * Give moral guidelines * Leads to the development of young people * Keeps them away from doing wrong things * All of the above 17) How effective is the scout group? * Very...
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...a team feel like they can voice their opinion or ideas that they may have without having to choose words carefully ideas and solutions will get shared more freely. Disagreements and debates are more than likely going to happen when you are working on a team, if they are done respectfully they can help the team reach their common goal. There are different types of roles that team members can take on when working in teams, there are group task roles that affect the team’s ability to achieve their common goal, for example the information seeker asks for facts and information that is needed for the group to be aware of information gaps. Group maintenance roles affect how group members get along together while working towards their common goal. One group maintenance roll is the harmonizer, the harmonizer helps find ways to solve problems between group members and knows the importance of teamwork and how it’s important for the group’s common goal for the team to get along. Self-centered roles put an individual’s needs before the needs of other group members and the group’s common...
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...Running Header: GROUPS/ TEAMS AND MOTIVATION Groups/Teams and Motivation Research Tanisha Holland Dr. Schraff Organizational Behavior Business 520 Submitted August 16, 2009 Introduction Vince Lombardi one of the most successful NFL coaches of the century defines groups as an “individual commitment to a group effort, which is what makes a team work, a company work, a society work, a civilization work.” [ (Lombardi) ] Every group has a personality of its own, as a result of the unique individuals who come together to form it. [ (Leadership Development within Groups) ] Each group member brings different interests, skills, and goals to the group. Each group members have different values and attitudes. [ (Leadership Development within Groups) ] Groups are very important to an organization and help meet the organization’s goals. There are many types of groups’ formal, informal, command, task, affinity, etc... Groups are stronger when individuals come from different backgrounds (spiritual, cultural, political) such diversity forms a sound foundation which offers a variety of ideas, values, perspectives, and talents to the group. Individuals learn from one another, and the group benefits from it. [ (Leadership Development within Groups) ] From the managerial perspective, the work group is the primary means by which the managers coordinate individual’s behavior to achieve organizational goals. Management must be aware of...
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...address the topic of ethics in group counseling. This author will define what group ethics is according to the psychological organizations such as the American Counseling Association (ACA), and the Association of Specialist in Group Work (ASGW). This author will also address what the American Association of Christian Counselor (AACC) has to say about the ethical standards for Christian Counseling. To effectively practice ethically group therapy a counselor needs to internalize the morals, values, and behavioral makeup of each individual within the group. This paper will also look at the comparison between group and individual psychotherapy and why a counselor will choose between the two. The group processes in both individual and group psychotherapy are a positive catalyst for personal growth within the individual psyche. Whereas group therapy tends to address interactional and interpersonal, individual therapy usually looks at the intra-psychic. Group therapy has been proven to have effective treatment benefits in the treatment with various psychological and personal problems. The final section will address the ethical challenges this author may face and her biblical perspective in counseling, her personal leadership qualities and her personal approach to group counseling. Counseling in our society has gone through multiple changes in the recent years. More individuals are looking into receiving support and guidance in the way of group counseling. Due to the increase...
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...the previous team leader of the XRS Laser group has affected the perception of the group throughout the company and has also resulted in poor results from this group. The project lead had a lackadaisical attitude and his actions promoted this type of attitude and behavior with his team, especially in completing projects. This attitude and his behavior was recognized by his group and they followed-up the same approach. Although John attended the company’s team leadership courses, perhaps the company did not enforce these behaviors and did not follow-up and conduct periodic audits. The company should not only coach relationships with their subordinates, they need to follow-up and oversee the effectiveness of these sessions from beginning to end (new paradigm). Micro Though the personnel in the XRS Laser group may be competent employees, the company needs to ensure that through placing a strong reliance on work teams means that the manger must also have the ability to help the team become more keenly aware of how it operates. Currently, the XRS Laser group is behaving under a group content and is displaying the attitude and behavior of their project manager, John. When the team is more aware of how it operates, it will be better able to analyze and solve its own problems. The company would not have to hire a new project manager (Ryan) to bring about positive results and a new perspective. Causes The XRS Laser group members do not recognize that other employees...
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...First, there has to be clarification of common goals and purposes. The purpose needs to be clear and there needs to be contribution to the team’s goals as a group. The group should come up with each person’s role in achieving the common purpose of the group. Paying attention to when conflicts arise and discussing and producing constructive ideas to compromise and work out resolving the conflict. There should be interacting with one another and steady communication between group members. Being sensitive to other group member’s feelings and ideas will help the group communicate and work together better. When you put all these characteristics together, it helps build an effective team. Communication I would say is the biggest key to success in a group, though. When a group can talk, voice opinions, and feel open to communication, it makes working together, giving ideas, and coming up with a game plan a lot easier. Staying in contact and making sure everyone is where they need to be with their assigned parts is a good idea too just to make sure everyone is on track and team members do not need help. I have seen a person in a group not know what to do and will not say anything until the day before the assignment is due. This also would be where communication comes in. How do roles, needs, and diversity affect teamwork? Provide specific examples. When it comes to roles, each person has a role in the group. If a person is not following through or does not feel comfortable in their role...
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...BA285 Leadership and Human Relations Emily Castagnola Quiz 3 50 Points 1. Summarize Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. (10 points) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is one of two major needs theories. According to Maslow, people are motivated by their basic needs. He theorized that these basic needs include physiological survival, security, belongingness, self-esteem and self-actualization. We know that people have many other needs, food, shelter etc. but these fall into the lower end of Maslow’s hierarchy under physiological survival. This hierarchy usually is represented by a pyramid where the lower end needs are at the bottom such as food, water and shelter, and then the less basic needs are higher, such as self-esteem and self-actualization. According to Maslow, in order to effectively motivate someone, you first have to make sure these lower needs are met and then you can work on fulfilling the higher ones. 2. Name and define the three types of satisfaction to consider when looking at a person’s attitudes about work. (6 points) There are three types of satisfaction to consider when looking at people’s attitudes. First we should look at their achievement orientation. People with a high achievement orientation strive to complete difficult tasks. They tend to set high goals and work very hard to accomplish them. These people tend to better in school, getting higher degrees; they get promoted at work faster and make more money than people with a lower desire for achievement...
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