...reasons: 1. Jobs Around 3.5 million British jobs are directly linked to British membership of the European Union’s single market – 1 in 10 British jobs. 2. Exports & investment The EU buys over 50 percent of UK exports (54 per cent of goods, 40 per cent of services). Over 300,000 British companies and 74 per cent of British exporters operate in other EU markets. American and Asian EU firms build factories in Britain because it is in the single market. 3. Trade The EU negotiates trade agreements with the rest of the world. Outside the EU Britain would have to renegotiate trade deals alone. While the EU is the world’s largest market, a UK outside the EU would not be a high priority for other counties to negotiate a trade deal. 4. Freedom to work and study abroad – and easy travel 1.4 million British people live abroad in the EU. More than 14,500 UK students took part in the European Union’s Erasmus student exchange scheme in 2012-13. Driving licences issued in the UK are valid throughout the EU. 5. Fighting crime The European Arrest Warrant replaced long extradition procedures and enables the UK to extradite criminals wanted in other EU countries, and bring to justice criminals wanted in the UK who are hiding in other EU countries. Euro just helps UK authorities work with other EU countries’ to tackle international organised crime such as drug smuggling, people trafficking and money laundering. 6. Influence in the world The EU is the world's biggest market and...
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...no job, no income and no asset was able to afford a house mortgage. This rate was decreased to 1% in June 2003. In 2004 country’s elite banks like Lehman brother, Goldman sacs, Merrill lynch, Morgan & Stanley were relaxed with the net capital requirement 30-40 times. (Sivakumar and Krishnaswami, 2012)But after saturation point problem started rising with the rising interest rates. In 2007 it turned out to be a bad new when federal fund rate reached 5.25% in 2006. Many banks got erupted and with shortage of money. Central banks in several countries like UK, Europe central, Sweden, Canada, Switzerland, china etc help in adding world economy but failed. This economic crisis also exploded the economies of Arab nations, Japan, UK, Ireland, Greece, China etc. The consequences faced by these countries in the meltdown were low GDP, high inflation, low deflation, volatile stock market, increasing unemployment, crash in real estate sector, low corporate profits, depreciation of assets and many more. These outcomes are affecting world economy since last few years but now there is an optimistic indication for coming years. (Shah, 2010) (Canstar Research, 2012) US economy point is towards an upbeat track of recovery, although it was at uneven pace in 2009 but the...
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...Economic Growth and Public Policy of the UK: Does the protectionism help? Introduction The effects of globalization have touched all the aspects of life and business today. One aspect is the trading policies between countries. Since the late nineteenth century, the collision started between domestic and foreign industries, which ask governments for measures that could protect local industries, without discouraging the country’s trade relations. The term ‘Protectionism’ was thus introduced in the language of global trade and economy (Rowley, 2002). Protectionism is an economic policy applied in the trading system, to restrict the quantity of imported items, and to flourish country’s exports. The objective of this is policy is to maintain the competition between foreign and the domestic industries. In most of the countries, free trade is not followed and various tariffs and duty charges are applied on the import goods. These taxes allow the government to generate a fair bit of revenue, without utilizing their resources. Moreover, it also helps in the sustainability of the domestic industries. The prices of the imported goods are kept higher by adding these taxes so that the local customers, looking for cheaper options, have to buy the domestic items. In parallel to this, the protectionism policy allows domestic industries to raise the prices of their products, without raising the quality of their products (Ethier & Fischer, 1987, pp.1-2). Another aspect of protectionism...
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...Different Perspectives Of Employment Relations For the employment relations, there is complicate and compelling area of study which involves relationships with employees, employers, trade unions and government on a regular basis. At the same time, there are three perspectives which are unitarism, pluralist and radical, each offers a special perception of workplace relations and explain the actions, statements and employers behaviours and trade unionists, such as workplace conflict, role of unions and job regulation vary differently. Based on the UK employment relations structure, the essay will analysis which perspectives appropriate for employee relations in the UK. Unitarist pespective The unitaty perspective is based upon the assumption that the organisation is, at the same time, the unitary perspective organisation can be as an integrated and harmonious whole with the ideal of "one happy family", where management and other members of the staff are all share a common purpose, emphasizing mutual cooperation(Naukrihub, 2007) and they have a set of common values, interests and objectives. Furthermore, unitarism has a paternalistic approach where it demands on all employees loyalty, being predominantly managerial in its emphasis and application. For unitary perspective, there are two important implications stemming from this. The first one is that conflict as the expression of employee dissatisfaction and differences with management is perceived as an irrational activity....
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...THE TRADE UNIONS IN UK INTRODUCTION Historically, trade unions in the United Kingdom have been viewed as: (1) collective employee organisations established to protect employees from arbitrary actions by employers in matters of pay and working conditions, and (2) as promoters of the legitimate interests of people at work. In practice, they have also played an important role in the political life of the nation, and, to a lesser extent, in its social affairs. The ability of trade unions to exercise power and influence over users of their service depends on the relative demand for that service. Thus, when demands for skilled labour in the economy are high trade unions are in a relatively powerful position to negotiate a high price for the use of labour. They are also able in such circumstances to employ a wide range of sanctions against employers (and even governments). When demand for labour is slack and unemployment begins to rise, trade union power to influence events becomes more limited. In Britain the boom period for trade unions was during the 1970s when membership reached a peak of 13.2 million (1979). At that time the demand for labour was high, many skills where in short supply and there were few legal controls over collective action by unions. By 1990 the situation had changed dramatically with a deep recession, record levels of unemployment, changes In working practices brought about by new technology and last but not least, a substantial framework of labour legislation...
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...Article Introduction: Causes, consequences and cures of union decline European Journal of Industrial Relations 17(2) 97–105 © The Author(s) 2011 Reprints and permission: sagepub. co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0959680111400893 ejd.sagepub.com Alex Bryson NIESR and Centre for Economic Performance, London, UK Bernhard Ebbinghaus Universität Mannheim, Germany Jelle Visser Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands In 2000 the political leaders of the European Union declared that strong economic growth and advance towards a knowledge society, together with a high degree of social cohesion, would be the pre-eminent goals for the subsequent decade. A question never asked was what would happen, and what remedial action would be taken, should the conditions conducive to growth and the knowledge economy conflict with the political and institutional underpinnings of social cohesion. What if strong employment growth turned out to be founded on the destabilization of the standard employment contract, or if the advance towards a knowledge economy brought about a sharp rise in social inequality and polarization between skilled and unskilled workers and between those with and without stable jobs? Would trade unions be willing and able to counteract or attenuate such trends and bridge the differences between the new haves and have-nots? Or would they be marginalized, slowly but irreversibly, together with the stable employment relationships...
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...brit“No government was able to stem Britain’s economic decline from 1951-1990” Introduction: Whilst there is a blatant division of interpretations of Britain’s economic performances from 1951 to 1990, of those claiming that Britain suffered gradual and miserable decline until the heroine and saviour Mrs Thatcher came to the helm, or of those arguing that a genuine post-war boom existed throughout a large proportion of the era and Thatcher meddled unnecessarily and indeed harmfully, it is more accurate to take a balanced and differential approach. There is clear evidence of British economic decline from 1951-1990, but to claim that it was utter decline is really a pessimistic front. Reasons to disagree: - Period from 1951 to 1973 saw an “age of affluence”, with a genuine post-war boom; Britain’s economy grew around 40% during 1951 to 1964 - Living standards rose steadily until 1973, with low unemployment rates; with a wider sense that Britain was becoming more prosperous and equal. Harold Macmillan captured this in 1957, when he declared that “Britain had never had it so good”; it also highlighted increased consumerism due to greater accessibility to consumer goods throughout the era - Arguments of “relative decline” are unfair and misleading; nations such as Japan and Germany were utterly destroyed after WW2, so it only makes sense for their nations to advance rapidly as they could start from scratch - Arguments of a lack of policy and initiative are misleading. Macmillan...
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...Journal of Property Investment & Finance Emerald Article: Inflation and rental change in industrial property: A multi-level analysis Catherine Jackson, Michael White Article information: To cite this document: Catherine Jackson, Michael White, (2005),"Inflation and rental change in industrial property: A multi-level analysis", Journal of Property Investment & Finance, Vol. 23 Iss: 4 pp. 342 - 363 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635780510602417 Downloaded on: 02-11-2012 References: This document contains references to 41 other documents Citations: This document has been cited by 1 other documents To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com This document has been downloaded 1025 times since 2005. * Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS For Authors: If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com With over forty years' experience, Emerald Group Publishing is a leading independent publisher of global research with impact in business, society, public policy and education. In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as well as an extensive range of online...
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...SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS 1. Private Limited Company – more freedom in investment, always been profitable 2. Britain’s most centrally located deep sea port – most economical location, closest to UK container markets 3. Heritage / history as dominant in Bristol City centre 4. Both docks have good access to main motorway and railway 5. Strong motor vehicles sector (import and export) (p. 8) 6. Critical point for entry of a quarter of UK aviation fuel 7. Cost-effective, efficient and sustainable service lead of marketing mix (p.11) 8. Diversity of services (shipping, distribution and logistics) and products offered in different sectors (containers, motor vehicles, bulk energy products, animal feed and grains, fresh product, cargo) 9. Large adjacent sites for industrial use allow multiple purposes and variety of clients + large product portfolio 10. They have the support of the local community, bring value to local environment – good perception 11. Also support of local community for the expansion plans 12. Above average warehousing + storage facilities + wholesale distribution space – cost effective and favour retail activity 13. Accredited ISO 9001:2000 – TQM 14. Diversity of services and products offered (containers, motor vehicles, bulk energy products, animal feeds and grains, fresh produce, cargo) 15. 5th on vehicle import and export [table 3], despite cars only being 4% of cargo type tonnage at BP [table 4] – double their total vehicles...
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...UK manufacturing has been in relative decline since the 1960s. Manufacturing as a share of real GDP has fallen from 30% in 1970 to 12% in 2010. This essay answer looks at the reasons why, and how significant government policies are as a cause. Manufacturing plays a crucial role in the competitiveness of the UK economy. Despite this, for far too long government policy has neglected manufacturing. During this period of neglect British manufacturing firms have repositioned themselves away from price-based competition more towards forms of non-price based competitiveness. The recent re-shoring of manufacturing to the UK is the start of a much needed trend. The University of Birmingham is funding a two year research project entitled ‘Regeneration Economies: Transforming People, Places and Production’. This project is exploring new policy solutions that will support British manufacturing. There is a need to develop a much better understanding of regional and national economies. High value manufacturing firms no longer sell products, but many solutions combine manufactured products with embedded services. Thus, a manufacturing policy must be simultaneously a service policy. There is a need to encourage universities and colleges to provide courses that blend technical training with an understanding of services, this is where the government comes in, by making these changes to education The Regeneration Economies project is also exploring major developments in engineering that have the...
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...happen on a global scale, this is known as globalisation. This interaction of economies on a worldwide scale is else known as the global economy, and NICs and TNCs play a fundamental role in changing how it operates. An ‘NIC’, else known as a ‘newly industrialising country’ is a country where industrial production has grown sufficiently for it to become a major source of their income as a nation. A ‘TNC’ is a company that operates in at least two countries. They often have management headquarters in their home country and operate in host countries alongside; examples would include GlaxoSmithKline, BP, Wal-Mart and Coca-Cola. NICs are having a prominent impact on sculpting the global economy. They are characterised by the fact that they are gaining an increasing share of the world manufacturing output, a significant growth in their manufactured export production and a significant annual growth in their manufacturing sector. The first generation of NICs were, given their geographical location, known as the ‘Asian Tigers’ – Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore. The impact of NICs is global; the 21st century is arguably an era of global economic independence. The growth model of the Asian Tigers has been criticised. They have not followed the typical model of import substitution with an aim of becoming self-sufficient, instead they have...
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... | 4 | 1.3 Trade union’s function | 4 | 2.0 Structure of Trade Union in Malaysia | 5 | 3.0 How do Employers Perceive of Trade Union | 6 | 3.1 Conflict | 6 | 3.2 Controlled by purposely | 6 | 4.0 Do trade union membership decline | 6- 8 | 5.0 Why trade union decline | 9- 12 | 6.0 Why employee still join trade union | 13 | 7.1 Received Benefits | 13 | 7.2 Protection of Rights | 13 | 6.3 Collective Bargaining | 13 | 7.0 Conclusion | 13 | 8.0 References | 14 | 9.0 Appendix | | Introduction Trade union can be viewed as helpful or unhelpful by employer. For example, according to Maimunah (2007, p133), Japanese viewed union as an assisting tool, because many objectives are achieved by Japanese unions, therefore they are still using union. On the other hand, some countries believe that union is limiting the power of management and tends to discourage employee join union. Such as UK and USA, employers are strongly viewed union as an enemy. Therefore, this assignment will discuss about trade union and why is it declining and why some countries still using union. Besides that, we also will show you which countries membership is declining. What is trade union? Trade union is a combination or independent association of employees or of employers that to help...
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...How the UK economy has evolved and changed since 1970 Over recent decades, the structure of the UK economy has undergone significant transformation and experienced changes that go hand in hand with the process of economic growth and development. In the primary sector which Includes activities directly related to natural resources, e.g. farming or oil extraction, changes in resource availability initiated structural change, as happened so dramatically with oil in 1973 and again in 1979. Oil has had further indirect effects on the structure of the UK economy by means of the exchange rate. The development of North Sea oil production enabled the UK to be self-sufficient in oil by 1980, but also bestowed ‘petro-currency’ status on the pound. This meant that the sterling exchange rate was now responsive to changes in oil prices, which between 1979 and 1983 tended to keep the pound higher than would otherwise have been the case. The oil crises of the 1970s heralded the onset of long-term (youth and adult) unemployment and the decline of the domestic manufacturing sector. The overall downsizing and restructuring trend that followed was particularly noticeable in the manufacturing sector of the economy: a large proportion of operations that were traditionally carried out “in-house” were either contracted out or exported to areas of the world that offered substantially lower labour and/or running costs (Matlay, 2001). Throughout the 1979-1997 period, general and specific support aimed...
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...BEYOND MAPPING – UNDERSTANDING CREATIVE INDUSTRIES. The case of UK Author: Vusal Baghirov E-mail: vusal_baghirov@yahoo.com Mobile: +37060491037 Supervisor: Jekaterina Kartasova Mykolas Romeris University Faculty: Social Technologies Table of contents I. Introduction 1.1. Introduction to research problem. 1.2. Research question. 1.3. Relevance of study. 1.4. Structure of the research work. II. The economy. The creative sector and its spatiality: the case of UK 2.1. Defining Creative Industries 2.2. Characteristics of Creative Industries 2.3. Nature of Production and Provision of Goods and Services 2.4. Creative Industries Employment 2.5. Urban Environments and Creative Industries 2.6. The culture-economy nexus 2.7. The creative sector as a production system 2.8.1. Local production clusters for global distribution networks 2.8.2. High rate of new business creation 2.9. The spatial dimension of the cultural production 2.10.1. The concept of cluster 2.10.2. Types of cluster 2.11. The creative economy as part of the knowledge economy Conclusion Reference list Introduction Creative industries are now more and more promoted as an important component of the “new economies”, which will drive the future economic growth. The economic development debates have now shifted from discussing countries to most often seeing urban areas as the drivers of countries economies and a blooming creative economy is frequently named among necessities ...
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...Assignment Discuss the factors reshaping Industrial Relations and the prospect for future pay settlement modules. In the last few years Ireland has been on a difficult economic journey. High unemployment, huge decline in the construction sector, loss of union’s power, people are afraid to take any actions in a case of a job loss. The economic collapse forced the country to cut public spending and raise taxes, the type of austerity measures that financial markets are now pressing on most advanced industrial nations. But rather than being rewarded for its actions, though, Ireland has been penalized. Industrial Relations are about the balance of power and control between the employers and employees. The Industrial Relations climate is changing very fast, with many strikes than any time since the 1970's. The cause is that we are in the middle of an economic crisis. Towards 2016, partnership, with it linked incremental percentage wage increases, can be described as ambition. Unemployment rate in Ireland stands at 14.8 per cent, from 4 per cent.” The EU-IMF-ECB troika described levels of joblessness as “unacceptably high, especially among the youth” in its latest review of the State’s bailout programme last week.” (Minihan, 2012). ‘During the recent crisis, it says that increases in youth unemployment were “significantly higher” in countries with high minimum wages than in countries where minimum wage was below the median.’ ( Sheehan 2012). “Employers would be paid four-figure...
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