...Questions: Diseases of poverty and the 10/90 Gap. 1. What is the 10/90 gap? This is where 10 per cent of global health research is devoted to conditions that account for 90 per cent of the global disease burden. 2. What are neglected diseases according to this paper? Neglected diseases are diseases such as Leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, Chagas’disease, leprosy, Guinea worm, onchocerciasis and schistosomiasis. 3. According to figure one how many people a year die from childhood disease and diarrheal diseases? Over 9,000 people 4. Can illnesses in third world countries be treated OR avoided? Refer to a specific example. Yes, illnesses can be treated and even prevented form occurring in the first place. The disease include, but are not limited to, tuberculosis, malaria and various childhood diseases. Tuberculosis can be treated/prevented by improving nutrition and can be treated by DOTS therapy. Malaria can aslo be treated or prevented by using insecticide, spraying homes with DDT and using mosquito nets and medicines. Childhood diseases are preventable by the child being vaccinated at a young age. 5. Give an example of a disease for which there is no treatment. Dengue Fever 6. Do non-communicable diseases not occur in low-income countries? No, these diseases have started to occur in low-income countries 7. Are there obese people in lower income countries? Give two specific pieces of evidence to support your answer. Yes. 50% of sub-saharan...
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...USED IN ANIMAL TESTING? Thesis statement: This paper discusses research on how animal testing brings more medical advancement and less human-based experiments and sees if there are any alternatives to the use of animals in research since it is a practice of animal cruelty. Introduction Animal Testing refers to strategies done on living creatures for reasons of exploration into fundamental science and ailments, surveying the adequacy of new drugs, and examining the human health. The processes involved in this testing, even those that are seen to have no significant effect, still cause the animals bodily as well as mental pain and suffering. Often these processes cause a great deal of distress. Some animals are re-used in the succeeding experiments while others are killed at the end of the experiment. Approximately 115 million animals are estimated to be used every year in the world for laboratory experiments (Dawkins, 2012). However, only a few countries assemble and publish the data about the use of animal in testing and research. For instance, about 90 percent of the animals are used in laboratories in the United States. This statistics excludes species, for example, mice and birds, fish, reptiles and invertebrates, thus these figures presented by the U.S, Department of Agriculture is considerably underestimated. Countries in Europe such as France, United Kingdom, and Germany are among those using animals highly in their research with over 12million animals used every year (Kadambi...
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...Who’s Eating All the Fish? The Food Security Rationale for Culling Cetaceans A Report to Humane Society International By Wilf Swartz and Daniel Pauly Presented at IWC 60 June 23, 2008 Santiago, Chile Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 2 A re-packaging of the whaling debate ........................................................................................ 2 Fish and food security................................................................................................................. 3 Fish (and food security) in crisis................................................................................................. 4 Marine Mammals: Threat to Food Security? ............................................................................ 7 The ‘whales-eat-our-fish’ argument ........................................................................................... 7 Flaws of the argument................................................................................................................. 7 Political success of the ‘whales-eat-our-fish’ lobby ................................................................. 10 Globalization of Fisheries: A Real Threat to Regional Food Security..............
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...Writing English for Speakers of Other Languages You have chosen to pursue a college education, which is admirable. College classes are rarely easy, and since your native language is not English, you have extra work to do— but you are more to be admired for the extra effort. Interestingly enough, although you have an additional hurdle of writing in English, your study of the language as an English as a Second Language (ESL) learner puts you ahead of most native speakers: (1) you do not automatically learn the bad habits and slang that native speakers assume are correct, (2) you acquire an understanding of the elements of grammar that native speakers rarely bother to learn, and (3) your perspective of communication and your thought processes are different from those of native English speakers, so your writing easily can be more interesting and fresh than that of native speakers, who too often rely on clichés and old, tired phrases. Officially denied (but known by experienced students) is that good, clear writing can cover a multitude of content weaknesses—in other words, even the most austere and reserved of teachers cannot avoid being affected ever-so-slightly toward the positive if the essay he or she is reading is well written and errorless—even if the premise of the essay is that Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1992 in the Pinta, the Niña, and the Andrea Doria. The Key to Good Writing in English is Simplicity but The Great Golden Doorway to Good Writing is Rewriting...
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...i GOVERNMENT OF UGANDA Ministry of Health HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGIC PLAN III 2010/11-2014/15 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD BY MINISTER OF HEALTH .......................................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... V LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................. VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ IX 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 CONTEXT AND RATIONALE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE HSSP III ..................................................................... 1 1.2 DEVELOPMENT PROCESS FOR THE HSSP III ............................................................................................................ 1 2. BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 SECTOR ORGANISATION, FUNCTION AND MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 The Ministry of Health and national level institutions .........................................................
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...Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2015, 3, 162-170 Published Online March 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jss http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2015.33025 Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Property of the Leaf Extract of Euphorbia hirta (Tawa-Tawa) Lorna T. Enerva1,2, Theresita V. Atienza1,3, Zenaida R. Glifonea1, Ofelia B. Villamor1, Normita A. Villa2,3 1 College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines Taguig City University, Taguig, Philippines 3 Graduate School, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines Email: bettyenerva@yahoo.com 2 Received 23 December 2014; accepted 15 March 2015; published 18 March 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Tawa-tawa is usually abundant throughout the Philippines in waste places and open grasslands. The plant is an annual hairy herb, usually much-branched from the base. These branches are simple or forked, ascending or spreading up to 40 centimeters long and often reddish or purplish. The leaves are opposite, distichous, oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2.5 centimeters long, toothed at the margin, and usually botched with purple in the middle. The plant deserves special attention because of its medicinal properties. Local tradition credits that this plant can help...
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...com/smpp/title~content=t792306868 Ethnobotanical Study of Upper Siran Habib Ahmad a; Shujaul Mulk Khan a; Sajidul Ghafoor b; Niaz Ali1 a a Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan b Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan Online Publication Date: 01 January 2009 To cite this Article Ahmad, Habib, Khan, Shujaul Mulk, Ghafoor, Sajidul and Ali1, Niaz(2009)'Ethnobotanical Study of Upper Siran',Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants,15:1,86 — 97 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/10496470902787519 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496470902787519 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or...
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...Guns, Germs and Steel Page 1 GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL: The Fates of Human Societies By Jared Diamond, 1997 About the Author: Jared Diamond is a professor of physiology at UCLA School of Medicine. He is a recipient of a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship and was awarded a 1999 National Medal of Science. He is also the author of The Third Chimpanzee. SUMMARY The book asks and attempts to answer the question, once humankind spread throughout the world, why did different populations in different locations have such different histories? The modern world has been shaped by conquest, epidemics, and genocide, the ingredients of which arose first in Eurasia. The book’s premise is that those ingredients required the development of agriculture. Agriculture also arose first in Eurasia, not because Eurasians were superior in any way to people of other continents, but because of a unique combination of naturally occurring advantages, including more and more suitable wild crops and animals to domesticate, a larger land mass with fewer barriers to the spread of people, crops, and technology, and an east-west axis which meant that climate was similar across the region. The book is well written and contains not only information about the history of cultures around the world, but excellent descriptions of the scientific methodologies used to study them, from how archeologists study the origin of agriculture to how writing evolved to how linguistics can trace the movements of peoples across huge geographic...
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...Bad Bug Book Handbook of Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Introduction Food safety is a complex issue that has an impact on all segments of society, from the general public to government, industry, and academia. The second edition of the Bad Bug Book, published by the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, provides current information about the major known agents that cause foodborne illness. The information provided in this handbook is abbreviated and general in nature, and is intended for practical use. It is not intended to be a comprehensive scientific or clinical reference. Under the laws administered by FDA, a food is adulterated if it contains (1) a poisonous or otherwise harmful substance that is not an inherent natural constituent of the food itself, in an amount that poses a reasonable possibility of injury to health, or (2) a substance that is an inherent natural constituent of the food itself; is not the result of environmental, agricultural, industrial, or other contamination; and is present in an amount that ordinarily renders the food injurious to health. The first includes, for example, a toxin produced by a fungus that has contaminated a food, or a pathogenic bacterium or virus, if the amount present in the food may be injurious to health. An example of the second...
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...Moringa oleifera: A Review of the Medical Evidence for Its Nutritional, Therapeutic, and Prophylactic Properties. Part 1. Jed W. Fahey, S c.D. PEER REVIEWED Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Lewis B. and Dorothy C ullman C ancer C hemoprotection C enter, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 406 WBSB, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21205-2185 Email: jfahey@jhmi.edu Trees for Life Journal 2005, 1:5 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.tfljournal.org/article.php/20051201124931586 Receiv ed: September 15, 2005; Accepted: November 20, 2005; Published: December 1, 2005 Copyright: ©2005 Jed W. Fahey This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the C reative C ommons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Moringa appears to be a nutritional and medicinal cornucopia. The author, a Western-trained nutritional biochemist who has studied some of Moringa’s phytochemicals for almost a decade, gives a brief commentary and extensive references, and presents a table introducing some of the tree’s most intriguing features. This is the first article in a series, and will be followed by more detailed analysis of some of the strongest claims made regarding this edible plant. Vie Art Abstract Moringa oleifera, or the horseradish tree, is a pan-tropical species...
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...INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING THE 2011 ERASMUS MUNDUS ACTION 1 APPLICATION FORM (EFORM) ERASMUS MUNDUS PROGRAMME CALL 2011 (EACEA 41/10) Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................3 1.1 Presentation and organisation of these instruction notes ....................................................................3 1.2 Definitions .........................................................................................................................................3 1.3 Contents of the Application Package .................................................................................................4 1.4 Application deadline and submission procedure ................................................................................4 1.5 Key reference documents...................................................................................................................6 1.6 The Award Criteria, Experts Assessment and Scoring Mechanism ..................................................7 1.7. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) .................................................................................................8 Chapter 2: The Application Package .....................................................................................................................................9 2.1. Document 1 - The Application Form ...
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...What is Microbiology? Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. Originally, emphasis was placed on harmful micro organisms which cause disease or spoilage of beverages and food, but it is now recognized that many microbes have essential roles in our ecosystem or can be used to accomplish beneficial tasks. Human history is full of examples of major devastations caused by bacteria and viruses. Some of these historically important diseases still occur, such tuberculosis and yellow fever. Microorganisms are evolving to cause new infectious disease problems such as Lyme disease and AIDS, which capture public attention. Control and eradication of infectious diseases remain important goals of many microbiologists. The recognition that microorganisms were responsible for what was earlier thought to be "spontaneous generation" opened the door to industrial (pharmaceutical, chemical, energy) and food microbiology, technologies which contribute substantially to today's way of life. Microorganisms in soil and water are essential in the transformation of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and iron to products needed by plants and animals. In various ways, microbes participate in environmental cycling and degradation and global change. In the last few decades, microorganisms have been recognized as ideal model systems for the study of basic biological processes. More recently, microbiologists have brought an exciting dimension to the study of biology...
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...Molecules 2010, 15, 6008-6018; doi: 10.3390/molecules15096008 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Article Assessment of Euphorbia hirta L. Leaf, Flower, Stem and Root Extracts for Their Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity and Brine Shrimp Lethality Mohammad Abu Basma Rajeh 1, Zakaria Zuraini 1, Sreenivasan Sasidharan 2, Lachimanan Yoga Latha 2 and Santhanam Amutha 2,3,* 1 2 3 School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mail: zuraini@usm.my (Z.Z) Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; E-Mail: srisasidharan@yahoo.com (S.S) School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: amutha_santhanam@yahoo.com; Tel.: 00604-6534818; Fax: 00604-6534803. Received: 25 July 2010; in revised form: 7 August 2010 / Accepted: 20 August 2010 / Published: 31 August 2010 Abstract: The antimicrobial activities of the methanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta L leaves, flowers, stems and roots were evaluated against some medically important bacteria and yeast using the agar disc diffusion method. Four Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus sp., Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringensis), four Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and P. mirabilis) and one yeast (Candida albicans) species were screened...
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... teleconferencing, video cassettes, and private television networks.” 1.1 Background of the Study Communication is said to be the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. It could be between two or more persons, human and machines or any other communicable entity. Group communication can be carried out through various means such as smoke signals and drums which was common in ancient Africa, America and parts of Asian, the fixed semaphore in ancient Europe and electronic means which is most prominent, popular and recent. This research details on the effects of communication in cooperate organizations using electronic means. 1.2 Statement of Problem Following the advent of electronic communication, most corporate organizations are yet to take advantage of this fast, reliable and cost-effective means of communication, this research shall depict the benefits of e-communication on cooperate organizations so as to encourage its deployment which will...
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...ESSAY 3 HEALTH IN THE TROPICS STATE OF THE TROPICS causes of mortality. Improvements in quality of life through improved health are harder to quantify accurately at scale. Life Expectancy Life expectancy is covered in detail elsewhere in the State of the Tropics, and reports that between 1950 and 2010 the gap between life expectancy in the Tropics and the Rest of the World has narrowed. Over this period life expectancy in the Tropics increased by 22.8 years to 64.4 years and infant mortality reduced by 36%. The rate of change of mortality and morbidity has increased over the last two decades influenced by a range of different factors. Underlying life expectancy data are aggregated data, collected by the WHO to document the changing patterns of mortality. Table E3.1 provides the top ten causes of mortality in rank order over the last decade. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for two-thirds of global deaths in 2011 and infectious diseases for one-third. In 2000 the relative proportions were 60% NCDs and 40% infectious diseases. This rapid shift reflects the massive scale up in recent efforts to prevent and treat a number of major infectious diseases. Although improvements in maternal and child mortality have been made these still remain unacceptably high. In 2011, 6.9 million children under the age of five died, 99% of these in low and middle income countries. Malaria, despite the enormous scale up in control activities still ...
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