...Introduc.on • Introduce H&M and explain what type of business it is o In which market does it operate? o Describe who their typical customers are • History: o Name the founder o When did the business begin (year), and where? • In which countries/con@nents do H&M operate? • What is the annual turnover for H&M? • Using Porter’s ideas, explain which generic strategy H&M is following – explain your ideas using suppor@ng evidence Faculty of Higher Educa@on City College Plymouth in conjunc@on with the University of Plymouth 10 marks 2 Assignment 1 • What are corporate values? Give a defini@on then cite those for H&M • Describe some theore@cal concepts about organisa.onal culture • Analyse the case study to determine the culture you believe prevails in H&M. Give specific examples...
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...empec, Vol. 13, 1988, page 223-249 Nonparametric Estimation and Hypothesis Testing in Econometric Models By A. Ullah ~ Abstract: In this paper we systematically review and develop nonparametric estimation and testing techniques in the context of econometric models. The results are discussed under the settings of regression model and kernel estimation, although as indicated in the paper these results can go through for other econometric models and for the nearest neighbor estimation. A nontechnical survey of the asymptotic properties of kernel regression estimation is also presented. The technique described in the paper are useful for the empirical analysis of the economic relations whose true functional forms are usually unknown. 1 Introduction Consider an economic model y =R(x)+u where y is a dependent variable, x is a vector o f regressors, u is the disturbance and R(x) = E ( y l x ) . Often, in practice, the estimation o f the derivatives o f R(x)are o f interest. For example, the first derivative indicates the response coefficient (regression coefficient) o f y with respect to x, and the second derivauve indicates the curvature o f R(x). In the parametric econometrics the estimation o f these derivatives and testing 1 Aman Ullah, Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C2, Canada. I thank L Ahmad, A. Bera, A. Pagan, C. Robinson, A. Zellner, and the participants of the workshops at the Universities of Chicago...
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...molecules and how structural formulas written in two dimensions can be translated into three-dimensional models that show the relative positions of the atoms in space. We also discuss models that reflect the relative sizes of the atoms and the way in which the atoms may interfere with each other when in close quarters (steric hindrance). Then we go on to further important aspects of structure-the functional group concept and position isomerism. Our aim is to have you become more familiar with the various kinds of organic compounds and begin to see how the practicing organic chemist visualizes molecules and correlates the diverse kinds of structures that he has to deal with in his work. 2-1 STRUCTURAL FORMULAS The building block of structural organic chemistry is the tetravalent carbon atom. With few exceptions, carbon compounds can be formulated with four 2-1 Structural Fbrmulas 31 covalent bonds to each carbon, regardless of whether the combination is with carbon or some other element. The two-electron bond, which is illustrated by the carbon-hydrogen bonds in methane or ethane and the carbon-carbon bond in ethane, is called a single bond. In these and many related substances, each carbon is attached to four other atoms: H:C:H .. H H:C:C:H .. .. H H methane ethane There exist, however, compounds such as ethene (ethylene), C,H,, in which two electrons from each of the carbon atoms are mutually shared, thereby producing two two-electron...
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...Download ZIP-compressed Setup CONSUMER THEORY: THE NEOCLASSICAL MODEL AND ITS OPPOSITE EVOLUTIONARY ALTERNATIVE by Valentino Piana (2003) Contents 1. Introduction to the neoclassical model of consumer choice 2. How to use this software 3. Comparing the neoclassical approach with its opposite alternative 4. Concluding remarks While distributing this free software that interactively explains you the basic microeconomic theory of consumption, we shall briefly introduce you to its tenets, suggesting some easy experiment with the computer application. More importantly, we shall propose you the alternative approach for interpreting real consumers' choices that is taking growing consensus among economists. 1. Introduction to the neoclassical model of consumer choice The standard textbook model of consumer is an outstanding example of the neoclassical paradigm in economics [1]: a h y p e r-rational agent maximises something by choosing an "optimal" bundle of things. Here, the hyper-rational consumer maximises utility (i. e. an overall generic measure of well-being) by exhausting a given budget. He has a pre-defined income to spend on - for simplicity's sake - two goods, called X and Y, respectively. He could spend his entire income buying only X, thus purchasing a quantity of X equal to income divided by the price of X. Let's take a numerical example that you find here in the animated graph and that you can replicate with the software: when his income...
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...Organisational Change and Employee Turnover Kevin M. Morrell, John Loan-Clarke and Adrian J. Wilkinson Total Word Count: 4515 K v Mor ls f ayaD c r R sa h t et iP Ditl ‘ dln ei r liai l er ot a eer Su n h h sie Moei n e n ol c d ,s td lg E p ye unvr k.m.morrell@lboro.ac.uk m l e T roe , o ’ John Loan-Clarke is a Lecturer in Organisational Behaviour, j.loan-clarke@lboro.ac.uk Professor Adrian Wilkinson is Professor of Human Resource Management, a.j.wilkinson@lboro.ac.uk All authors are based at: Loughborough University Business School, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK. Key Words: Employee Turnover, Organisational Change, NHS 1 Organisational Change and Employee Turnover Abstract This paper investigates employee turnover, using data from a recent study of 352 NHS nurse leavers. We explore individual decisions to quit in a context characterised by change, and suggest a mechanism whereby organisational and contextual change can prompt individual leaving decisions. We develop and test hypotheses designed to shed light on the links between organisational change and individual decisions to quit. We then develop a theoretical, heuristic model describing the relationship between organisational change and turnover. The managerial implications of this model are outlined and the paper concludes with an agenda for future research. Introduction Employee turnover is a much studied phenomenon (Shaw, Delery, Jenkins and Gupta 1998: 511). Indeed, one recent meta-analysis (Hom...
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...Wireless Physical Layer Security: An Information Theoretic Approach DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Onur Ozan K¨yl¨o˘lu, B.S., M.S. o u g Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Hesham El Gamal, Adviser C. Emre K¨ksal o Ness B. Shroff Atilla Eryılmaz c Copyright by Onur Ozan K¨yl¨ o˘lu o u g 2010 ABSTRACT We are in the midst of wireless revolution, and increasing demand continues for wireless applications. This explosive growth, of wireless communications and services, inevitably renders security into a challenging quality of service constraint that must be accounted for in the network design. The state of the art methods in combating the security threats are usually founded on cryptographic approaches. These techniques typically assume limited computational resources at adversaries, are usually derived from unproven assumptions, and most of the time do not offer a measurable security notion. Information theoretic security, on the other hand, eliminates the aforementioned limitations of the cryptographic techniques at the physical layer of communication systems. In this thesis, we concentrate on both the theoretical and the practical aspects of physical layer security. We first start by analyzing elemental interference networks, in particular, two-user channels with an adversary...
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...concentration by loss of water pH pH of solution with no CO2 ENTERPRISE IRELAND Extent of degassing TITLE OF CONFERENCE, September 2010 Outline of the presentation Thermodynamic equilibrium and the degassing curve Comparison of the robustness of different methods of degassing Importance of the control factors in gas stripping Validation ENTERPRISE IRELAND TITLE OF CONFERENCE, September 2010 O C O CO2 and water H H O C O O O C O CO 2 (g ) ⇔ CO 2 (aq) + H O H CO 2 (aq) + H 2 O ⇔ H 2 CO 3 H 2 CO 3 + H 2 O ⇔ HCO 3 + H 3O + HCO 3 + H 2 O ⇔ CO 3 + H 3O H O H − 2− + − + O C O O H + - - H O H + H O H ENTERPRISE IRELAND H H + H O TITLE OF CONFERENCE, September 2010 H O + - O C O + CO2 in a beverage carbonic acid citric acid CO 2 (aq) + H 2 O ⇔ H 2 CO 3 H 3O + + ca − ⇔ H 2 O + citric _ acid H 3O + + ca 2− ⇔ H 2 O + ca − H 3O + + ca 3− ⇔ H 2 O + ca 2− H 2 CO 3 + H 2 O ⇔ HCO 3 + H 3O + HCO 3 + H 2 O ⇔ CO 3 + H 3O + − 2− − phosphoric _ acid + H 2 O ⇔ pa − + H 3O +...
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...An Event-Based Digital Forensic Investigation Framework∗ Brian D. Carrier carrier@cerias.purdue.edu Eugene H. Spafford spaf@cerias.purdue.edu Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security - CERIAS Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Abstract In this paper, we present a framework for digital forensics that includes an investigation process model based on physical crime scene procedures. In this model, each digital device is considered a digital crime scene, which is included in the physical crime scene where it is located. The investigation includes the preservation of the system, the search for digital evidence, and the reconstruction of digital events. The focus of the investigation is on the reconstruction of events using evidence so that hypotheses can be developed and tested. This paper also includes definitions and descriptions of the basic and core concepts that the framework uses. 1 Introduction Since the first Digital Forensic Research Workshop (DFRWS) in 2001 [Pal01], the need for a standard framework has been understood, yet there has been little progress on one that is generally accepted. A framework for digital forensics needs to be flexible enough so that it can support future technologies and different types of incidents. Therefore, it needs to be simple and abstract. On the other hand, if it is too simple and abstract then it is difficult to create tool requirements and test procedures for each phase. For this paper...
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...Link¨ping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations o No. 1105 Supply chain optimization in the forest industry Helene Gunnarsson Division of Optimization Department of Mathematics Link¨pings universitet, SE-581 83 Link¨ping, Sweden o o ISBN 978-91-85831-85-2 ISSN 0345-7524 Copyright c 2007 Helene Gunnarsson unless otherwise noted ISBN 978-91-85831-85-2 ISSN 0345-7524 Printed by LiU-Tryck, Link¨ping, Sweden 2007 o Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to give special thanks to my supervisor Mikael R¨nnqvist o for giving support, inspiration and guidance. Your positive attitude and enthusiasm have meant much to me. I would also like to thank my co-supervisor Jan Lundgren for your support, encouragement and guidance in writing. Thanks to Dick Carlsson at S¨dra Cell AB for very good cooperation and friendo ship. I am grateful to Torbj¨rn Larsson, for always taken time for discussions cono cerning both research and teaching. I appreciate my friendship with Maud G¨the-Lundgren. o Thanks to Mathias Henningsson for good cooperation in teaching and J¨rgen o Blomvall for helping me with computer problems. Thanks to Kaj Holmberg for interesting discussions about decomposition methods. Thanks to Oleg Burdakov and Sven Erlander for encouragement. The group of PhD students has been important for me. Thanks to Maria Daneva, Elina R¨nnberg, Per-˚ke Andersson and Kristian Lundberg for supo A porting me and for all fun discussions. Thanks also to my former colleagues, I miss...
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..._____________________________________________________________ Title of Essay: Discuss how trade leads to the convergence of factor prices in the Heckscher-Ohlin Model. Does empirical evidence validate the propositions of this theory? Word Count: 2,909 words Essay 1 : Discuss how trade leads to the convergence of factor prices in the Heckscher-Ohlin Model. Does empirical evidence validate the propositions of this theory? Abstract The Heckscher-Ohlin model (H-O model) states that a country possesses comparative advantage for those goods whose factors of production are in relatively abundant supply in the country’s endowment. Input combinations depend on the relative factor prices and these in effect, influence the goods prices. Factor prices and the goods prices have a one-to-one relationship. Countries tend to export goods, whose production makes intensive use of the resources. There are four components to the H-O model, and these are: The Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem, The Stopler-Samuelson Theorem, The Rybczynski Theorem and The Factor-Price Equalisation Theorem. The Heckscher-Ohlin model (H-O model) was developed by Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin at the Stockholm School of Economics [Krugman and Obstfeld, 2003]. This model states that a country possesses comparative advantage for those goods whose factors of production are in relatively abundant supply in the country’s endowment. Countries, in this model, are differentiated by the factor intensity of the good they produce. A land-intensive good will have a high land-labour...
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...ae o . s h r d n. . Measuring macroeconomic performance: Output and prices Criteria for evaluating macroeconomic performance Rising living standards – economic growth o Tendency for the level of output (i.e. quantity and quality of goods and services) to increase over time o There is an upward trend in living standards (as evidenced by GDP per capita) in Australia over time (up from roughly $32000 in ’73 to around $64000 in ’09) o Although fluctuations in the business cycle do occur, the downward swings are not as significant as the overall upward trend Stable business cycle o Short run business cycle The tendency for economies to pass through periodic periods of economic expansion followed by economic contraction o low volatility in fluctuations of actual output around its trend or potential output. o Volatility of Australian growth rate (as evidenced by the SD of Aust’s real quarterly GDP growth rate) has decreased over time) o Great Moderation Large fall in volatility of real output Causes (debated) Shocks to ec have decreased over time Ec. has become more stable due to changes in institutional arrangements Economic policy makers have become better at reducing fluctuations in the business cycle Relatively Stable Price Level o low (positive) rate of inflation o RBA’s inflation target is 2-3% Sustainable levels of Public and National debt o Public debt borrowing by public sector from private sector Influenced by government budget deficits/surpluses o National...
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...about shor t-run economic fluctuations Consider how the economy in the shor t run dif fers from the economy in the long run A G G R E G AT E AND DEMAND S U P P LY Use the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply to explain economic fluctuations A G G R E G AT E Economic activity fluctuates from year to year. In most years, the production of goods and services rises. Because of increases in the labor force, increases in the capital stock, and advances in technological knowledge, the economy can produce more and more over time. This growth allows everyone to enjoy a higher standard of living. On average over the past 50 years, the production of the U.S. economy as measured by real GDP has grown by about 3 percent per year. In some years, however, this normal growth does not occur. Firms find themselves unable to sell all of the goods and services they have to offer, so they cut back on production. Workers are laid off, unemployment rises, and factories are left idle. With the economy producing fewer goods and services, real GDP and other measures of income fall. Such a period of falling incomes and rising 413 See how shifts in aggregate demand or aggregate supply can cause booms and recessions 414 PA R T E I G H T S H O R T - R U N E C O N O M I C F L U C T U AT I O N S recession a period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment depression a severe recession unemployment is called a recession if it is relatively mild and a depression...
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...1 Multicast Capacity in MANET with Infrastructure Support Zhenzhi Qian, Xiaohua Tian, Xi Chen, Wentao Huang and Xinbing Wang Department of Electronic Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China Email: {199012315171, xtian, qfbzcx, yelohuang, xwang8}@sjtu.edu.cn ! Abstract—We study the multicast capacity under a network model featuring both node’s mobility and infrastructure support. Combinations between mobility and infrastructure, as well as multicast transmission and infrastructure, have already been showed effective ways to increase it. In this work, we jointly consider the impact of the above three factors on network capacity. We assume that m static base stations and n mobile users are placed in an ad hoc network. A general mobility model is adopted, such that each user moves within a bounded distance from its home-point with an arbitrary pattern. In addition, each mobile node serves as a source of multicast transmission, which results in a total number of n multicast transmissions. We focus on the situations in which base stations actually benefit the capacity improvement, and find that multicast capacity in a mobile hybrid network falls into several regimes. For each regime, reachable upper and lower bounds are derived. Our work contains theoretical analysis of multicast capacity in hybrid networks and provides guidelines for the design of real hybrid system combing cellular and ad hoc networks. 1 Index Terms—Wireless ad hoc network; multicast capacity; mobility;...
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...single-stage batch edible-oil deodorizer that can process multiple products in several product groups. Sequence-dependent changeovers occur when switching from one product group to another. Based on the incorporation of products into product groups, mixed integer linear programming (MILP) models are proposed for two scenarios, with and without backlogs. Then, the models are successfully applied to a real-world case with 70 product orders over a 128-h planning horizon. Compared with a literature model developed for a similar problem, the proposed models exhibit significantly better performance. 1. Introduction In the past decade, a large number of optimization models and approaches have been proposed for batch scheduling and planning. A number of reviews on the planning and scheduling of batch processes have been presented in the literature.1-6 Initially, discrete-time formulation models using the state-task network7 (STN) or resource-task network8 (RTN) were used for batch scheduling problems. Because discrete-time formulations become extremely large for large-size problems and finer discretizations, several techniques9-11 have been proposed to reduce the computational effort of large discrete-time MILP models. Increasing attention has been paid to continuous-time formulations to overcome the difficulties of discrete-time formulations. Pinto and Grossmann12 proposed a continuous-time...
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...Problems 1. Quantitative Description of Membrane Potentials 2. Hodgkin – Huxley Model 3. Action Potential Propagation Reference 1. A. L. Hodgkin and A. F. Huxley (1952), A Quantitative Description of Membrane Current and Its Application to Conduction and Excitation, J. Physiol. 117, 500-544 2. A. L. Hodgkin and W. A. H. Rushton (1946), The electrical constants of a Crustants of a Crustacean Nerve Fibre, Proc Royal, Soci (B:bio). 133, 444-479 Section 1 Quantitative Description of Membrane Potentials Generic Cell Models Na-K INa, L 2K K 3Na INa _[c ]i [cNa]o [cNa]i [cK]o IK, L + IK Membrane Hypothesis for the origin of the resting potential and the action potential in nerve (1902, 1912) 1 selectively 2 diffusing 3 temporarily Julius Bernstein Diffusion and Drift Fick’s Law of Diffusion Einstein Relation Ohm’s Law of Drift J diff dc D dx RT D zF J diff dV C dx NERNST-PLANCK EQUATION dck dV jk Dk k ck dx ckV dx diffusion drift convection NP equation J J diff J drif dc dV RT zcF dx dx xi At equilibrium, J = 0, the Nernst equation is derived as ci RT dc dV E Vi Ve dx dx xe dx ce zFc dx F is Faraday’s constant, zkF is charge per mole, R is Boltzmann's constant, T is temperature (Kelvin) RT ce 58 ce ln ln zF ci z ci GOLDMAN-HODGKIN-KATZ EQUATION Vm V x d c Ae zFVm x RTd dc dV J RT zcF...
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