Free Essay

Hannibal Essay

In: Historical Events

Submitted By wildypker19
Words 1240
Pages 5
Put Hannibal in the scales: how many pounds will that peerless General mark up today? [ Juvenal, Satire X, lines 147-8 ]. A man of cunning intelligence and power sets out in late spring in 218 which would defeat four Roman consular armies and put the great power Rome at its last breath, but ends up losing the war? This brings up many questions that we can't answer becasue of the lost ancient sources, but through investigation of the surviving sources we are able to justify how and why Hannibal lost the 2nd Punic war. Four major contributions to the loss of the war; the troop ratio between Rome and carthage, the obstacles Hannibals army had to go through to arrive in italy, his desicion after Cannae not to attack Rome and what each army was fighting for. A historian must first trace every battle and what led to the end result in order to answer the question, how did Hannibal lose the 2nd Punic war?
Ancient sources like Polybius tells us that Hannibal sets out from New Carthage in 218 late spring, with a total of 90,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry and 37 elephants, not only but to treck across the mighty alps and end up in Italy with 20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry. Hannibals loss of men was enormous and could of been a great factor to the loss of the war. Romes power was mainly from its allies and neighbouring cities which were a huge support in numbers compared to the Carthaginians who were scavanging help along the way on Italian soil, that also created language issues in ordering them what to do. As a historian one must think and question what if, what if Hannibal didnt lose that many troops crossing to Italy, would he have defeated rome? anyone would say that 60,000 men and 6,000 cavalry would have benefited Hannibal in his battles. Hannibals army decreased by 20,000 men by strugglers and deserters [page 159- lines 25-27 Goldsworthy]. Many of Hannibals loss along the way were from desereters which created a great deal to the loss of troops and the war.
Some would say that the obstacles that Hannibals army had to face is near impossible today and that this issue contributed to loss of thousands of men and time. "Hannibal set out from New Carthage in late spring, 218 and moved towards the river Ebro, a distance of 325miles" [page 158- lines 24-25 Goldsworthy], marching an army of 90,000 men in late spring has its own dangers like the humidity with barely enough food or water. Hannibal knew that when he has crossed the alps that he would be attacked by hostile territories and that the food supply would be scarce. "Hannibal knew such an expedition involved a march of hundreds of miles through tribes which were at best neutral and potentyially hostile, and the crossing of the major obstacle formed by the apls. Ounce in Italy the Punic army would have no base, no supplies and be faced by steadily increasing numbers of enemies" [page 153- lines 21-26 Goldsworthy]. In my opinion if Hannibal had taken a more relaxed approach to Italy he would not of have had a large casualty rate and that could have enhanced is chances of winning. "Having allies beyond the Alps, Hannibal could anticipate securing supplies of food as well as adding warriors to his army" [page 155- lines 13-14 Goldsworthy]. Having allies beyond the Alps would of secured food and protection, but Hannibal had the duty to make allies before he marched to Rome so that he could ensure food, safety and a native tribe who could lead him out of the mountains. "Hannibal did not fully trust these approaches, but considered that it was better to appear to accept them and recieve guides and livestock offered by the tribesman. His suspision appeared to have been proved right when two days later a force of warriors made a strong attack on the rear of his column as it was travelling through a difficult and narrow pass" [page 164-lines 37-40 and page 165 lines 1-2 Goldsworthy]. Many of the encountered tribes were hostile and possed a threat to Hannibals army by luring them into traps and spreading confusion and chaos when attacked. "In some places they rolled boulders down onto to the narrow path, crushing man and beast and spreading confusion [page 165 -lines 9-10 Goldsworthy].
The battle of Cannae was the greatest victory the world has ever seen, slaughtering close to 75,000 Romans and only losing 8,000 carthaginian troops. One would say how could the Romans still stand on there feet? should have Hannibal marched on to Rome after Cannae? Livy argues that if Hannibal had marched on to Rome after Cannae, then that would of put Rome on the line of surrendering or settling a peace treaty, which would have ended the war. Thats where the famous quote between Hannibal and Marharbal takes place "no one man has been blessed with all God's gifts. You know, Hannibal, how to win a fight; you do not know how to use that victory". Goldsworthy states that Hannibal was "fighting the war for honour and power, not to destroy them" [page 156- lines 1-2 Goldsworthy], this makes Hannibal sound weak, instead of listening to his brother and attacking Rome at its most vulnerable time he chooses to wait, he says to Maharbal; 'but I need time to weigh the plan which you propose". Hannibals approach to the situation gave Rome more time to recruit more allies or atleast get ready for an attack on the city.
The end of the war is near and Hannibal is suprised to see Rome still standing, why is it that after all the defeats Rome manages to fight back? The difference between Rome and Carthage and what they're both fighting for is completely different, Carthage is fighting for victory, honour and pride while Rome is fighting for its country, its land, the people. If you were to put your self in that sitiuation Rome is fighting for something greater more valuable and so thats why the last battle in Africa was a victory, it was there last chance of hope and revival, there last chance to protect there families back at home and they were to kill them selves to protect what was left standing at Rome.
Many questions have been asked and many answered, in conclusion the reason why Carthage could not achieve ultimate over Rome was because Rome had twice as many allies and troops compared to Carthage, with more men power comes more force, more defence and attack, secondly the route and obstacles Hannibals army had to encounter was overwhelming and reduced the number of Carthaginain troops by over 60%, if only Hannibal had control over the seas he would of had a better advantage and route to Rome. Thirdly Hannibals unwise decision after the battle of Cannae where he gave Rome to much time to recover not only gave them time to attack back at Spain and lastly the inner strenth of both armies, what they were fighting for should of had a great impact on the final outcome. Hannibal had a chance and was so close if only we could say what if we could change the course of history.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

History

...1stSgt Ronald Mccullough Professor Powell English 101 Date 6/30/2013 Writer’s Checklist for Informational Essay 1. Does my introduction clearly state my thesis and give the reader an indication of the direction my essay will take? yes 2. Are my topic sentences and body paragraphs clear and well developed? yes 3. Have I fully supported my thesis with ample supporting details and examples? yes 4. Have I used a sufficient number and variety of sources in my paper? yes 5. Are all of my sources properly cited in the body of my paper according to MLA format? Maybe 6. Does my conclusion effectively summarize my main points and restate my thesis in different words? yes 7. Have I carefully proofread and revised my paper for sentence variety, word choice, grammar, and punctuation? yes 8. Does my Works Cited page include only the sources cited in the text? Is it correctly formatted? yes 9. Have I used the correct margins, line spacing, and other format issues required by the MLA sample essay and the sample provided by my instructor? i hope so Hannibal is by far one of the Great Captains of History Hannibal battle tactics are the stuff of legend not just in our time but in his time as well which is a hard feat for any general. Hannibal made his fame during the second Punic war 218-203 BC against the Roman Republic at the time the greatest power in the Mediterranean. His crossing of the Alps is probably one of the most...

Words: 691 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Hannibal Barca

...Hannibal Barca was a military commander. He led the Carthaginian army in the Second Punic War. Hannibal was realized as a great conqueror because he invented different ways of combat that worked to his advantage. Hannibal was born to Hamilcar Barca, and was brother of Hasdrubal and Mago Barca. When Hannibal’s father drowned in a battle his brother Hasdrubal took his position with Hannibal serving as a officer under him. When Hasdrubal was assassinated Hannibal became commander of the Carthaginian army. After he became leader Hannibal continued to complete the conquest of Hispania. In his first conquest Hannibal attacked the Olcades strongest city and forced them to surrender. This battle brought the Punic power close to the Tagus river. His second conquest was against the Vaccaei where he once again made them surrender, thus bringing the war to the Tagus river. In the Second Punic War Hannibal took his brother in law Hasdrubal’s journey plans and put them in action. The Romans were attacking the Po region because they saw an alliance between the Celts and Carthage. After they assassinated Hasdrubal the Romans thought they were ok. Then Hannibal took the Romans by surprise two years later in 218 BC by reviving the alliance between the Gaulish and the Carthaginian Army. Hannibal then fought his way through the tribes of the Pyrenees hills, attacking the tribes with clever mountain tactics and stubborn fighting. He left 20,000 soldiers in this region and released the tribal...

Words: 607 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Hannibal Barca

...How Hannibal Barca became one of the greatest generals in History The purpose of this report is to show how Hannibal Barca became one of the greatest generals in history. To back-up and show how he is fitting for this title, this report will include his motivations, his outstanding achievements and greatest feats during his lifetime and the consequences of his actions after his death. Hannibal Barca was born in 247 BCE, his birthplace Carthage was about to lose a long and very important war. Carthage had been the Mediterranean’s most prosperous seaport and possessed wealthy provinces, but it had suffered severe losses from the Romans in the first Punic wars (264-241)1. Hamiclar Barca, Hannibal’s father, was the general during the first Punic war. However, at the end of the war, the Carthaginians had failed to take control of Sicily, one of their most important provinces. The Romans now controlled Sicily, and this was a matter Hamiclar did not take lightly. Hamiclar was “driven by his hatred of the Romans”2. Hamiclar truly hated the Romans after they humiliated the Carthaginians at their forced surrender in Sicily. Hannibal Barca had been waiting in Carthage for his moment to rise to power. At a very early age, Hamiclar “made his son swear eternal hatred to Rome”3. Hannibal, at the age of no more than twenty, was sent to Spain to be educated about war under Hasdrubal. Hannibal never did anything in excess; he only ate and drank what was required to survive. Hannibal...

Words: 1001 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Hannibal & the Battle of Cannae

...HANNIBAL AND THE BATTLE OF CANNAE The battle of Cannae was a major battle of the Second Punic War near the town of Cannae, an ancient village in southern part of Italy. The battle took place between the outnumbered Carthaginian army under Hannibal against the Romans under the command of Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. For the most part, the Romans were overpowered by the undermanned Carthaginian forces. Many historians agree that the battle of Cannae is one of the greatest strategic victories in military history. Numerous historians have examined the possible route Hannibal took from New Carthage to the Pyrénées and then over the Alps to Rome. Along with using scientific data, these historians and scientists allege that there are three possible routes Hannibal may have taken from New Carthage in Iberia across Europe to get to Italy. Scientists and historians do disagree on which route is most accurate do to the fact that the only historical accounts of Hannibal’s journey are that of Livy and Polybius. Neither historian leaves a very detailed account of the surroundings for Hannibal and his troops. Through paleobotanical reconstruction, attempts have been made to more clearly identify if the places noted by Livy and Polybius resemble any of these places today1. Hannibal came from the very well-known Carthaginian Barca family. His father, Hamilcar Barca was the military leader of Carthage during the first Punic War. At the conclusion of the First Punic...

Words: 3016 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Cannae

...Roman cause as to suggest that everything was lost, and called the other tribunes to sail overseas and hire themselves into the service of some foreign prince.[16] Afterwards, he was forced by his own example to swear an oath of allegiance to Rome for all time. The survivors of Cannae were reconstituted as two legions and assigned to Sicily for the remainder of the war as punishment for their humiliating desertion of the battlefield.[16] In addition to the physical loss of her army, Rome suffered a symbolic defeat of prestige. A gold ring was a token of membership in the upper classes of Roman society;[16] Hannibal and his men collected more than 200 from the corpses on the battlefield, and sent this collection to Carthage as proof of his victory. The collection was poured on the floor in front of the Punic Senate, and was judged to be "three and a half measures." Hannibal had defeated the equivalent of eight consular armies (16 legions plus an equal number of allies).[41] Within just three campaign seasons (20 months), Rome had lost one-fifth (150,000) of the entire population of male citizens over 17 years of...

Words: 951 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

The Silence of the Lambs

...Thomas Harris – The silence of the lambs Hannibal Lecter – psychiatrist, psychopath, purveyor of ghastly canapés – is an ambiguous presence in Thomas Harris’s Red Dragon (1981) and its sequels. Rarely the outright villain, he tends to play the role of a genteel monster with whom the reader is, scandalously, invited to sympathise. In The Silence of the Lambs, the best of Harris’s novels, the FBI requires Lecter’s insight in order to catch serial killer Buffalo Bill, who enjoys parading about in the flayed skins of his victims. Clarice Starling, a pretty trainee agent, is sent to visit Lecter in prison and charm him into offering help. Clarice Starling, still doing her years at the training academy and a part of the Bureau's behavioural sciences unit, is called upon to participate in one of the goriest, strangest cases the Bureau has ever seen. She is sent to talk to Hannibal Lecter, an ex-psychologist who is currently residing in a high security mental asylum. Lecter, having been sentenced to a whole life in an asylum due to his cannibalistic tendencies, establishes an odd sort of relationship with Starling. They work together, to track the movements and the thoughts of a fast-moving psychopath. A strange partnership emerges as secrets from Starling's past are revealed. It isn't the fact that there's a man capable of murder on the loose that scares her, it's the man who's safe behind bars that does. There's your run-of-the-mill crime novels, and then there's The Silence...

Words: 1201 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Hannibal the Great

...Hannibal the Great ECPI University Hannibal the Great Pundits often agree that there are five characteristics of great leaders. The first of these is being flexible. Not everything always goes according to plan. Competitors change tactics, governments force new regulations, strikes stop the flow of products, and, occasionally, natural disasters occur. During times like these, leaders have to be able to change course; that is, first make sure their interests will survive, and then find a new way to reach their goals. The second characteristic is being able to communicate. Many leaders are superb orators, but speaking well isn’t all that is required of a good leader. There are lots of people who talk a good game but fall short of delivering. Leaders who communicate well not only share their thoughts with their subordinates, but also let their strength and personal character show through in their communication, and empower those who work for them by defining the company’s goal and showing how to get there. Courage, tenacity, and patience together form the third characteristic. Possessing the courage to stand alone, the tenacity to not submit to pressure, and the patience to persevere until you’ve won -- and sometimes at the same time--is something you should strive to develop if you want to be a truly successful leader. The fourth necessitous characteristic is the amalgam of humility and presence. Feigning aloof, or superior your employees, does not make one a leader. Leaders...

Words: 2334 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Scipio the Learner

...Scipio the Learner Scipio was a courageous young Roman General who defeated Hannibal at Zama in the last battle of the Second Punic War. He earned recognition as a great leader and commander for his bravery and his tactical strategies. In the chapter “Scipio Africanus” in the book, “The Centurion Principles” by retired Colonel Jeff O”Leary, the military life and leadership qualities of Scipio are examined. Additionally, O’Leary shows how Scipio’s skills can be applied the business world. As a student at Houston Christian, these leadership principles can also be applied to my life today. Scipio’s life was severely affected by war and it helped him to become the leader he was. He survived a horrible massacre at Cannae by the Carthaginian commander, Hannibal. When he was only 17 years old, he saved the life of his father in an act of extreme bravery and selflessness. Later, his father and uncle would each die in battles against the Carthaginians, in part due to limited Roman forces sent by an uncommitted Roman senate. Instead of being bitter and turning away from responsibility from fear, Scipio learned everything he could about Hannibal’s war tactics. Eventually, in an act of obligation for his fallen patriarchs and from a desire to test his strength and skill, Scipio volunteered as Commander of Legions in Spain when no one else would. Following his appointment, he spent time to get to know his allies and to commend those he was leading in order to build their confidence...

Words: 747 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Red Dragon

...Red Dragon by Thomas Harris: A Look Inside The Serial Killer’s Mind Red Dragon by Thomas Harris is a dark piece of psychological fiction that was published in 1981. The novel is the first in a trilogy featuring the infamous character Dr. Hannibal Lecter, a brilliant psychiatrist and psychopathic serial killer. However, Lecter is not a main character in this novel. Rather, the antagonist and killer is Francis Dolarhyde, whom the police jokingly refer to as the Tooth Fairy because of the bite marks he leaves on female victims. Harris does a masterful job of creating background on the killer that delves into the makings of a serial killer. Thomas Harris gives the reader an understanding of Dolarhyde’s mindset when committing his horrific crimes by detailing the abuses the killer suffered as a child (Sexton). Harris takes the reader from the infant born with a cleft palate so disfiguring he was left to die through the cruelty of a childhood that included abandonment, a mean and mentally unstable grandmother, and taunts from his stepsiblings. In doing so, the author provides significance to some of the killer’s actions (Cowley). This research paper will examine the underlying psychopathology of serial killers that often stems from abuse in childhood, turning the human into the monster. Red Dragon begins with the FBI and the police on a desperate hunt for a serial killer whom police have nicknamed the Tooth Fairy because of bite marks left on victims. The public is duly alarmed as the...

Words: 3340 - Pages: 14

Premium Essay

Silence Of The Lambs Film Techniques

...Jonathan Demme’s extraordinary film, The Silence of the Lambs, was released in 1991. Buffalo Bill is a serial killer, killing women and partially skinning them. FBI Jack Crawford recruits trainee Clarice Starling to get information about Buffalo Bill. She is a top student at the FBI’s training academy and Crawford wants her to interview and use Dr. Hannibal Lector as a mentor to help catch the serial killer. Lector is a brilliant psychiatrist who is also a powerful psychopath who is serving life in the penitentiary for murder and cannibalism. Over time Lector guides her closer and closer in the direction of catching Buffalo Bill. I will be examining the opening sequence of this film, which contains eighteen different shots. 1. The opening,...

Words: 1285 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Genius And Insanity: The Case Of Dr. Hannibal Lecter

...There is a fine line between genius and insanity, in the case of Dr Hannibal Lector, this line is frequently obscured and even abolished completely. An elusive sociopath with an IQ of 160 and an odious diet, which frequently includes human organs, Lector enhances the standards in which serial killers are kept. Despite his being a psychologist, Lector is incapable of seeing his flaws and multiple mental disorders, some of which include Bipolar Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Codependency. In an instant Lecter can transition from a sophisticated intellectual to a carnivorous killer with a fierce hunger for those he deems rude or morally unjust. This rapid progression of mood testifies to his having manic depression and is shown...

Words: 306 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

The Silence Of The Lambs Trailer Analysis

...The trailer for the Silence of the Lambs sets the genre of the film as a thriller using various codes and conventions throughout the trailer and the quick establishment of the main character Starling who is a police officer. The use of a voice over allows the audience to know what is occurring and what the protagonist will have to face. The voice over explains severely murder have been occurring, the introduction of Starling allows he audience to have hope that she will be able to solve the murders. Starling is presented as being brave, telling the audience she “does not scare easily”. “At first the trailer begins with a non diegetic sound of a low tone soundtrack that eventually turns into a metal music with screams, this indicates to the audience that the rest of the trailer will be a dark heavy tale. The background sound is mirrored with sudden false of a man, this extreme close ups of the man’ face portrays his character as very dangerous and foreshadows his role as gruesome. Another close up of the character’s smile is very scary and sly, suggests to the audience his character should not be trusted. “ Silence of the Lambs trailer analysis: https://www.slideshare.net/TheTobyHowell/silence-of-the-lambs-trailer-analysis In the trailer the use of various camera angles and shot size is significant to the development of suspense. “At the start there is a close up of two police officers, this shot shows the audience in detail their facial expressions and their feelings in regards...

Words: 1044 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Hannibal Rising

...Hannibal Rising James V Davis American Intercontinental University Abstract This analysis of the fictional character, Hannibal Lecter, from the movie Hannibal Rising, describes the actions taken by Hannibal used to reveal his nature. The author describes scenes in which to inform the reader about the nature of the character. Some dialogue from the movie is used to reveal the nature of the character and his motives. Other characters say things about Hannibal and portray his traits as a character. These are depicted as well. At the end of the movie, more information about Hannibal is unveiled and changes his whole perspective, or perhaps intensifies it. Hannibal Rising The movie starts with the scene in which Hannibal is but a boy. The land in which his parent’s castle is occupied is under attack. They move to a close by shelter; maybe a guest house. A Russian tank comes through the forest and crushes some of their house. The men occupying the tank force everyone out but have the children stay inside. Hannibal’s father is shot. A plan comes crashing down, explodes on the tank and kills everyone but Hannibal and his sister, Misha. The Russians rob them of their valuables. A battle continues while the children take cover inside the house. Hannibal loves is sister so much. He feeds her and tries his best to protect her, even as a young boy. The Russians come back and torment Hannibal and Misha. {8 years later} Hannibal lives in the people’s orphanage. He doesn’t speak...

Words: 1667 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Film Critique

...The Silence of The Lambs: Film Critique Midari Marrero ENG 225 Intro to Film Instructor: Julie Pal-Agrawal June 25, 2012 It is uncommon in our day to find horror movies that can compare to the critically acclaimed film of Jonathan Demme's 1991 The Silence of the Lambs, starring Anthony Hopkins as Dr. Hannibal Lecter, the infamous and psychotic cannibal psychiatrist. This movie, along with Alfred Hitchock's Psycho (1960), is one of limited horror/suspense films recognized by movie critics as one of the greatest American films ever made. Critics had much to say about the “commercialization” of one of the most horrifyingly amazing characters in the history of American theatre, but even more interesting is the change that is specified through the character's approval in mainstream culture. Hannibal Lecter is a different type of monstrous cannibal than those formerly seen in horror films, as shown through his criminal activities, and has been acknowledged by its viewers as an “anti-hero” as opposed to the adversary or antagonist of the movie. The story line behind this movie captured the audience to want to watch this disgusting anti-human film, which included cannibalism. Everyone that was involved in the creation of this film from the film director, cinematographer, art editors, sound directors, the costumes the staging everyone had to be in that same dark place in order to make this a captivating need to watch film. In the following pages I would like to describe scenes...

Words: 1884 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

日语对话

...(萩原朔太郎)   总的来说,所有的恋爱就是忍耐。  その女を手に入れる事ができない期間だけ、男はその女に熱狂させられる。 (キルケゴール)   只有在还没追到的时候,男人才对女人狂。  尊敬ということがなければ、真の恋愛は成立しない。(フィヒテ)   没有尊重对方的心,就没有真正的爱情。  男性は女性の最初の恋人になりたがるが、女性は男性の最後の恋人になりたがる。 (オスカー?ワイルド)   男人总想是女人的初恋,而女人总想成为男人的最后一个爱人。  ひどく憎んでいる限り、まだいいくらか愛しているのである。 (デズウリエール夫人)   深深地恨著那个人,因为你还爱那个王八蛋  ほどほどに愛しなさい。长続きする恋はそういう恋だよ。 (シェークスピア)   请恰如其分的去爱,那样恋爱才能长久吧!  もっとも永く続く愛は、報われぬ愛である。 (モーム)   最长久的爱是不求回报的爱 今、手をつないでいるその人に出会えたのは、キセキのような、かくりつです。光の中に出ても、その手をはなすことのないように。by 野ブタをプロデュース 与现在牵着手的人相遇的几率,如同奇迹一般,就算走到了光明的地方也不要放开那只手。By野猪大改造     ◆人は誰でもタイムマシンを持っている。过去へは記憶が、未来へは希望が连れて行ってくれる   。by タイムマシン 每个人都拥有一个时光机器,让我们带着过去的记忆和未来的希望前行。By 时光机器   ◆俺がお前の記憶になる。by わたしの頭の中の消しゴム 我会成为你的记忆。By 我脑海中的橡皮擦     ◆目はいつも欲しいものを追い求める   。by ハンニバル?レクター  眼睛总是追逐着想要的东西。By Hannibal Lecter   ◆大いなる力には大いなる責任が供なる   。by スパイダーマン ベン?パーカー 能力越大,责任越大 BY 蜘蛛侠   ◆何かを手に入れれば何かを失う。何かを求めて前に進むんだ。同じところにとどまっていたらダメなんだ。by 头文字D 秋山 渉  得到什么就会失去什么。有所追求才会向前行进。不能停留在同一个地方。By 头文字D 秋山涉   ◆失敗を恐れては若い芽は育たない。by 海猿 害怕失败就培育不出幼芽。By 海猿   ◆これからは後ろを振り返り、弱かった自分を見つめながら、ゆっくり前へ進むよ。走ったりはしない。ゆっくりと??。   by 恋空 美嘉  从此以后边回顾身后、注视柔弱的自己,边慢慢前进。不会奔跑,而是慢慢地,前行… By 恋空 美嘉   ◆誰にも光と影がある。大事なのはどちらを選ぶかだ。人はそこで決まる。by ハリーポッターと不死鳥の骑士団 谁都有正直和黑暗的一面。重要的是选择哪边。人因此而不同。By 哈利波特与不死鸟的骑士   ◆運命というのは 努力した人に 偶然という橋をかけてくれる。by 猟奇的な彼女...

Words: 477 - Pages: 2