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Hc Andersen

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Fortællestil betyder, hvordan historien bliver fortalt. Man kan bruge sproget til at skabe sin helt egen fortællestil, eller man kan lade sig inspirere af andres måde at bruge sproget på. En forfatter kan også skabe sin egen fortællestil, ved at skrive om nogle bestemte temaer.

H.C. Andersen havde sin helt egen fortællestil, så man næsten altid kan genkende, når det er en H.C. Andersen-tekst, man læser. Eksempler på hans særlige fortællestil er: barnlig skrivestil, billedsprog, bogstavrim, humor, kyssene, latteren, talesprog, opremsninger.

Karen Blixen
Af journalist og cand.mag. Karina Søby Madsen, iBureauet/Dagbladet Information. Opdateret af stud.mag. Ida Winther-Jensen 2013
Skrive- og fortællestil
Danner bl.a. menuoversigten

Det er noget ganske særligt at læse Karen Blixen, fordi hendes sprog i den grad er mættet af sproglige vignetter i form af symboler, sammenligninger og metaforer. Sproget bærer præg af lange snørklede sætninger og gammeldags sprogbrug, og de metaforer, der benyttes, er så lette og luftige, at man uvægerligt bliver forført ind i sproget og ind i de Blixenske fortællinger.
Fortællestilen trækker på solide traditioner i verdenslitteraturen, blandt andet den mundtlige fortælletradition, gotik og eventyret. Eksempelvis er Blixen stærkt inspireret af ”Tusind og én nat” og dennes fortæller Sheherezade. Værkerne er fyldt med intertekstuelle referencer til verdenshistorien, blandt andet Bibelen, klassisk litteratur, Kierkegaard, Shakespeare, Goethe og St. St. Blicher. Blixen lader sig ikke snære af restriktioner i forhold til, hvad man stilistisk kan og ikke kan. Hun formår altid at sprænge rammerne, eksempelvis via spring i tid og rum, allusioners forskydninger og manglende forløsning. Flere historier er skrevet efter det kinesiske æskeprincip, hvor én historie folder sig ud inde i en anden historie, som igen folder sig ud inde i en tredje og så videre.
Filosofiske og eksistentielle spørgsmål drøftes og gennemleves af fortællingernes personer, men de når aldrig frem til definitive konklusioner. Fortælleren er ofte allestedsnærværende, men lige så ofte er det også vanskeligt at sige præcis, hvem der taler og tænker hvornår – og om hvorvidt denne er troværdig eller ej. Upålidelighed, flertydighed og polyfoni understreger hos Blixen en meget grundlæggende relativisme og anderledeshed i forhold til, hvordan vi tror, at verden normalt tager sig ud. Det hele er pakket ind i en blanding af det spøgefulde, det alvorlige og det sære – uadskilleligt flettet ind i hinanden.

Den impressionistiske skrivestil tager udgangspunkt i sceniske virkemidler. Der er ikke et konkret fokus på de enkelte personer, det vil sige, at der ikke bliver gået i dybden med personerne. Den impressionistiske skrivetil går meget ud fra egen fortolkning.
Det er en 3. person implicit fortæller dette kan vi se, fordi fortælleren ikke kommer direkte til syne i teksten. Der bliver brugt en ydre synsvinkel, dette giver sig til kende ved at personernes subjektivitet er fraværende. Der bliver givet en inddirekte personkarakteristik. Kort i begyndelsen er der et bagudsyn, dette bliver brugt som en indledning efter indledningen bliver læseren præsenteret for nutiden og resten af ”Ved Vejen” bliver fortalt i medsyn og direkte tale.
Herman Bang har skrevet ”Ved Vejen” i en impressionistisk skrivestil dette kommer til udtryk ved at personerne beskrives inddirekte.

På rejse med H.C. Andersen - igen: 
Selvom der er gået mere hundrede år siden han skrev sine historier gribes man stadig.
Det er oplagt lige nu at læse eller genlæse Andersens værker, fordi det i 2005 er 200-året for hans fødsel, og fordi værkerne afgjort har noget at sige os i dag. Når H.C. Andersen er blevet berømt verden over, er det fordi hans værker altid har fængslet både børn og voksne. Og det er såvel teksternes fantasifulde indhold, som den sproglige virtuositet de er fortalt med, der griber læseren.
H.C. Andersen er mest kendt for sine eventyr for børn. Men eventyrene viser stor indsigt i den menneskelige psykologi, så de henvender sig i høj grad også til den voksne læser. De er fremstillet med en stor kærlighed til poesiens væsen, med en fintfølende nerve, og samtidig med en stærk kraft til at løfte os op over hverdagslivets realiteter. Vi kan derfor i dag også have et virkeligt stort udbytte af at træde ind i hans univers. Hans tekster rummer ofte en indirekte kritik af det etablerede samfund og af den måde mennesker opfører sig over for hinanden på, ligesom han hele livet skrev på sine erfaringer og indre konflikter i forbindelse med at have flyttet sig fra de lavere sociale lag til de højere.
Romanen Improvisatoren (1835) - en perle i dansk litteratur
For den der gerne vil stifte bekendtskab med Andersens litteratur for voksne, kan det anbefales at starte med hans første roman Improvisatoren (1835). Den var hans gennembrud og blev, da den kom, en succes både i Danmark og i udlandet. Den anses i nogle litteraturhistoriske kredse for at være den første “moderne” danske roman, der slår igennem i Europa. Improvisatoren er nemlig den første dannelsesroman i dansk litteratur, og den blev til i den periode, vi traditionelt kalder den romantiske. Romanen foregår i Italien, hvor Andersen forinden havde rejst i 7 måneder på et kongeligt legat som del af en dannelsesrejse (1833-34). Den er skrevet med en sådan friskhed og sproglig lethed, at den sagtens kan gribe og berige den nutidige læser.
I romanen følger vi den unge håbefulde kunstnerspire, italieneren Antonio, som gennemgår en social opstigning til velstand og et bedre liv fra at have været en fattig dreng. Dette er et tema som går igen i Andersens andre romaner og kan læses som et billede på hans egne længsler og drømme for sit liv. Romanen er altså en kunstnerroman, og vi følger Antonio, som optræder som improvisator.
Ordet improvisator blev i samtiden brugt lettere nedsættende om en person, der underholder på teatre og ved selskabelige sammenkomster. Det foregår på den måde, at han improviserer underholdningen ved at få et stikord eller motiv. Genren er beslægtet med vore dages stand-up comedy. Det er derfor modigt, paradoksalt og nærmest et udslag af ironi, at H.C. Andersen kalder sin debutroman Improvisatoren, når værket har så høj kunstnerisk værdi og gennemslagskraft, som det faktisk har. Romanen er langt fra at være blot en dilettants improviserede underholdning.
Naturen og menneskenes liv i Italien er indlevet skildret, og det viser Andersens veludviklede evne til at sanse sin omverden og beskrive den i et sprog med stor billedrigdom. Rom, Venedig og Neapel er centrale byer i bogen, og deres kultur er levende og farverigt beskrevet. Fakta om H. C. Andersen (1805-1875)
- Hans Christian Andersen
- Født 2. april 1805 i Odense
- Søn af en fattig skomager i Odense
- Rejser til København 1819
- Studentereksamen 1828
- Første store udlandsrejse 1833
- Verdensberømt dansk forfatter
- Har skrevet 156 eventyr over næsten 40 år
- Oversat til over 120 forskellige sprog
- Skrev også digte, romaner, rejseskildringer, selvbiografier og drama
- Dør 4. august 1875 i København
Eventyrene
H.C. Andersen skrev 156 eventyr over 40 år. Hans fortællestil i eventyrene appellerer umiddelbart til barnets forestillingsverden. Men som den store kunstner Andersen var, er teksterne fortælleteknisk bygget op af flere lag, som giver den voksne mulighed for at se dybere lag i teksten. Ironien, den knivskarpe pen og humoristiske evne til at pege på det løjerlige og ulighederne i samfundet i et fantastisk billedsprog, sætter gang i vores forestillingsevne. Ligesom Improvisatoren udkom hans første hæfte for børn Eventyr, fortalte for Børn i 1835. Her kunne man for første gang læse de eventyr, som er så velkendte for os i dag.
Eventyrene er befolket af kongelige folk eller af ting, dyr eller planter, der er udstyrede med menneskelige evner til at føle og tale. Ofte skildres det godes kamp mod det onde, og det ender lykkeligt til sidst. Men nogle af Andersens eventyr rummer også et dystert aspekt, som sætter fokus på ensomheden og den eksistentielle splittelse i et menneske. Eksempler på sådanne eventyr er "Skyggen" og "Tante Tandpine". H.C. Andersen – et udvalg af hans værker
1829 Fodreise fra Holmens Canal …
1835 Improvisatoren, roman
1835 Eventyr fortalte for Børn
1837 Kun en Spillemand, roman
1842 En Digters Bazar, rejseskildring
1851 I Sverrig, rejseskildring
1855 Mit Livs Eventyr, selvbiografi
1857 At være eller ikke være, roman
1870 Lykke-Peer, roman
Liv og værk
Den 2. april 1805 kom Hans Christian Andersen til verden i Odense som søn af en skomager. Det var små kår, men faderen havde nogle bøger i reolen, så drengens længsel efter en anden og større verden fik tidligt næring af litteraturen. Desuden var Odense den eneste provinsby på det tidspunkt, der havde et teater, som, ligesom bøgerne, tiltrak den unge Andersen.
H.C. Andersen havde en kunstnerisk og social ambition, og var med et nutidigt ord en mønsterbryder. Allerede efter konfirmationen som 14-årig tog han alene til København. Han havde drømme om at blive skuespiller, balletdanser eller sanger og henvendte sig på Det Kongelige Teater. Men henvendelsen var forgæves, for han manglede talent i de retninger. Han forsøgte sig så som dramaforfatter, men dette blev heller ikke nogen succes.
Dog havde man på Det Kongelige Teater set, at han var en opvakt dreng, og sørgede for at han kom i gymnasiet med kongelig understøttelse, og for at han lærte sig kundskaber og dannede manerer. Efter nogle hårde år i gymnasiet (1822-28), hvor han af sin velynder, Jonas Collin, blev forbudt at skrive digte og historier, men holde sig til skolepligten, blev han som 23-årig student. Ganske kort tid derefter blev hans første digte trykt og snart kom også hans første bog, Fodreise fra Holmens Canal til Østpynten af Amager i Aarene 1828 og 1829 (1829). Ganske vist havde han også udgivet skuespil teatret havde kasseret i 1822, men det var med Fodreise… at han først vakte opmærksomhed.
Igennem hele livet skrev Andersen, og hans værk er meget omfattende og spænder over genrerne eventyr for børn, digte, romaner, dagbogsoptegnelser og selvbiografi. Foruden et stort antal enestående papirklip. I dagbøgerne kan man få indsigt i hans private liv og tanker. Hans længsel efter kærlighed, børn og hjem blev aldrig indfriet, i modsætning til Antonios i Improvisatoren. Han boede på forskellige gæsteværelser i København, når han ikke var på nogle af sine månedlange rejser til udlandet.
Det er i de senere år i brede kredse diskuteret, at Andersens tilsyneladende komplicerede kærlighedsliv handler om, at han igennem sit liv blev forelsket i både mænd og kvinder, men dette forhold vil ikke blive diskuteret nærmere her. Jens Andersen har skrevet om emnet i sin biografi "Andersen", bd 1-2, 2003, og Dag Heede giver introduktion til det i en artikel "Mærkelige øjne på dansk litteratur", hvor begrebet "queer theory" forklares. Den såkaldte kongesønsteori vil heller ikke vil blive taget op her. Den handler om, at H.C. Andersen var søn af kronprins Christian Frederik, den senere Kong Christian VIII, og komtesse Elise Ahlefeldt-Laurvig fra Tranekær på Lolland. Rektor Jens Jørgensen postulerede i sin bog H.C. Andersen – en sand myte (1987), at Andersen var kongesøn. Denne teori er for nylig fulgt op af Rolf Dorset i bogen Paradisbarnet (2004). Tilhængere af teorien mener, at den forklarer hvorfor Andersen som ganske ung og ukendt i København fik kongelig understøttelse, men der er stor uenighed om teorien blandt Andersen-kyndige.
H.C. Andersen havde en stor udlængsel, og det udmøntede sig i det kendte motto "At rejse er at leve". Den fysiske udlængsel udfoldede han på sine rejser, og den åndelige udfoldede han igennem sine værker. Det er disse rejser H.C. Andersen også i dag indbyder os til at tage med på. Rejsen er allerede begyndt.
Af litteraturmedarbejder, cand.mag. Mette Elsig Olsen, oktober 2004
Kilder:
Iben Holk: H.C. Andersen, Epoke, Litteratursiden.dk
Gads store forfatterleksikon, 2003
Litteraturhåndbogen 2, 2001 Læs videre
Læs først og fremmest H. C. Andersens eventyr – igen! Det er en helt ny oplevelse at læse "Den grimme ælling", "Fyrtøiet" og "Den standhaftige Tinsoldat" med voksne øjne. Læs også hans historier for voksne, fx "Skyggen" Romaner
O.T. (1836) Om fattig drengs bestræbelser for at blive anerkendt i et aristokratisk miljø. Inddrager både den sociale konflikt og den psykologiske, hvor hovedpersonen skal frigøre sig fra sin barndoms traumer.
De to Baronesser (1849) Første danske roman med to kvinder som hovedpersoner. Fortæller om samfundsmæssig opstigning og foregriber den historiske udvikling af et samfund med større bevægelighed. Fra rejserne
En Digters Bazar (1842) Skildring fra rejse ned gennem Europa til Tyrkiet.
I Sverrig (1851) Rejseskildring fra Sverige; indeholder også H. C. Andersens poetik, en slags digterisk "programerklæring". Selvbiografi
H.C. Andersen: Levnedsbogen, udg. 1926 – skrevet af den unge Andersen allerede i 1832 som en slags introduktion til rige velyndere
Mit Livs Eventyr, Bd. 1-2 (1855/ 1877) er hovedværket
H. C. Anders Dagbøger 1825-1875, Bd. 1-10, (1971-77/ genudgivet 1996) – Et af de vægtigste værker i nyere tids forskning om forfatteren. For meget interesserede læsere, som gerne vil i dybden

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