...organising it as scalars (single values), vectors, matrices, data frames, or lists. We also demonstrate importing data from Excel, ascii files, databases, and other statistical programs. 2.1 First Steps in R 2.1.1 Typing in Small Datasets We begin by working with an amount of data that is small enough to type into R. We use a dataset (unpublished data, Chris Elphick, University of Connecticut) containing seven body measurements taken from approximately 1100 saltmarsh sharp-tailed sparrows (Ammodramus caudacutus) (e.g., size of the head and wings, tarsus length, weight, etc.). For our purposes we use only four morphometric variables of eight birds (Table 2.1). Table 2.1 Morphometric measurements of eight birds. The symbol NA stands for a missing value. The measured variables are the lengths of the wing (measured as the wing chord), leg (a standard measure of the tarsus), head (from the bill tip to the back of the skull), and weight. Wingcrd Tarsus Head Wt 59 55 53.5 55 52.5 57.5 53 55 22.3 19.7 20.8 20.3 20.8 21.5 20.6 21.5 31.2 30.4 30.6 30.3 30.3 30.8 32.5 NA 9.5 13.8 14.8 15.2 15.5 15.6 15.6 15.7 The simplest, albeit laborious, method of entering the data into R is to type it in as scalars (variables containing a single value). For the first five observations of wing length, we could type: A.F. Zuur et al., A Beginner’s Guide to R, Use R, DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-93837-0_2, Ó Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC 2009 29 30 2 Getting Data into R > > > > > a b c d...
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...standard statistical and econometric methods such as regression analysis and limited dependent variable analysis to crosssectional or longitudinal data. STATA is widely used by analysts working with household survey data. 1. Getting Started 1.1. Starting STATA Start a STATA session by double-clicking on the STATA icon in your desktop. The STATA computing environment comprises four main windows. The size and shape of these windows may be moved about on the screen. Their general look and description are shown below: It is useful to have the Stata Results window be the largest so you can see a lot of information about your commands and output on the screen. In addition to these windows STATA environment has a menu and a toolbar at the top (to perform STATA operations) and a directory status bar at the bottom (that shows the current directory). You can use menu and toolbar to issue different Poverty Manual, All, JH Revision of August 8, 2005 Page 170 of 218 STATA commands (like opening and saving data files), although most of the time it is more convenient to use the Stata Command window to perform those tasks. If you are creating a log file (see below for more details), the contents can also be displayed on the screen; this is sometimes useful if one needs to back up to see earlier results from the current session. 1.2. Opening a Dataset You open a STATA dataset by entering following command in the Stata Command window: use hh (or possibly use c:\intropov\data\hh,...
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...SECTION A: (60 MARKS) 1. State TWO (2) purposes of system analysis and design. (2marks) Answer: * Add formality * Improve communication between participants * Get the requirements right! * Reduce errors * The cost of fixing analysis and design errors as one moves from the analysis phase to the maintenance phase can increase by a factor of 100 * Generate documentation and get approval from end-user. 2. Explain THREE (3) purposes of methodology in developing an information system. (3 marks) Answer: * Help to produce better quality product documentation standards, acceptability to the user, maintainability and consistency of software * Help to ensure that user requirements are met completely * Help project manager by giving better control of the project execution and a reduction in overall debt costs * Promote communication between stakeholders * Encourage understanding of the system throughout organization through standardization of process and documentation. 3. State TWO (2) types of requirements and give ONE (1) example for each type. (4 marks) Answer: Requirement | Example | Functional | manage user info | Non-Funtional | reliability- record will be processed in 5 seconds. | 4. Construct an activity diagram for booking a room in a hotel based on the following description. When customer requests a room, the hotel employee looks for room availability, then he inserts customer’s data and verifies...
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...I. Problems A. Macro: 1. A competitor is about to patent a new process for the product of polymers. 2. Each division head works on the project that makes the most for them, but it doesn’t necessarily help bring new products to the market. 3. There is a lack of coordination within the company’s operations. 4. The company is experiencing a decrease in sales and profits. 5. There are operational conflicts within the major departments. 6. There is no uniformity of command. B. Micro: 1. The existing structure cannot adequately coordinate complex projects. 2. Sales executives tend to question the sales estimates issued by the product managers. 3. The coordination between marketing and the new product development department is insufficient. 4. The product development division is experiencing problems with the marketing division. 5. The product manager has been unsuccessful in coordinating the activities. 6. The company is having difficulties in producing a team concept within the departments. II. Causes 1. The product development division was given responsibility for market research, but the tasks of sales analysis and forecasting remained in the marketing division. 2. For each separate group of products, a project manager was appointed who was responsible for the coordination of all company activities for the product. 3. Estimates are usually based on the total product market rather than on Exley’s share, which often tends to inflate sales estimates. 4...
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...study analysis On the training deficiency and orientation resulting to behavioral predicament among the criminology interns assigned at PNP MARITIME GROUP, Tacloban city A CASE ANALYSIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGYOF LEYTE COLLEGES In PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN PRACTICUM 1 AND 2 For THE DeGREe OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY I. CASE INTRODUCTION: A. Brief History: One of the most common abuse resources is our maritime environment and some other crimes transpired from this site. The plan of eliminating and minimizing the abuses of our resources in our maritime environment had been constituted in our constitution mandating the creation of one national Police Force which is civilian in character. The passing of law of RA 6975 on December 13, 1990 merge and reorganization the integrated national police and the PC or Philippine Constabulary into the encompassing Philippine national police (PNP) which was activated on January 29,1991. Consequently, NHQ PNP General Order no. 58 created the maritime police command on January 16, 1991 to be one of its National Support Units. The newly created unit was then a conglomeration of several personnel from the services of the AFP and the INP. During the integration, naval officers signified their intentions to join the PNP. Likewise, organic members of the Philippine marine Corps and the Philippine Coastguard also join the maritime Command. The advent...
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...around job functions. This type of business structure is suitable for small to medium-sized businesses that do not have a wide range of products or production requirements. Product Organization Structure Product organization structures lend well to organizations such as department stores and supermarkets. When these organizations operate in multiple regions, a hybrid between geographical and product organization structures is suitable. Matrix Organization Structure Geographical structures are organized, as the name implies, by geographic area or region. Each region is its own complete entity; its goals tied to the overall goals of the business. There is usually a regional manager overseeing the entire operation, who will report to head office, but will otherwise have complete responsibility for the regional unit. The above chart gives an example of a North American geographical structure. The same can be applied internationally, where regions are split up by continents or subcontinents. Automobile manufacturers and multinational fast-food chains often follow this business organization structure. In some cases, products will remain the same across all regions, while in other cases, a product may be slightly modified or a new product introduced to meet local needs. The matrix organizational structure is one of the newer methods for running a company and is based more on teams than on individual departments. This configuration combines the functional organization with more...
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...Corporate Strategy Analysis Michael Sundberg MGT 230 November 24, 2014 Myles Suer Corporate Strategy Analysis When starting a business you must decide if a Flat Organization or Top Down Organization is best for your vision. A flat organization is typically within a smaller company where there is less middle management between the leader and the regular worker. Top down organization is generally for larger companies where there is a defined leader with a ladder of employees with multiple managers in between the leader and the regular worker. There are pro’s and con’s between each organization. With the flat organization you have more open lines of communication between all employees no matter their level within the company, whereas in a top down organization you must follow the chain of command leading to the leader. Also with a flat organization there tends to be less micro management as there are less managers involved, which allows the front-line workers to focus on the task at hand. On the other hand having a top down organization tends to have a more organized structure as you know each role given to each employee and there is a chain of command to follow. Both structures are good for different type of businesses. A top down organization is ideal for a company such as Apple Inc. who has many different products and departments and needs various managers at all levels. A flat organization would work well for a smaller company such as Nor Cal Beverage, which has only...
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...Summary Stancos (Private) Limited, the name emerged on the cosmetic industry of Pakistan in 1991 and is now synonymous with excellence and innovation by setting new standards of quality and creating new trendy products. HR manager believes that profit is not only focused but the aim to provide satisfaction and happiness. In Asia, Pakistan (Karachi), Mr. Haider is the president who looks after all the affairs of the organization and manages it. As an HR manager his mission is to provide better services to customers and all around the world. Table of Contents:- I. Company Description II. Strategic Focus and Plan III. Mission/Vision IV. Goals V. Core Competency and Sustainable Competitive Advantage VI. Situation Analysis VII. Company Policies and Rules/Regulations. VIII. Questions discussed with the HR manager Company Description:- Stancos Private Limited was established in 1991. It is a venture of NabiQasim Group, a well known group in Pharmaceuticals and one of the leading importer and exporter of pharmaceutical products. Stancos Business focuses around Skin Care, Personal Care and Color Cosmetics. Stancos is one of the leading skin care manufacturers and leader in high quality skin products. The quality assurance comes from the fact...
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...Business 313 Loss Prevention January 26, 2013 Jay Odum Critical Analysis Paper Problem: Your employer is violating environmental laws. You know that if the government learns of the violations, your company will be unable to survive financially criminal and civil action and pollution controls. You will certainly lose your job. What do you do? Should you inform the authorities and risk losing your job or stay quiet? This can be a difficult situation and can put the employee in an awkward position. Your first instinct is to keep quiet, especially if you like your employer and your job. You need your job, everyone needs their jobs. On the other hand, if the violation is something serious and criminal, then yes, you are obligated to do something. What if you are wrong and falsely accuse your employer? If you make a false accusation you could be sued for defamation. Consider all of the options first before bringing the company to its knees and causing everyone to lose their jobs. Do not act hastily or rashly. You want to maintain a good relationship with your employer. Your first obligation is to report the violation. You are ethically responsible to report an environmental violation at your company. You should comply with your company’s established code of ethics. All employees must be a part of the ethical environment through a code of ethics and see it spelled out in policies, procedures, and training (Purpura, 2008). When you or your employer make unethical...
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...products or service being offered to the customers. I had chosen HH (Bajaj) which started its operation in 1998 and which is one of the leading corporate entities of Nepal. It is the authorized dealer of Bajaj Motorcycles of Nepal. Since Motorbikes are mostly popular in the urban parts of the country like Kathmandu, Pokhara, Birgunj, Biratnagar etc where they can sell products as well as provide adequate after sell service required by the customers which is very important for the motorbikes company. The Sales organization structure I would propose for this company is Line Sales Organization. It is the simplest form of organization structure where every superior has an authority to command his subordinate. In a line organization, top management has complete control, and the chain of command is clear and simple. Here the regional sales managers will be clear about his authority and responsibility. He will be given the well defined set of objectives which should be achieved and reported back. The regional sales manager will have the interdependence and can work in certain way for the better performance of his regions as long as it falls under the guidelines of the company. With this structure, a regional sales manager (RSM) has control over his or her region's affairs and employees. RSM from these major cities...
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...same store; rather, they are assigned to stores on a rotating basis. Two employees work the day shift but only one works the night shift from 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. Ms. Cooper manages the company’s overall operations from head office. Customer satisfaction has always been important to Mary and she visits each store at least once a week and spends several hours serving customers and working alongside her employees. This gives her the opportunity to evaluate customer satisfaction and assess the quality of service provided by the employees. Recently, Mary has noticed an increase in the number of credit card transactions declined by the bank. An analysis of the reasons given by the card issuers showed that several cases occurred after the customers had disputed the transactions. Mary has asked you, in your capacity as an internal auditing expert, to analyze the situation and inform her of your findings. Here is a description of sales for each of Ms. Cooper’s stores: 1. All sales are recognized on a cash basis, and the company accepts major credit cards and debit cards. 2. Each store has its own cash register which records all transactions. The files are uploaded once a week to the central system server located at the company’s head office. 3. At the head office sales data from each store are consolidated, and the files are then archived and permanently stored. 4. At the end of each month, the bank sends an electronic statement of all credit card and debit card transactions...
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...Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management Volume 9, Issue 1 2012 Article 31 Responding in Crises: A Comparative Analysis of Disaster Responses between Mainland China and Taiwan Chun-Chieh MA, National University of Tainan, Harvard University Recommended Citation: MA, Chun-Chieh (2012) "Responding in Crises: A Comparative Analysis of Disaster Responses between Mainland China and Taiwan," Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management: Vol. 9: Iss. 1, Article 31. ©2012 De Gruyter. All rights reserved. Authenticated | bee_and_tom@hotmail.com Download Date | 9/16/12 10:06 AM Responding in Crises: A Comparative Analysis of Disaster Responses between Mainland China and Taiwan Chun-Chieh MA Abstract The management of crisis events involves activity at the organizational and governmental jurisdiction levels and is comprised of an integrated system of practice and structure. However, because there are two systems involved in crisis response, namely centralization and decentralization of disaster management, there are differences in governmental actions in response to crisis events. This article analyzes and compares the actions of disaster responses undertaken by mainland China and Taiwan when faced with major natural disasters in order to demonstrate the different response results and defects of centralized and decentralized crisis response systems, respectively. The results showed that the efficiency of decentralized response systems is higher than...
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...United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Committees June 2015 INSIDER THREATS DOD Should Strengthen Management and Guidance to Protect Classified Information and Systems GAO-15-544 June 2015 INSIDER THREATS DOD Should Strengthen Management and Guidance to Protect Classified Information and Systems Highlights of GAO-15-544, a report to congressional committees. Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found Since 2010, the United States has suffered grave damage to national security and an increased risk to the lives of U.S. personnel due to unauthorized disclosures of classified information by individuals with authorized access to defense information systems. Congress and the President have issued requirements for structural reforms and a new program to address insider threats. The Department of Defense (DOD) components GAO selected for review have begun implementing insider-threat programs that incorporate the six minimum standards called for in Executive Order 13587 to protect classified information and systems. For example, the components have begun to provide insider-threat awareness training to all personnel with security clearances. In addition, the components have incorporated some of the actions associated with a framework of key elements that GAO developed from a White House report, an executive order, DOD guidance and reports, national security systems guidance, and leading practices recommended...
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...Prof. Endres displayed an above average command of the facts concerning the Utes nickname. Throughout her presentation, she was able bring up all the angles of this topic, including the history of the relationship between the Ute tribes and the university, the modern actions of students and university administration regarding the Utes nickname, and similar university mascot controversies. In no place did she show a lack of familiarity with any source texts surrounding these topics. Her command of the facts was only tempered by two aspects: her conspicuous usage of notes during the talk and her lack of reference to specific rhetorical analysis of the source texts. During her talk, she seemed mostly to be reading directly from prepared notes, rather than relating these facts off the top of her head. This did not distract from the...
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...strategies of change and how to adjust them to meet the organization’s needs. The strategies discussed are structural and behavioral and how to change these in order to get the most out of the organization. Discussed are the interventions that would be utilized like employee empowerment, team building, role analysis/negotiation, stress management and third party intervention and how they will affect the organization. Finally, how to determine the success or failure of the proposed intervention. This is determined by utilizing anonymous surveys, and team meeting where they can share their results with other departments. The Organization’s Diagnosis The first area analyzed was how the organization was divided and what their relationship was to each other. Simmons Laboratories is divided up by main project heads who then oversee several projects. Some of these sections have a project head/team leader who oversee, several scientists, lab personnel, mathematicians, and secretaries (Brown, 2011). The team leader reports all finding to the main project head. However, according to the textbook the organizations self-managed work team violates the principle of unit of command (Brown, 2011). This is the principle where the team is...
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