...There are different types of health behaviors including social cognitive theory, stages of change model, and the health belief model. A health behavior theory is a conceptual framework of key factors or variables hypothesized to influence health behavior. An established theory is logical, supported by evidence, and underpins behavior change plans and strategies. The Social Cognitive theory is the theory that bases the thoughts of the person and his/or her environment. This theory was performed and created by Albert Bandura. It is claimed that a change in one's everyday life can either have a positive or negative affect on the others. The Social Cognitive theory has a impact in society because it allows different behaviors to be examined...
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...Katragadda Social and Behavioral health Dr. Preety Gadhoke, PhD, MPH MPH-301 Reflection paper #6 Firstly, ‘Theory of reasoned action’, a model of behavioral intention prediction that spans attitude and behavior predictions. Subsequent separation of behavior from behavioral intentions allows for limiting factors’ explanation on the basis of attitudinal influence. Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein developed the theory of reasoned action between 1975 and 1980. This theory was derived from past studies that began as attitude theory and eventually led to behavior and attitude studies. This theory originated from frustration with the traditional behavior and attitude studies. Most studies in this field established weak correlations between the measures of attitude and volitional behaviors’ performance. Initially, the theory related to voluntary behavior but it was noticed later that the theory was not 100 percent voluntary. Under control, it later led to addition of the perceived behavioral controls. According to the theory of reasoned action, behavior of an individual is determined by their intention to perform it and that in turn, the intention is a function of their attitude towards that behavior and their subjective norm. Intention is the best behavior’s predictor. The theory suggests that cognitive representation of the readiness of an individual to perform a particular behavior is their intention. Intention is the immediate antecedent of a behavior. Three factors determine the intention...
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...The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) TRA posits that individual behaviour is driven by behavioural intentions where behavioural intentions are a function of an individual's attitude toward the behaviour and subjective norms surrounding the performance of the behaviour. Attitude toward the behaviour is defined as the individual's positive or negative feelings about performing a behaviour. It is determined through an assessment of one's beliefs regarding the consequences arising from a behaviour and an evaluation of the desirability of these consequences. Formally, overall attitude can be assessed as the sum of the individual consequence x desirability assessments for all expected consequences of the behaviour. Subjective norm is defined as an individual's perception of whether people important to the individual think the behaviour should be performed. The contribution of the opinion of any given referent is weighted by the motivation that an individual has to comply with the wishes of that referent. Hence, overall subjective norm can be expressed as the sum of the individual perception x motivation assessments for all relevant referents. How the Theory of Planned Behaviour Works The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was developed by Ajzen in 1988. The theory proposes a model which can measure how human actions are guided. It predicts the occurrence of a particular behaviour, provided that behaviour is intentional. The model is out lined in the next figure and represents...
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...of Sciences in Marketing Author: Supervisor: Sandra Denise Kunz Petersen Jessica Aschemann-Witzel EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PURPOSE – The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the changes in diet and eating behavior women experience during the transition to motherhood, the underlying influencing factors, as well as their self-developed coping strategies, in order to devise recommendations for the public and private sector to support the adaption and maintenance of healthy eating habits during this transition. METHOD – A life course perspective was adopted and behavioral change models, used in health-related research, applied. In addition, the data of 18 qualitative e-mail interviews with German mothers was analyzed by means of qualitative content analysis. FINDINGS – The transition to parenthood represents an important life event that can be divided into several phases, each of which is characterized by a range of distinct changes in women’s eating behavior and influencing factors thereof. Women develop coping strategies to face these challenges, but are still found to lack perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy and are confronted with perceived barriers, all of which keeps them from adopting or maintaining optimal eating behaviors during the transition, despite of good intentions and favorable attitudes. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS – The findings suggest that measures should be taken by both the public sector as well as the private food market to support women...
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...03-Brock.qxd 12/1/2004 10:51 AM Page 41 Chapter 3 ACTING AS WE FEEL When and How Attitudes Guide Behavior RUSSELL H. FAZIO DAVID R. ROSKOS-EWOLDSEN The Ohio State University University of Alabama C onsider each of the following statements. Do you believe the statement to be true or false? 1. College students who disapprove of cheating do not cheat on tests; it is only the students who view cheating as acceptable who do cheat. 2. When segregation was still legal, hotel and restaurant owners with racial stereotypes toward Chinese people would not serve them food or allow them to stay at their establishments. 3. How well people like their jobs is predictive of people’s job attendance. Those who like their jobs are less likely to miss a day of work. 4. During the 1970s, people who felt that the energy crisis was a significant problem used less energy than did those who did not really believe that there was a crisis. 5. Regardless of whether an employer makes a snap judgment or deliberates extensively about a hiring decision, if the employer has a negative attitude toward working women, a female candidate will not be hired. All of these commonsense statements assume that people’s attitudes influence their actions and decisions. In fact, as we will see in this chapter, none of these five statements is correct. The basic finding of decades of research is that sometimes people act in accordance with their attitudes, and other times they act in...
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...Rebecca Zellner Professor Joseph Ben-Ur MKGT 4311-Buyer Behavior Exercise in Consumer Psychology 1. Describe, define and explain all relationships between all the systems in Freud’s theory. According to Sigmund Frued analyses, human personality consists of three interacting systems: the id, suger ego, and the ego. These elements of personality work together to create complex human behaviors. The id consist of primitive and impulsive drives impelled by the pleasure principle consisting of basic physiological needs such as thirst, hunger, and sex which the individual seeks immediate satisfaction without concern for the specific means. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is established in early life such as an infant that is hungry, he or she will cry until the demands of the id is met. However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or logical. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle we might find ourselves indulging or participating in wrongful behaviors not thinking of the outcome. In comparison the super ego is conceptualized as the individual’s expression of society’s moral and ethical codes of conduct. The super ego’s role is to ensure the individual’s needs are met in a socially acceptable fashion. Lastly the ego is the individual’s conscious control. The ego’s role is to monitor and balance the impulsive demands of the id and the sociocultural constraints of...
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...1007/s10209-014-0348-1 LONG PAPER Technology acceptance model: a literature review from 1986 to 2013 ´ ´ Nikola Marangunic • Andrina Granic Published online: 16 February 2014 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract With the ever-increasing development of technology and its integration into users’ private and professional life, a decision regarding its acceptance or rejection still remains an open question. A respectable amount of work dealing with the technology acceptance model (TAM), from its first appearance more than a quarter of a century ago, clearly indicates a popularity of the model in the field of technology acceptance. Originated in the psychological theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior, TAM has evolved to become a key model in understanding predictors of human behavior toward potential acceptance or rejection of the technology. The main aim of the paper is to provide an up-to-date, wellresearched resource of past and current references to TAMrelated literature and to identify possible directions for future TAM research. The paper presents a comprehensive concept-centric literature review of the TAM, from 1986 onwards. According to a designed methodology, 85 scientific publications have been selected and classified according to their aim and content into three categories such as (i) TAM literature reviews, (ii) development and extension of TAM, and (iii) modification and application of TAM. Despite a continuous progress in revealing...
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...PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen This full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. [http://hdl.handle.net/2066/19379] Please be advised that this information was generated on 2012-09-19 and may be subject to change. Buying Impulses: A Study on Impulsive Consumption Astrid Gisela Herabadi Buying Impulses: A Study on Impulsive Consumption Astrid Gisela Herabadi PrintPartners Ipskamp ISBN 90-9017360-9 Cover illustration: A part of the stone-reliefs in “Candi Borobudur” Buying Impulses: A Study on Impulsive Consumption Een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van the Sociale Wetenschappen Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus Prof.dr.C.W.P.M. Blom, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbare te verdedigen op woensdag 17 december 2003, des namiddags om 1.30 uur precies door Astrid Gisela Herabadi geboren te Bogor op 30 december 1969 Promotores: Prof. dr. B. Verplanken (University of Tromsø, Norway) Prof. dr. A.F.M. van Knippenberg Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. J.A.J.P. Janssen Prof. dr. N.K. de Vries (Universiteit Maastricht) Prof. dr. M. Zeelenberg (Universiteit van Tilburg) Buying Impulses: A Study on Impulsive Consumption A scientific essay in Social Sciences Doctoral thesis to obtain the degree of doctor from the...
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...doing this research. Background of Study Labis started as a small village known as Kampung Paya Merah. The village got its name from a type of river grass which became the favourite food for river terrapins. In early 20th century, British officers came to the villages to survey for new areas to be developed in Segamat district. The British officer was surprised to see the river terrapins since they had not seen those animals before. They asked the villagers the name of those animals and the villagers answered, “labi-labi tuan” and because they did not know the name of those animals the British officers referred to them as Labis in the plural form. Therefore, the British officers decided to name the settlement Labis. Another theory is that in the 17th century, a member of the Malacca royal family was travelling through the area. He saw something that intrigued him. He called out to his advisors to tell him what it was, he went “Habis? Habis?” then accidentally is blurting out the name Labis. Labis is the second largest town in the district of Segamat, Johor with a population of about 20, 000 people and the largest community there is Chinese. Labis is an agricultural town and the main export is rubber. This study is focusing on the impact of wireless technology towards rural areas resident at Kampung Sawah Baru, which one of Labis part. Kampung Sawah Baru has 500 villagers which equals to 114 houses. Their main activities is gardening and trapping...
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...Contents Contents | Pages | The concept of power | 2 | Sources of power | 2 | Political strategies and tactics | 8 | What is political Behavior | 9 | What are the factors contributing to Political behavior | 9 | POLITICS: Power in action: | 11 | What are the Reality of Politics | 11 | What is Organizational Politics | 12 | What is Power? Power is the capacity to influence the behavior of others.3 The term power may be applied to individuals, groups, teams, departments, organizations, and countries. For example, a certain team within an organization might be labeled as powerful, which suggests that it has the ability to influence the behavior of individuals in other teams or departments. This influence may affect resource allocations, space assignments, goals, hiring decisions, and many other outcomes and behaviors in an organization. Definitions of power abound. German sociologist, Max Weber defined power as "the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance." Along similar lines, Emerson suggests that "The power of actor A over actor B is the amount of resistance on the part of B which can be potentially overcome by A." Power appears to involve one person changing the behavior of one or more other individuals -- particularly if that behavior would not have taken place otherwise. Contrasting Leadership and Power Leadership focuses on goal achievement. It requires goal compatibility...
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...Modified Theory of Planned Behavior Shih-I Cheng Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration, Shu-Te University China E-mail: jane@stu.edu.tw Hwai-Hui Fu Associate Professor Department of Business Administration, Shu-Te University China Le Thi Cam Tu Graduate School of Business Administration China ABSTRACT Counterfeits consumption has recently attracted considerable attention. This study examines factors affecting consumer purchase intention for counterfeit products. Specially, this study takes Vietnam, a developing country where consumer behavior is being affected by rising living standard, as a research object. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior of Ajzen with the additional factor of perceived financial control, it is hoped that an improved framework can be obtained for predicting customer intention to purchase counterfeits. The hypotheses were tested via Structural Equation Modeling technique. The results indicated that subjective norms exert the greatest impact on customer intention to purchase counterfeits, while additional factor of perceived financial control negatively affects intentions. This investigation can help marketers and policy makers understand the key influences on consumer behavior towards counterfeits and thus to create effective marketing campaigns and anti-piracy strategies. KEYWORDS: Consumer behavioral intention, Counterfeit products, Perceived financial control, Structural Equation Modeling, Theory of Planned Behavior Introduction ...
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...Consumer Attitude towards ‘Green’ Purchases *Tanushree Shrivastava Research Scholar(IIPS, DAVV, Indore) Mobile 9926248388 moonskiess@yahoo.com **Dr. Preeti Singh Reader, IIPS, DAVV, Indore Mobile 9425349044 purnima4@rediffmail.com Abstract The Theory of Planned Behavior, based on the value – attitude – behavior hierarchy, has been proven as a reliable instrument for measuring green purchasing behavior. This study examines the application of a sub-section of Theory of Planned Behavior, namely the measurement of Attitudes towards Green Purchases of management students in Jabalpur City. Ecological affect has a greater impact on their attitude formation than does Ecological Knowledge. To check if this is also true for these consumers, management students (n=41) were surveyed to measure their ecological affect, ecological knowledge and attitudes towards green purchases. Students with high ecological affect showed a statistically significant difference on their attitudes towards green purchases score than the students with low ecological affect. Ecological knowledge level did not show a significant difference in attitudes towards green purchases. Differences between ecological knowledge and ecological affect and suggestions for future research are discussed. Keywords: Planned Behaviour, Green Awareness, Green Purchase, Ecological Knowledge, Purchase Attitude. Consumer Attitude towards ‘Green’ Purchases Introduction ...
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...Mahara Platform First established in mid 2006, the Mahara project started as collaborative venture funded by New Zealand's Tertiary Education Commission's e-learning Collaborative Development Fund (eCDF), involving Massey University, Auckland University of Technology, The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, and Victoria University of Wellington. Continued development has been made possible by further support from New Zealand’s Ministry of Education and the application of Mellon Foundation funds from the Open Polytechnic’s winning a 2007 Mellon Award for Technology Collaboration. Since July 2007, KineoPacific has worked with CatalystIT to guide the further development of Mahara. A first guiding principle with the development of the Mahara ePortfolio system is that it is learner centred – a form of Personal Learning Environment. This is in contrast to the more institution-centric Learning Management System (LMS). Mahara is a stand-alone system that can be integrated into a wider virtual learning framework. We believe the Learning Management System remains a highly useful application for delivering learning. We also believe the overall environment can be enhanced and complemented by a learner-centred personal learning environment such as Mahara. Pan-institutional learner communities can also be encouraged using Mahara. Mahara’s architecture is inspired by the modular, extensible architecture of Moodle. The Mahara team has also been heavily involved in the Moodle community, with...
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...MGT4110: Organizational Behavior Power & Politics Professor Dr. AAhad M. Osman-Gani, MBA, MA, PhD (USA) Department of Business Administration Kulliyyah of Economics & Management Sciences Power Power refers to a capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B, so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes. Power may exist but not be used. Probably the most important aspect of power is that it is a function of dependency. A person can have power over you only if he or she controls something you desire. 13-2 Power and Dependence Person B’s countervailing power over Person A Person A Person A’s control of resource valued by Person B Resource desired by person B Person B Person A’s power over Person B 10-3 Contrasting Leadership and Power • Leaders use power as a means of attaining group goals. • Leaders achieve goals, and power is a means of facilitating their achievement. 13-4 Contrasting Leadership and Power - Goal compatibility Power does not require goal compatibility, merely dependence. - The direction of influence Leadership focuses on the downward influence on one’s followers. 13-5 Five Bases of Power Formal Power: Legitimate Power Reward Power Coercive Power Personal Power: Expert Power Referent Power 13-6 Bases of Power Legitimate Agreement that people in certain roles can request certain behaviors of others Based on job descriptions and mutual agreement Legitimate power range varies across national...
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...measurements and behaviour. The 1950’s and 1960’s concentrated on the dynamics of revolution in the attitudes of an individual. From this the attebtion was on the “cognitive and social structure and function of attitudes and attitude systems..” (as cited by Hogg and Vaughan, page 148). Researchers of attitudes in the current era, believe that attitude leads behaviour and influences decision for action, although it is not directly apparent. This essay is going to explore many different theories and ideas, about how attitudes relate to behaviour and evaluate the question “to what extent do attitudes predict behaviour?”. Firstly, it can be supported that attitudes do predict behavior to an extent, with the theories that Azjen and Fishbein proposed. With the assumption that attitudes have more of an influence on our behaviour than our general beliefs, Fishbein and Ajzen used their theory of reasoned action to address this matter directly. They looked into what factors, other than attitudes, affect behavior. As a result they found a discrepancy between subjective norms and attitudes. The distinct difference is that a subjective norm is “a product of what the individual perceives others to believe” (Page 157 by Hogg and Vaughan, Sixth edition), whereas attitudes supposedly relate to our evaluative feelings. Fishbein and Azjen believe that our behavioral...
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