...Week 1 Assignment HCA 331: Introduction to Health Care Education Instructor: Debra Storlie September 23, 2013 In order for health education to be successful, it is imperative to fully understand how behavior can change in an instant. Health education depends on using the proper theories and models. This paper will address the theories and models used in health education, the importance of the theories, as well as real world examples and information from models used in health education. To understand why it is important to use theories, one must first understand the difference between theories and models. While theories are a set of interrelated concepts and definitions and propositions used to present a systematic view of events or situations, models are composites of mixtures and ideas taken from a number of theories and used together (Cottrell, Girvan, & McKenzie, 2012). Theories and models are intertwined in health education. Theories are important in health education because they influence how evidence is collected, analyzed, understood, and utilized. When theories are implicit, they have the power to clarify and reveal new ideas and insights. Overall, theories influence health education by providing focus on implementation processes to continually improve and make the required adjustments. The socio-ecological approach is important in health education because it examines how one’s physical, social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions influence their...
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...Discussion on how theory and research in health psychology has been helpful or unhelpful in addressing human problems. Areas important in health psychology involve studies of behaviour which courses illness and also a way to try motivate individuals to leave healthy with the influence from hospitals and care professionals in the society. ‘Health psychology is the aggregate of the specific educational, scientific and professional contribution of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illnesses’ Matarazzo (1980). As health psychology is widely related to health the definition of healthy is by the World Health Organization (WHO) 1948 saying that health is ‘the state of complete physical, social and spiritual well-being, not simply the absences of illnesses’. As psychology is the science of behaviour and change; psychologists have helped to influence change in people’s life. As health psychology is interested mainly in health and health maintenance rather than on diseases and disease prevention. It was found in the 1970s when many countries (western) began to suffer from diseases and death in result to declining expenditures, to resolve the situation health promotion strategies were introduced. As there are many factors that courses diseases for example smoking which leads to diseases like cardiovascular disease, to investigate the relationship between health behaviours, health and disease outcomes studies would be...
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...Keywords: Health related behaviour, brief intervention, alcohol, stages of change, intervention mapping. ABSTRACT The health of people depends widely on their behaviour. Targeting unhealthy behaviours depends upon a number of factors since the health practitioner needs to take into account the beliefs, the intensity of the unhealthy behaviour, an individual’s readiness to change in order to design an appropriate intervention to help the individuals understand the risks of that particular behaviour thereby inducing change. Using alcohol consumption as a health related behavior, brief interventions for this behaviour have been explained, this is mainly due to the large success of brief interventions. Thus this essay critically discusses examples of brief interventions in order determine what contributes to a successful intervention. INTRODUCTION Every human’s health and well being is affected by health related behaviour often regarded as the foremost important element or factor. With the rapid advancement in science, diseases that were incurable, today can be treated and prevented easily. It is a well understood phenomenon that individuals are unique and are characterized by multidimensional behaviours. So in order to achieve positive outcomes in improving one’s health, appropriate behaviour needs to be promoted. There are variations in health-related behaviours in terms of duration, frequency and manner of impact on one’s health. Health-related behaviours can be single...
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...Running Head: THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL, AND PROSTATE CANCER What is the Impact of the New Prostate Cancer screening guidelines on Black Men? And The Health Belief Model Calvin Sneed Marymount University August 1st 2014 Introduction Prostate cancer is a highly prevalent disease with an estimate of 30,000 deaths and 233,000 new cases predicted for the United States in 2014 (ACS, 2014). It is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men but is highly survivable if diagnosed correctly. In fact, the American Cancer Society (2014) has stated the relative five and ten year survival rates for the disease are 100 percent and 99 percent respectively. These figures indicate the importance of early detection screenings like the Prostate Specific Antigen test (PSA) and the Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) in regards to surviving the disease. “Since using early detection tests for Prostate Cancer became relatively common in the United States (about 1990), the prostate cancer death rate has dropped” (ACS, 2014). However, there has been a contentious debate in recent years involving many organizations on the adequacy of these early detection measures (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2013). Controversy stems from studies like the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial. The early research from this study indicated there was no evidence of a mortality benefit in having an annual PSA screening done (Andriole, Crawford, Grubb, Buys...
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...list…………………………………………………………………………………….7 3 Critically compare and contrast community psychology with the public health approach Introduction In this essay, I will critically compare and contrast community psychology and the public health model in terms of their origins, core concepts, strengths and pitfalls of each approach, similarities and differences and in what way these approaches do or do not supplement one another. Community Psychology according to The Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology is defined as “a branch of applied psychology that focuses on person-environment interactions usually at the level of the community and is aimed at improving the general quality of life within a community” (Matsumoto, 2009). The Public Health model also consists of efforts to improve the health of communities and according to The Acheson Report, is defined as “the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts of society” (Department of health, 1998). History and core concepts Community psychology in South Africa followed a very close development likened to the American development and gained its momentum at a time where social disorder was present due to the lack of credible resources and treatment facilities. A shift in attention displayed the effects of social variables like “…poverty and alienation on mental health” (Butchart & Seedat, 1990). Mainstream psychology is challenged due its elitist and selective nature which automatically...
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...Community Psychology 3 3. Public Health Approach 4 4. Conclusion 5 5. References 6 2 1. Introduction Worldwide most developed countries are marked by a holistic proactive community oriented social services backed by an efficient public health services, ultimately such effective social structures impact positively on the country citizen’s life expectancy and vibrant workmanship which in turn enhance the economic status of the country and relief the social security burden off the country’s welfare system. 2. Community Psychology Community psychology was formalised as a discipline in 1965 however continued to be characterised by the mental health reform movements from its inception in the United States of America with the primary objective to care for the mentally ill. The most three prominent movements were established in the early 1800s to 1960s each movement led to establishment of institutions. As mentioned Seedat, Cloete, & Shochet (1988) that “the mental health model, which has its roots in the community mental health movement is based on the explicit intention to prevent mental illness each of the movement was aimed to treat mental illness” as a societal rather than an individual problem and to foster prevention rather than cure. The models of community psychology allows the discipline to be proactive and holistic towards approaching community impediments, such as the mental health model proactively takes into account the hazardous...
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...The disparities between African American women and other races in regard to the incidences of and mortality from breast cancer are alarming. Studies have shown that minority communities are less likely to take advantage of preventative and detection care like breast cancer screening. Other studies find that a number of factors, outside of race and ethnicity play a role in this. Ultimately, approaching the topic from a holistic understanding and acknowledgement of the ways in which a person’s full background influence their values, beliefs, and decisions and present barriers to action – cultural sensitivity, namely – is essential to reversing these disparities. In “African-American Women, Self-Breast Examination and the Health Belief Model: Implications for Practice,” author Josephine McCaskill, PhD., APN, FNP, BC examines the fact that African American women, despite having lower incidence rates of breast cancer have a higher mortality rate, and the fact that findings show that “the adherence to recommended breast cancer screening guidelines is frequently reported to be lower in the African American population” (McCaskill p. 33). McCaskill begins by discussing the epidemiology of breast cancer, noting that it is “the most common form of cancer, resulting in significant deaths among African American women.” She discusses its origins, cell growth, and disparities among populations. Particularly, among women who are ages fifty and older, the mortality rate for African...
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...Research Project: Discussion and comparison of health promotion and prevention levels Nathan McCain Grand Canyon University Family Centered Health Promotion NRS 429V Kimberly Stout June 24, 2012 Comparative Research Project: Discussion and comparison of health promotion and prevention levels The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application of the three levels of health promotion: primary, secondary, and tertiary. To be included in this discussion, how health promotion is defined, the purpose of health promotion in nursing practice, nursing roles and responsibilities evolving in health promotion, and comparison of the three levels of health prevention. Three current journal articles relating to youth violence were chosen for examination of content and comparison regarding their methodology in their use of health promotion and prevention, at specified levels of care. Health promotion is defined in different manners. The general consensus within the health care community is that any model should reflect healthy actions and positive outlooks regarding health and well-being. The client should play a large part in the design of how their health goals are assessed, evaluated, and implemented. The client should be taught self-directed actions of care that improve their ability to magnify well-being, by enhancing their physical activity, improving their diet, managing stress, and eliminating unhealthy lifestyle habits. Health promotion and prevention should be directed...
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...[5] in part due to resources [22]. As a result, equity in terms of access to health care is constrained by the fact that patients with cardiovascular risk burden make significant demands on already scarce health resources. The healthcare system in SSA is often challenged by lack of sufficient resources to provide adequate patient care. Both lack of institutional resources and up-to-date practical information for healthcare providers often jeopardizes patient care [99]. A review by Motala (2002) [100] noted that the increasing diabetes trends in Africa are influenced by inadequate health care infrastructure, inadequate supply of medications, and lack of available healthcare facilities and providers. Issues such as lack of protocols for diabetic complication evaluation and monitoring, little or non-existent referral systems, inadequate health facilities, and absence of multidisciplinary diabetic care teams also make diabetes care difficult [101]. Among diabetes patients in Mozambique and Zambia, patients in need of insulin were faced with the high cost of the medication when available but were also faced with lack of availability of insulin when needed [102]. Similarly, Whiting and colleagues (2003) [101] noted that the contextual, clinical, and health systems challenges to the delivery of health care for diabetes in Africa is influenced by several factors, including poor patient attendance at health clinics, short consultation time with physicians (leaving little or no time for...
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...The health of an individual is greatly shaped by the actions that they take, be it in a positive connotation such as daily exercise or a negative context such as excessive drinking. The health concerns for sun-safety behaviours has reached epidemic proportions with skin cancer becoming one of the most prevalent types of cancers in the world (Dobbinson et al, 2008; Keeney et al, 2009). What makes this epidemic more alarming and a greater health concern is that this type of cancer is arguably the most preventable (Cracium et al, 2011; Robinson et al, 1997). By implementing certain protective measures such as applying sunscreen (Kristjansson, Ullen & Helgason, 2004) or wearing protective clothing (Keeney et al, 2009) while exposed to the sun,...
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...COMMUNITY AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY – PYC4811 PYC 4811 UNIQUE NO: 657794 Assignment 01 Critically compare and contrast the community psychology and public health approaches to social problems. Introduction to Community Psychology and Public health approach Community psychology is essentially concerned with the relationship between social systems and individual well-being in the community context. Public health refers to all organized measures to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population as a whole. Its activities aim to provide conditions in which people can be healthy and focus on entire populations, not on individual patients or diseases. Thus public health and community psychology are both concerned with a population at large and not an individual alone. (http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story076/en/). Both approaches have a shared belief that effective treatment should focus on preventative measures that address the causes and effects of diseases as opposed to curative measures which merely treat the incidences and symptoms. (Guernina, 1995). Characteristics of both approaches Community psychology places emphasis on principles and strategies that can prevent social, emotional and behavioral problems and wellness and health promotion at the individual and community levels, borrowed from public health and preventive medicine, rather than a passive, and treatment-based medical model. Early identification and intervention...
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...High-Risk Family Assessment and Health Promotion Paper Corey Hollmann University of Phoenix NUR/542 6/30/2014 Danielle Patrick High-Risk Family Assessment and Health Promotion-Suicidal Ideation Suicide and ideation to commit this final act, is a grave public health concern that is multifaceted and responsible for significant family risk. Suicide is a behavior that has worldwide resulted in nearly one million fatalities annually. Suicide is commonly an act driven by impulsivity and followed by thoughts of hopelessness and doom. In the United States, firearms, particularly handguns, are the most common means of suicide. Despite extreme notoriety, suicide and suicidal ideation remained stigmatized and hidden behind shadows of shame. Acts of deliberate self-harm and unsuccessful attempts remain largely underreported (Fleischmann et al., 2008; Freedenthal, 2007). Summary of Suicide Risk Health Profile The incidence of suicide has remained a significant health risk across multiple demographics, cultures, and sexes. In between the years 1999 and 2008, the suicide rate increased 10.5% and from 10.5 to 11.6 people per 100,000 population. Male's record rates that are four times greater than females while non-Hispanic whites recorded 14.1 suicides per 100,000 (National Vital Statistics System, 2008). Suicide is a behavior that exudes complexity that is characterized by methods to potentiate intentional termination of one's own life. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified...
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...Using the health belief model, how can the nurse encourage a patient, who is status post myocardial infarction, to make immediate and permanent behavior changes in his or her eating habits and activity levels especially when the patient views these changes to be insurmountable? Provide a nursing diagnosis with interventions and outcomes to assess the patient's behavior changes. Using the health belief model the nurse has to determine the patients understanding of how changes in his eating habits and activity can affect his recovery status post myocardial infarction (MI). Follow the health beliefs model of “individual perceptions or readiness for change.” (Edelman, Mandel, P. 248, 2010) The nurse would develop a plan around the information obtained regarding patient’s previous behaviors and the necessary changes needed to recover post MI. The plan would include multiple small changes that would equal a healthier lifestyle. The most appropriate plan would be negotiated between the patient and the nurse. The small changes won’t be as overwhelming to the patient as a huge instant change would be and would be easier for patient to comply with. An example would be teaching the patient to not fry foods in butter, try broiling or baking instead. Don’t add salt when cooking instead use a salt substitute. Explain the effects of butter and salt on the damage heart and provide a list of alternatives that could be used. Slowly increase activity. Participate in...
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...PREVENTION OF OBESITY IN CHILDHOOD Introduction What is health The World Health Organisation (WHO 1986)defines health as a state of complete physical ,mental and social well being and not just the absence of disease and infirmity. Forster (2002) confirms that health is generally seen in terms of people being ill or well but indicates that this is a simplistic view, as being well or ill are not entirely separate notions but in fact overlap to some degree. Forster(2002) while concurring with the definition of health as provided by the WHO (1986) adds that this definition provides a positive view of health and suggest that health fluctuates over time along a continuum, good and poor health appearing at opposite poles of the continuum. Ewles and Simnett(2003) also suggest that health is determined by many factors such as Physical health, body function, Societal health living accomodation ,employment status , Spiritual health, religious beliefs and moral values or behaviours, Social health being able to sustain relationships and make friends, Emotional health the ability to cope with depression, stress and anxiety. Therefore an individuals health position along this continuum is variable but no distinct demarcation line between health and ill health exists. With regards to the definition given it is argued that health professionals interventions should focus on helping the clients ,individuals, families and communities to gain health related knowledge, attitudes and practice associated...
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...Running head: HEALTH PROMOTION IN NURSING CARE HEALTH PROMOTION IN NURSING CARE Donna Pisarski Grand Canyon University Family-Centered Health Promotion NRS-429V Ms. Renita Holmes September 21, 2012 Health Promotion in Nursing Care This paper will discuss health promotion and what health care changes are occurring. Through the expanding role in nursing this paper discusses what those roles will entail and the use of primary, secondary, and tertiary care when developing a patient centered care plan. The health care field has been traditionally based around a concept of healing the ill, finding cures, and eradicating disease through immunizations, health being viewed as the absence of disease. Today’s medicine is changing to a new process, a process of promoting health and wellbeing through disease prevention, the teachings of healthy eating and being physically fit. A push to get people involved with and take responsibility for their own health is known as “health promotion”. President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act on March 23,2010, by doing this the whole climate of health care change. A call out for all health care professionals to practice to the full extent of their education and competencies, to streamline health care towards a patient centered system, and deliver a more primary care approach (Institute of Medicine, 2011, pp. 86-87). The goal by doing this is to improve health and wellness, quality of life, and in-turn reduce health care expenditure in...
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