...1. The type of heat performed on the steel is called annealing which involves the heating of a metal to a suitable temperature for a certain time called “ soaking “, and gradually cooling. The soaking time is calculated using this formula: Soaking Time = (1Hr)(tmax) Where tmax is the maximum thickness (in inches) of the steel. And our tmax for this experiment = 0.372in as shown in Table 3. Therefore, Soaking time = (1hr)(0.372") = 0.372hr = 22.32minutes Shorter soaking times can be used during an annealing heat treatment if an increase in material hardness and less ductility is desired. 2. The micrometer was used to measure the cross-sectional dimensions of the steel before and after the heat treatment and values where recorded as shown in Table 3. And it was observed that there was an increase in the workpiece (steel) size after the heat treatment when compared with the dimensions before the heat treatment as shown in Table 3, this simply means that there was an increase in ductility after the heat treatment was performed. 3. In terms of mechanical properties after this heat treatment, a softer material was obtained, there was an increase in ductility which improves machinability and formability. If a slightly harder workpiece is desired, the workpiece should be: * Heated to the austenite phase and then quenched with water or oil. This rapid cooling results in a hard and brittle workpiece. * The soaking time should be shorter. Table 1. The Rockwell...
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...Order By Phone 1-800-741-0015 Shopping Cart Help Submit A Question | FAQs | Cheat Sheets | Sight Height Calculator | How-To's | Gun Parts Source | Matches & Shows BenchTalk Articles | Brownells Product Instructions Search Gift Certificates Go keyword or stock# parts + materials Gun Parts Scopes & Electronic Sights Scope Rings & Bases Reamers & Chamber Gauges Recoil Pads & Buttstock Parts Stockmaking & Finishing Stock Bedding & Adhesives Metal, Springs & Screws Factory Parts Return to List Print Friendly Version Springmaking Without Tears By: Steve Ostrem Everyone who has worked on guns for a long time knows the awful truth. Sooner or later, a customer is going to bring in an unusual firearm for which spare parts, especially springs, are nonexistent. Or, maybe itâ ™s an interesting antique that you got a deal on at the last gun show or at a farm auction and would like to shoot if only the mainspring(s) werenâ™t broken. Dozens of phone calls get you nowhere. Your usual reliable sources for parts have never heard of the thing and have no idea where to direct you. At this point desperation sets in. Doubling or tripling the price will deter all but the most determined customers. But we all know there is always at least one person out there that wants his one of a kind blunderbuss made to work again no matter what the cost. Their reasons are usually tied to a strong sentimental attachment to the thing. ✠My (grandfather, great uncle, wifeâ™s sisterâ™s niece...
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...Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion University of Phoenix Susie Hughes HCS 245 August 29, 2011 Mr. Carmon Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion In Dallas of this year, a football coach with a heart condition from a heat stroke. He was practicing with his team in heat that was more than 100 degrees. Two days later, two South Georgia football players, died from heat exhaustion, both were 16 years of age. For the past two months, the country has been under the threat of hot and humid temperatures. Heat advisors in most countries across the United States, are broadcast publicly to ensure that people are taking serious precautions during the months of extreme humid temperatures. In this essay, the writer will discuss: (1) definition and short history of heat strokes and heat exhaustion conditions, (2) the symptoms and the signs of each illness, (3) how is heat strokes/heat exhaustion acquired, (4) the diagnosis and treatments, (5) alternative treatments, and (6) the statistics. Definition and Short History of Heat Strokes and heat exhaustion Heat stokes and heat exhaustion are heat-related illnesses. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (2011) states that, “historically from 1979-2003, excessive heat exposure caused 8,015 deaths in the United Stated, which 300 deaths were accounted for during 2001.” Heat exhaustion, is an insignificant nature of heat-related illnesses, and occurs when a person is working, children are...
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...Straighten a bobby pin and determine the number of bends to break it in two. Record this on the data chart. Repeat this two more times. ANNEALING: 1. Heat a bobby pin to red hot by holding it over the flame with the tongs. It must remain red hot for thirty seconds. Then gradually lift it straight up until it is about a foot out of the flame. Let the sample cool gradually in the air for about three minutes. This process of strong heating and slow cooling is called annealing. 2. After it has cooled, bend it back and forth until it breaks and record the number of bends that it takes to break the metal. 3. Repeat this for two more times. QUENCHING 1. Take a piece of bobby pin and heat it to redness. When it is red hot, immediately place it in a beaker of water. This process of strong heating and quick cooling is called quenching. 2. Bend the pin and record the number of bends needed to break the pin. 3. Repeat this two more times. TEMPERING 1. Heat a pin to red hot and keep it in the flame for another thirty seconds. Then place it in a beaker of water. Reheat the pin until it glows with a dull redness and remove it gradually from the flame as you did in the annealing process. This process of strong heating, quick cooling, strong heating and then slow cooling is called...
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...Intro to Physical Science Assignment # 2 Johnnie Currie JR. November 8, 2011 Strayer University 1. How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? Theory for ideal gases makes the following assumptions the gas consists of very small particles, all no zero mass. The number of molecules is large such that statistical treatment can be applied. These molecules are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with the walls of the container. 2. What is heat? Heat is energy that is transferred from one body, region or thermodynamic system to another due to thermal contact or thermal radiation when the systems are at different temperatures. 3. What is temperature? Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses those common notions of hot and cold. Object of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher temperature are referred to as warm or hot. 4. What is the relationship between heat and temperature? The relationship between heat and temperature is heat is a form of energy that exists on its own that is manifested of the total energy moving from one substance to another. Temperature is a material property it is a measurement of the average kinetic energy of molecules vibrating in a substance. 5. How are they different? The difference is heat is a thermal energy transferred from one object to another because of a temperature difference, and temperature is a relative measure...
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...ferrite stabilizer? a. V b. Mn c. Mo d. Cr Ans b 4.Which one of the following sets of constituents is expected in equilibrium cooling of a hyper-eutectoid steel from austenitic state? a. Cementite and pearlite b. Ferrite and pearlie c. Ferrite and bainite d. Martensite and cementite. Ans a 5.Heat treatment that requires heating a part below A1 temperature, i.e. between 550°C and 650° is called as a. Homogenizing annealing b. Normalizing c. Process annealing d. Full annealing ans c 6.Which of the following statement is wrong? a. The spheroidising process is usually applied to high carbon tool steels which are difficult to machine b. none of the above c. In spheroidising process, the cementite in the granular form is produced in the structure of steel d. The annealing process causes complete recrystallisation in steels which have been severely cold worked and a new grain structure is formed . Ans b 7.A steel is heated at about 875° C where the structure consists of entirely austenite. It is then cooled suddenly at a temperature of about 250° C to 525° C. This process of heat treatment is known as a. Normalizing b. Austempering c. Annealing d. Martempering Ans b 8.A small percentage of Boron is generally added to steel a. To increase wear resistance b. To increase hardenability c. To reduce machinability d. To increase endurance strength Ans b 9.which of the following shifts...
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...guard part, machinery supporting points and power supply joint part as the key point so as to ensure corn flour making machine normal running. Besides, during processing, we should clean corn flour making machine and the working site sundries in time to avoid potential safety hazard. During corn flour making machine operation, there are various sections. Different maize products need to be processed by different processing sections of corn flour making machine. And many maize products need heating treatment in processing, and then we can adopt drying machine. Now let’s analyze corn flour making machine heating methods. 1. Corn flour making machine heating methods adopt high efficiency directed radiation to heat material in the form of electromagnetic infrared wave. The electromagnetic wave which generates from the heat source is repeatedly absorbed, reflected and stimulated by the intermediate absorber and the reflector, then it forms into heat photon beam. The heat photon beam can generate thermal energy in the heated material molecule high speed vibration and rotation. It has realized multilayer synchronization heating from material inner layer to outer...
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...The winter time is harsh for driving, snow and ice collecting on the roads making it dangerous to drive. Researchers are developing new ways to clear roads of snow and ice, without the cost of salt trucks and plows. The IHT (Interseasonal Heat Transfer) system is a road heating treatment that will melt the snow and ice off the road. The IHT is made up of water pipes underneath the road; the summer sun heats the road and pipes warming the water. The warm water is stored in a highly insulated storage tank. The warm water is pumped back into the buried pipes in the winter to melt ice and snow, and keep roads clear. The IHT system would make winter driving safer, the amount of traffic collisions would greatly decrease during the winter. The roads will automatically be ice-free making slide-offs a thing of the past. Traffic will run smoothly, without delays and detours. The public transit systems wouldn’t have to close due to hazardous road conditions. The IHT system will save on energy and fuel costs for cities. Snow plows and salt trucks cost cities a lot of money to keep running. The IHT system will help cities save money on those costs by making plows and salt obsolete. Business too would benefit from the IHT, for not having to close during bad winter weather, never having to lose revenue. Schools would not have to close causing unhappy kids from no snow days. The IHT system can increase road life. The IHT system, keeping the roads clear, will prevent road deterioration...
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...1. Introduction Plasma nitriding (PN) is a common low temperature thermo-chemical surface treatment that is applied to the machine parts and tools made of steels, aluminum alloys and titanium alloys to increase their reliability and performance[1,2]. In this process, a plasma is developed around the workpiece within a chamber by application of a high electric potential between anode (earth-connected chamber wall) and the cathode (the workpiece) in a low pressure N2-H2 atmosphere. N-containing ions and/or radicals are produced within the plasma. Ions accelerate to the cathode where they discharge or dissociate and resulting nitrogen atoms are introduced and diffuse into the surface. Sputtering caused by surface bombardment with ions within...
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...Abstract The researchers’ experiment aimed to determine what material would stay and remain the same with the most heat after being heated and cooled. In this way, one could see how climate in different countries and places are being affected with the materials around them. In this experiment, the materials that were used were water, salt, oil, 2 thermometers, containers, lamp/flashlight and a stopwatch. All these materials were arranged in a way that light from the lamp could be directly reach the 2 containers; this point was where the temperature of each was being recorded with the time allotted. In order to come up with a good result, the temperature was being checked after every five minutes and placed into data. The procedure was done three times for every material for the three trials. After testing, the oil absorbed a lot of heat, the water absorbed a little heat but kept it in while the soil did not absorbed much heat but when after, it was released easily. This experiment was to show how heat was being absorbed and released by different materials around. In this manner, one could associate it with the climate; how the materials surrounding the place can affect the climate and the specific materials that would greatly affect the climate in one place. CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Introduction Climate change is a lasting and significant change in the distribution of weather patterns over a period of time that may be ranging from decades to even millions...
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...What Needs Do We Have for SEEDING MACHINE Industry? Seeding machine is the essential machine in corn processing and other grain processing. What’s the requirement for seeding machine manufacture? As people living standard rise, demand for food quality is becoming higher. Seeding machine is the main equipment for corn processing, which widely used in corn processing industry. With the continuous development of seeding machine, number of seeding machine manufacturers also increase, so, below are some requirements for seeding machine manufacture: The seeding machine plant should be built in the absence of harmful gases, smoke, dust, radioactive substances and other invasive pollution source region. The plant should guarantee good ventilation effect, reasonable design, which can meet the requirements of seeding machine production process, at the same time to ensure the production area separated from the living quarters. When seeding machine manufacturer plan to build the workshop, you should have enough space to ensure the material storage and transportation. Ensure the cleaning of plant and seeding machine, avoid the invasion of the rats, flies and other insects. Besides, Farmers' overall living level improves. Corn products from small scale of SEEDING MACHINE, and cannot meet their requirements for the bad flavor and taste. So many of them give up processing by themselves but going to shop to choose corn products. The grain planting structure is also changing. Farmers...
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...it a state of federal disaster. When this decision is made it is then easier to know which funding to ask for. In an emergency situation a socialist system would be the best to respond. The needs of the people will be met and everyone will get assistance no matter what. With help from the government the departments get the help that they need to take care of natural disasters. They are able to provide the services that are necessary. This system has quotas and this is a benefit to them. When the earthquake hit, it was able to give resources to help rebuild the country. With using this system everyone is treated equally. Non-profit organizations also play a big role in emergency situations. They can go in and provide medical treatment if necessary. They can give blood if needed to injured parties. These organizations can also provide food and water if the situation presents itself. I believe that...
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...the spring packaging, saying that in fitting this spring the muzzle energy may exceed the 12ft.lb legal limit....! So, if this happens with your new spring, you will need to shorten it. Before we look at how to do that, perhaps we should try to understand a little more about the spring material and how it responds to the inevitable application of heat at the shortened end. Spring Steels. There are many different types of material that can be used in spring production. Each material has different compositions and properties. Steel spring material is typically 0.45 – 0.90% Carbon, with additions of Manganese, Silicon, Chromium and Vanadium. In general, the more the alloy content, the larger the diameter of wire or rod can be hardened through the entire section. Because of the small diameter wires used in manufacturing airgun springs, there is no need to add cost by using highly alloyed steel. Typically, small diameter wire coil springs will be made from “Carbon” spring steel, or “Silicon-Manganese” spring steel. The composition of the steel wire (particularly the Carbon content) makes it able to respond to heat treatment. We can make it harder or softer, by a...
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...Household energy consumption is examined in the specific context of home heating expenditures. Analysis of home heat costs across stages of the family life cycle reveals a distinctly different pattern than previously found when total household energy costs were examined. In contrast to the curvilinear pattern where expenditures peak during middle stages of the life cycle, these data show a positive linear relationship where higher costs are associated with elderly consumers. The research focus is expanded to include heat-related conservation behavior as well as expenditures in an effort to better understand implications for policy makers and-marketers. INTRODUCTION According to reports from the Department of Energy, energy consumption in the average home could be slashed by 60% through the use of conservation methods and investment in new products to improve the efficiency of consumption. Toward this end, DOE (1980) survey results show some sort of conservation-related equipment or insulating material was added to 50% of the housing units eligible for Federal energy tax credits in 1977-78. Homeowners in 1980 claimed tax credits on an estimated $4 billion worth of investments in energy saving products primarily related to home heating. Analysts suggest that this investment rate could reach the $30 billion level per year by 1990 (Business Week 1981). As the result of consumer efforts from 1973-1980, DOE estimates that energy consumption per household has been reduced an average...
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...ALTAIR EQUIPMENT CO.,INC. Water Treatment Technologies WARMINSTER, PA. 18974 DEAERATORS Why Deaeration Corrosion of iron or steel in boilers or boilers feed water piping is caused by three fundamental factors: 1. Feedwater temperature 2. Feed water ph value 3. Feedwater oxygen content Temperature and ph value influence the aggressiveness of corrosion. The higher the temperature, and the lower the pH value the increased aggressiveness of the feedwater. The dissolved oxygen content of the feedwater is a large factor in determining the amount of corrosion that will take place. The presence of oxygen, and other non-condensable gases, in the feedwater is a major cause of corrosion in the feedwater piping, boiler, and condensate handling equipment. Deaerator Principles Deaeration is the mechanical removal of dissolved gases from the boiler feedwater. There are three principles that must be met in the design of any deaerator. 1. The incoming feedwater must be heated to the full saturation temperature, corresponding to the steam pressure maintained inside the deaerator . This will lower the solubility of the dissolved gases to zero. 2. The heated feedwater must be mechanically agitated. This is accomplished in a tray deaerator by first spraying the water in a thin film into a steam atmosphere. Creating a thin film reduces the distance the gas bubble has to travel to be released from the water. Next, the water is cascaded over a bank of slotted trays, further...
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