...Research Paper: Review of Related Literature and Methodology I. Introduction Magnetic levitation has fascinated us since it was first introduced in Sci-Fi novels and movies. Moving across distances at high speeds while vertically suspended sounds impossible. But technology has advance to a point in which it is not as farfetched as it seems. Its physics is not impossible and is quite sophisticated. A. Research Question Will Magnetically Levitating vehicles be more efficient in saving energy for transportation services? B. Hypothesis If Magnetic Levitation reduce energy as it moves over a distance in time. Then it is more efficient in energy saving for transportation. C. Objectives of the study The objective is to engineer prototypes of MagLev trains with different systems and comparing it to a control model to determine its convenience and efficiency in saving energy. D. Significance DLSU-STC has proposed a future model of its campus that requires transportation around its vast area. Energy saving transportation would be an asset to the campus' innovative purpose. E. Limitations The use of scale models Life span of models Availability of materials 3. Review of Related Literature A. Introduction With the dramatic increase in population, transportation services using non-renewable energy cannot afford mass transit. New-Generation transportation systems are developing to meet the demand for innovative means of transportation. Magnetic Levitation...
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...TERM PAPER LASER, ACTION, EINSTEIN THEORY OF LASER, TYPES, APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY & MEDICAL FIELD SUBJECT: CURRENT, ELECTRICITY & MODERN PHYSICS SUBJECT CODE: PHY-113 SUBMITTED TO: Dr. AMRITA SAXENA SUBMITTED BY: JAGDEEP SINGH SECTION: C7802 ROLL No.:RC7802A21 REG. No.: 10804440 CONTENTS • • • • • Acknowledgement Introduction Laser action Einstein theory of laser Types of lasers 1. Based on energy level 2. Based on the material used • • • • Applications Recent discoveries Recent applications References ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For the completion of this term paper I would like to acknowledge my respected teacher Dr .AMRITA SAXENA who was always worthily helpful to help me in my queries in different aspects. I would also like acknowledge my friends who helped me a lot in the completion f this and were always there at one call. JAGDEEP SINGH INTRODUCTION The name LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Light is really an electromagnetic wave. Each wave has brightness and color, and vibrates at a certain angle, so-called polarization. This is also true for laser light but it is more parallel than any other light source. Every part of the beam has (almost) the exact same direction and the beam will therefore diverge very little. With a good laser an object at a distance of 1 km (0.6 mile) can be illuminated with a dot about 60 mm (2.3 inches) in radius. As it is so parallel it can also be focused to very small...
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...TERM PAPER LASER, ACTION, EINSTEIN THEORY OF LASER, TYPES, APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY & MEDICAL FIELD SUBJECT: CURRENT, ELECTRICITY & MODERN PHYSICS SUBJECT CODE: PHY-113 SUBMITTED TO: Dr. AMRITA SAXENA SUBMITTED BY: JAGDEEP SINGH SECTION: C7802 ROLL No.:RC7802A21 REG. No.: 10804440 CONTENTS • Acknowledgement • Introduction • Laser action • Einstein theory of laser • Types of lasers 1. Based on energy level 2. Based on the material used • Applications • Recent discoveries • Recent applications • References ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For the completion of this term paper I would like to acknowledge my respected teacher Dr .AMRITA SAXENA who was always worthily helpful to help me in my queries in different aspects. I would also like acknowledge my friends who helped me a lot in the completion f this and were always there at one call. JAGDEEP SINGH INTRODUCTION The name LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Light is really an electromagnetic wave. Each wave has brightness and color, and vibrates at a certain angle, so-called polarization. This is also true for laser light but it is more parallel than any other light source. Every part of the beam has (almost) the exact same direction and the beam will therefore diverge very little. With a good laser an object at a distance of 1 km (0.6 mile) can be illuminated with a dot about 60 mm (2.3 inches) in...
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...understanding. The controversial debate concerning the Big Bang Theory and a Six-Day Creation has been around for centuries. For years, thousands of people, including the “greatest minds in physics,” have pondered the beginning of the universe. Curiosity has led to questions of how the universe began (LaRocco & Rothstein, n.d.). Many scientists believe the earth to have always been in existence (Chown, 2012). Others, however, believe the opposite; they believe in the creation of our universe. Whether one believes in a scientific development of the universe, or in a higher power of creation, there are two sides to every debate. In this paper, each side will be explained, discussed and compared and contrasted. The Big Bang Theory Many people believed at one time that the universe we know today had no beginning or an end. However, through research, the Big Bang Theory proved that the universe was not infinite. The universe has a history and most certainly a beginning (LaRocco & Rothstein, n.d.). According to many scientists, the Big Bang happened about 15 billion years ago. This event was an enormous explosion “filling all of space with all of the particles of the embryonic universe” (LaRocco &Rothstein, n.d.). However, unlike a bomb exploding fragments outward, the explosion of the universe was an explosion within itself (LaRocco & Rothstein, n.d.). “The origin for the Big Bang Theory can be credited to Edwin Hubble” (LaRocco &Rothstein, n.d.). Hubble came to...
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...Types of Chromatography Adsorption Chromatography Adsorption chromatography is probably one of the oldest types of chromatography around. It utilizes a mobile liquid or gaseous phase that is adsorbed onto the surface of a stationary solid phase. The equilibriation between the mobile and stationary phase accounts for the separation of different solutes. Partition Chromatography This form of chromatography is based on a thin film formed on the surface of a solid support by a liquid stationary phase. Solute equilibriates between the mobile phase and the stationary liquid. Ion Exchange Chromatography In this type of chromatography, the use of a resin (the stationary solid phase) is used to covalently attach anions or cations onto it. Solute ions of the opposite charge in the mobile liquid phase are attracted to the resin by electrostatic forces. Molecular Exclusion Chromatography Also known as gel permeation or gel filtration, this type of chromatography lacks an attractive interaction between the stationary phase and solute. The liquid or gaseous phase passes through a porous gel which separates the molecules according to its size. The pores are normally small and exclude the larger solute molecules, but allows smaller molecules to enter the gel, causing them to flow through a larger volume. This causes the larger molecules to pass through the column at a faster rate than the smaller ones. Affinity Chromatography This is the most selective type of chromatography employed...
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...co-director of Wharton’s Mack Center for Technological Innovation, says companies can avoid lackluster growth by better understanding the risks inherent in different levels of innovation and achieving a balance between — using two terms he has coined — BIG I innovation and small i innovation. In his study, Day discusses how executives can properly assess risks and then seek creative ways to reduce risk exposure. Day, a consultant to many Fortune 500 companies, says his research is the outgrowth of years of thinking about the problems that companies face in trying to set and achieve growth targets. Growth — particularly “organic” growth that comes from improving a company’s performance from within rather than relying on acquisitions — is so important that it is at the top of the agendas of some 80% of U.S. chief executive officers, according to Day. “These executives know that the expectation of superior organic growth is the most important driver of enterprise value in capital markets,” Day writes in the paper, titled “Closing the Growth Gap: Balancing BIG I and small iInnovation.” It is also a less expensive way to grow because a firm typically pays a premium to acquire another business. Yet studies have shown that only 29% of managers of major corporations are highly confident they can reach their organic growth targets. A combination of factors can make organic growth hard to sustain. For one thing,...
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...chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often has four other atoms bonded to it.Methane, for example, has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. This concept eventually became known as valency; different elements bond with different numbers of atoms.[45] In 1862, Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, a French geologist, published an early form of periodic table, which he called the telluric helix or screw. He was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements. With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight, de Chancourtois showed that elements with similar properties seemed to occur at regular intervals. His chart included some ions and compounds in addition to elements. His paper also used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a...
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...I. INTRODUCTION A Asbestos gaskets are very effective for the prevention of leakage and are commonly used in pressure vessels and piping systems in many industries. However, asbestos is an extremely dangerous chemical substance, which can cause serious illnesses. In Japan, the production of asbestos and its usage was banned from 2008 [1]. Gasket alternative research challenge was developed after asbestos banned. Most of researcher has been investigated new materials, and several researchers choose to develop a new seal system that optimizing by different design parameter for leakage performance. However, because there is no ideal product that can replace gasket asbestos, different materials are required to be developed for various applications....
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...2001: A Space Odyssey Analysis The purpose of this report is threefold. I will begin by briefly discussing my interpretation of the film, 2001: a Space Odyssey, with a particular focus on the piece of alien technology, the black monolith. I will then discuss the plausibility of the Jupiter landing/living scenes, including the accuracy of how it was portrayed and whether living on Jupiter for a sustained period of time is realistic. Finally, I will wrap up by delving deeper into the black monolith. I will discuss the plausibility of the technology and the initial reaction to the technology from life on Earth. The ending of this film is entirely open to interpretation, ranging from an explanation for Darwinian evolution to strictly religious thoughts of God or gods. Personally, I saw the black monolith as some sort of super-advanced alien technology that served multiple purposes. The first purpose, which was seen in the “Dawn of Man” section of the movie, was to assist in the advancement of an intelligent race. The monolith first appeared to the primates, before some of the early Homo species had arose. Shortly after contact with the monolith, one group of primates began to use a bone as a weapon. With the newly found weapons, one group was able to defend the water hole from another group. This suggests that the monolith had somehow inspired, whether through some sort of telepathic thought transmission or simply through touching it, the apes to begin using tools. The monolith...
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...machine; the machine then emits a jet of helium gas and captures in a minute the amounts of material, thereby instantly identifying its component parts and then compare with those of real ones. Contrary to the notion that counterfeit drugs are simply sugar pills, study shows that many fakes have some level of active ingredients. Cheap and readily available pain reliever paracetamol is one of such ingredients, for example, and might temporarily soothe some symptoms but will not fight the underlying disease. Occasionally researchers find harmful or much unexpected chemicals. Nobody knows how much fraudulent or substandard medicine is sold around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) evaluates that as many as 1 in 4 pharmaceutical drugs sold in the developing world is counterfeit. Half of the medicines that are supposed to treat deadly diseases are fakes that...
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...The other detracting aspect stems from her slide where she proclaimed she knew a lot about rhetorical analysis and that that is the focus of her research. As she moved through the texts, she did not make it obvious where she performed specific rhetorical analysis, which would have been accomplished by using terms we would usually hear in debate class like ethos, pathos, or logos, even though it was clear she used those skills. Thus her rhetorical skill was very well integrated into the talk, but the fact she has mastery of rhetoric beyond the typical university professor, which she took a whole slide to emphasize, could be missed if one did not look for it. Invenio rank: lithium (3) Prof. Endres’ choice to relate the broad history and scope of the conversation concerning the use of the Ute...
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...EARTH PERSPECTIVES The biological and geological future of the Earth can be extrapolated based upon the estimated effects of several long-term influences. These include the chemistry at the Earth's surface, the rate of cooling of the planet's interior, the gravitational interactions with other objects in the Solar System, and a steady increase in the Sun's luminosity. An uncertain factor in this extrapolation is the ongoing influence of technology introduced by humans, such as geoengineering, which could cause significant changes to the planet. The current biotic crisis is being caused by technology and the effects may last for up to five million years. In turn, technology may result in the extinction of humanity, leaving the planet to gradually return to a slower evolutionary pace resulting solely from long-term natural processes. Hawking: How Humankind Will Survive the Future Listen, people of Earth: Everything's going to be fine. All we have to do is survive another century or two without self-destructing as a species. Then we'll get off this rock, spread throughout space, and everything will be all right. If this is not your idea of "optimism," then you are not Stephen Hawking. The esteemed physicist garnered headlines, and some eye-rolls, after telling Big Think last week that humanity needs to leave the Earth in the future or face extinction. As The Atlantic noted: He's not knocking climate scientists' attempts to figure things out on Earth-he's just thinking long...
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...popular culture with the highest intelligence. Enrico Fermi (Italy) - Heavily involved in the development of the world's first nuclear reactor and his work in induced radioactivity saw him awarded with the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics. Vitaly Ginzburg (Russia) - One of three recipients of the 2003 Nobel inPhysics for their pioneering work in the theory of superconductors and superfluids. Christiaan Huygens (Netherlands) - Most well known for his wave theory of light, Huygens is credited with discovering the first of Saturn's moons. Werner Israel (Canada) - In 1990 Israel co-pioneered a study on black hole interiors. Ali Javan (Iran) - Born in Tehran, Ali Javan is listed as one of the top 100 living geniuses and co-inventor of the helium-neon laser. Makoto Kobayashi (Japan) - In 2008 Kobayshi shared the Nobel Prize inPhysics for his contribution in the discovery of the origin of broken symmetry. Philipp Lenard (Hungary) - 1905 recipient of Nobel Prize in Physics for his work with Cathode Rays. Felix Maramba (Philippines) - Built a coconut oil fuelled power generator. Holger...
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...Xiayi Liu Silas Beane PHYS 495 March 6, 2018 Graphene and its applications Abstract Graphene is usually deemed as the “miracle material” because of its unique structure and wonderful properties. Since its successful isolation in 2004, graphene has triggered research interest globally because of the possibilities of developing groundbreaking applications based on this miracle material. In this paper, I will give an Introduction Graphene is a relatively new material to us. Although graphene has always existed in the world as a thin layer that forms graphite, it was not successfully isolated until the year 2004 [1] [10]. The Nobel prize laureates Andre K. Geim and Konstantin S. Novoselov successfully separated graphene from graphite in October...
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...Primavera (Allegory of Spring) Botticelli Circa 1482 Background of Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) and his artwork Alessandro de Mariano di Vanni Filipepi, also is known as Sandro Botticelli. He was born in 1445, Florence, Italy and he was one of the Italian painters during Early Renaissance. In 1460, he learned painting from the Renaissance painter, namely as Fra Filippo Lippi. Botticelli was a talented painter and he was able to open a workshop at the age of 15. “Birth of Venus” and “Primavera,” both of that were his earliest artwork. The “Birth of Venus,” is the first mythological painting created by Botticelli and it has display as the Goddess Venus that explains her birth. Moreover, the “Primavera” the largest mythological work and it has a humanistic nature and translating the life-renewing cultural to society. The inspiration of the “La Primavera,” is from the influence of Gothic realism by Botticelli's study of the antique. During the World War Two, “Primavera” was moved to Montegufoni Castle. It was returned to the Uffizi Gallery where it remains to the present day. The painting being restored in 1982 and had darkened with time's cruel passage. Who is the target audience? Primavera, known as “Allegory of Spring,” is the greatest works at the Uffizi Museum in Florence, Italy. The origin of the painting is unclear, but we can detect the Primavera’s target audience by knowing the history of painting. The powerful families such as Medici family gave the funding of...
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