...BMC Neurology (2001) 1:3 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/1/3 BMC Neurology (2001) 1:3 Research article Traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease. Comparison of two retrospective autopsy cohorts with evaluation of ApoE genotype Address: 1L.Boltzmann Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Baumgartner Hoehe 1, B-Bldg., A-1140 Vienna, Austria, 2Department of Neuropathology, University of Munster School of Medicine, Munster, Germany and 3Cognitive Neuropharmacology Unit, H.M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Md, USA E-mail: Kurt A Jellinger* - kurt.jellinger@univie.ac.at; Werner Paulus - werner.paulus@uni-muenster.de; Christian Wrocklage - christian.wrocklage@uni-muenster.de; Irene Litvan - ilitvan@dvhip.org *Corresponding author Kurt A Jellinger*1, Werner Paulus2, Christian Wrocklage2 and Irene Litvan3 Published: 30 July 2001 BMC Neurology 2001, 1:3 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/1/3 Received: 29 June 2001 Accepted: 30 July 2001 © 2001 Jellinger et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. Verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in any medium for any non-commercial purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL. For commercial use, contact info@biomedcentral.com Abstract Background and Purpose: The impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) is still controversial. The aim of our retrospective autopsy study...
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...Protection of Human Life in Law and Public Policy: Research Paper Topic Issue Statement: What are the moral, ethical, and legal implications associated with end of life care for individuals suffering from Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia? Sources: I will use a variety of articles, case law, and relevant statutes and regulations that deal specifically with end-of-life care. Sources I have already located: * Late stage and end-of-life care: Caregiving in the Final Stages of Life * http://www.helpguide.org/elder/alzheimers_disease_dementia_caring_final_stage.htm * A Christian Response to “End-of-Life” Decisions By Bert Thompson, Ph.D and Brad Harrub, Ph.D * http://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=7&article=58 * Decision Making at the end of life: Patients with Alzheimer’s or other dementias * http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/uspace/id/3461 * Ethics Conflicts in Rural Communities: End-of-Life decision-making * Taken from the Handbook for Rural Health Care Ethics: A Practical Guide for Professionals (PDF Download) * The Euthanasia Debate: Understanding the Issues * From the Christian Research Journal * Euthanasia Arguments-Christian Research Institute * http://www.equip.org/articles/euthanasia-arguments/ * Views on Euthanasia * http://www.equip.org/articles/views-on-euthanasia/ * Active and passive euthanasia * http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/euthanasia/overview/activepassive_1...
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...Cierra Myers Comp 1 3-26-14 According to an article titled “Methods Based on Speech Analysis Oriented to Automatic Alzheimer Disease Diagnosis”, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia among elderly people in Western countries and it has a large socioeconomic cost to society which is expected to increase in the near future”. There are a lot of things that people do to try and fight Alzheimer’s and usually they come up short. At this point in time Alzheimer’s is a disease that doesn’t have a cure. There is a lot of research and experiments happening to try and develop something for it. Alzheimer’s is said to be very high costly. Which is true, you have to pay for hospitals, nurses, homes, medicines and everything else eventually adds up. People don’t realize the effect the disease has on not only the person with it but the family as well. Growing up my family was extremely close. Every Sunday all the kids would go to Sunday school and church with my grandfather. While we were at Sunday school my great grandmother was cooking, she would always cook the same thing, breakfast tacos and tamales. Everyone in the family would come over and eat with us. After Sunday school my grandfather would meet all the kids at the church and sit through the service with us. Being a little kid we really didn’t want to sit through church for an hour, so all the kids knew if our parents didn’t show up and it was just grandpa we were leaving church early. When we arrived back...
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...MEMORY Prepared by: XXXXXXXXX (matric no.) XXXXXXXXX (matric no.) Group XXX Prepared for: XXXXXXXXXXXX Date of Submission: July 2011 Introduction Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative brain disease, is the most common cause of dementia. It currently afflicts about 4 million Americans and is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. Furthermore, Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of mental impairment in elderly people and accounts for a large percentage of admissions to assisted living homes, nursing homes, and other long-term care facilities. Psychotic symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations, have been reported in a large proportion of patients with this disease. In fact, it is the presence of these psychotic symptoms can lead to early institutionalization (Bassiony, et al, 2000). Learning about Alzheimer’s disease and realizing that it is much more that just a loss of memory can benefit the families of those with the disorder as well as society as a whole. This paper is to look at the disorder, as well as to discuss the history, symptoms, diagnosis, current researches and hopes of a cure for Alzheimer’s disease. History Around the turn of the century, two kinds of dementia were defined by Emil Kraepin: senile and presenile. The presenile form was described more in detail by Alois Alzheimer as a progressive deterioration of intellect, memory and orientation. As a neuropathologist, Alzheimer studied the case a 51 year-old...
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...Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most frequent causes of dementia (weak-mindedness) at elderly and senile age. Dementia is characterized by the expressed decline of intellectual functions of the person with ability disorders of surrounding conditions and independent actions. The disease is called by the name of A. Alzheimer, who described this form of illness in 1906. In the absence of treatment the disease steadily progresses and leads to the destruction of all mental functions. The etiologies of Alzheimer’s disease are not finally found out. There is a lot of data, testifying to the hereditary nature of the disease. However, there are the cases not caused by the hereditary predisposition, especially at later onset of the disease. Alzheimer’s disease can begin after the age of 50, but more often arises after 70 and especially after 80. Alzheimer’s disease is the disease connected with the destruction of brain cells and leading to a heavy frustration of memory, intelligence, other cognitive functions, and also to serious problems in emotional and behavioral spheres. “Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. It now afflicts nearly 4 million Americans. These numbers are expected to increase dramatically as the U.S. population ages. By the year 2050 approximately 14.5 million people will suffer from Alzheimer’s disease” (Handy: 1998) Alzheimer’s disease is insidious and develops gradually. It affects not old and full of strength people. The first signs of disease...
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...Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most frequent causes of dementia (weak-mindedness) at elderly and senile age. Dementia is characterized by the expressed decline of intellectual functions of the person with ability disorders of surrounding conditions and independent actions. The disease is called by the name of A. Alzheimer, who described this form of illness in 1906. In the absence of treatment the disease steadily progresses and leads to the destruction of all mental functions. The etiologies of Alzheimer’s disease are not finally found out. There is a lot of data, testifying to the hereditary nature of the disease. However, there are the cases not caused by the hereditary predisposition, especially at later onset of the disease. Alzheimer’s disease can begin after the age of 50, but more often arises after 70 and especially after 80. Alzheimer’s disease is the disease connected with the destruction of brain cells and leading to a heavy frustration of memory, intelligence, other cognitive functions, and also to serious problems in emotional and behavioral spheres. “Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. It now afflicts nearly 4 million Americans. These numbers are expected to increase dramatically as the U.S. population ages. By the year 2050 approximately 14.5 million people will suffer from Alzheimer’s disease” (Handy: 1998) Alzheimer’s disease is insidious and develops gradually. It affects not old and full of strength people. The first signs of disease...
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...Alzheimer’s Disease Michael A. Smith HCS/245 May 26, 2014 Dr. Michelle Clemons Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer is a stage of dementia which ability of the brain appears to stop functioning, such as creating memory loss, judgment instability, lack emotions with reasoning and changes in behavior. This is found more common in the elderly population of people. Studies shows apparently some people over sixty-five develops forms of dementia with the increase in later years after eighty-five. The Alzheimer's disease can be found in millions of Americans and more prevalent amongst African-Americans than other races. Describing the disease This type if disease very complex and changing rapidly without much discovery concerning treatments. When the processing of some proteins experiences interference or goes wrong terribly, the development of Alzheimer disease starts to blossom. This activity caused the brain cells with space between them cluttered with toxic protein; resulting loss nerve cells in regions of the brain upon investigation by microscopes for clear venture would reveal it. Such clusters are of two forms: the ones found between cells and those inside nerve cells. The dying nerve cells communicate with neurotransmitter acetylcholine a compound that would break down an enzyme known as acetyl cholinesterase and other studies now suggests having high cholesterol and also blood pressure being too high can be contributing toward Alzheimer disease significantly...
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...There are seven different stages of Alzheimer’s the during stage 1 (No Impairment), Alzheimer’s disease is not detectable and no memory problems or other symptoms of dementia are evident. Stage 2 is (Very Mild Decline), the senior may notice minor memory problems or lose things around the house, although not to the point where the memory loss can easily be distinguished from normal age related memory loss. The person will still do well on memory tests and the disease is unlikely to be detected by physicians or loved ones. Stage 3 (Mild Decline) At this stage, the friends and family members of the senior may begin to notice memory and cognitive problems. Performance on memory and cognitive tests are affected and physicians will be able to detect...
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...Long-term care facilities are defined as a facility that offers rehabilitative, restorative, and ongoing skilled nursing care to patients who are in need of assistance and help with activities of daily living. Long-term care facilities consist of nursing home, rehab facilities, inpatient behavioral health facilities, and long-term chronic care hospitals (Definition of Long-term care facility, 2012). The purpose of this case study was to explain the activities and participation of individuals with Dementia who are residing in long-term care facilities. An exploratory descriptive research study was performed on 329 individuals who were medically diagnosed with Dementia was led in the central area of Portugal. Socio-demographics were gathered...
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...regarding health disparities. After viewing the list on Healthy People 2020, the focus of my research turned to Dementias including Alzheimer’s disease this is indicated as “new” to the list. According to the Healthy People 2020, one goal is to “Reduce the morbidity and costs associated with, and maintain or enhance the quality of life for persons with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease” (Healthy People 2020, 2015). The dementias are a growing concern in our country with the baby boomers quickly approaching retirement age. As a result, there are an increasing number of the population ages 65 and over (Healthy...
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...Alzheimer’s disease was discovered in 1906 by Dr. Alois Alzheimer. Dr. Alzheimer was studying the brain of a woman who had recently died of an illness that was undetermined. He noticed that the tissue of the brain he had been studying had changed over time. The symptoms of this disease at the time was memory loss, unpredictable actions, and language problems (Alz.org). Alzheimer’s disease is a disease that consists of plaques and tangles grown on the brain, this causes memory loss. Alzheimer’s disease can’t be cured as of right now, but research is being done that could possibly stop or decrease plaques and tangles from growing on the brain. This disease is known to affect many people, mostly over the age of 60 but some cases result in anywhere...
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...Alzheimer’s disease: Causes & Symptoms Alzheimer's disease is the most common reason of dementia. Dementia describes memory loss and complications with thinking, problem solving. These occur mainly due to damage of brain cells by certain diseases, which includes Alzheimer's disease. It slowly ends a person’s ability to learn, make judgements, communication and regular activities. Initially, proteins build up in the brain to form structures known as plaques and tangles, which leads to the loss of connections between nerve cells, and ultimately to the death of nerve cells and loss of brain tissue. People suffering from Alzheimer's have a shortage of chemicals in their brain. These chemical messengers help to transmit signals around the brain....
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...The Devastation of Dementia: Pathophysiology and Case Study Introduction Relatively little is known about dementia, a disease which affects over 35 million people worldwide (Norton, et al., 2012). Early signs and symptoms may be confused with the “normal” aging process. Those with the disease often try to cover up their mental decline in the early stages, making early diagnosis even more difficult. Educating the medical community and the general population about the signs, symptoms and causes of dementia is an important step in seeking out a cure for this fatal disease. Dementia is a general term for a syndrome that is progressive in nature and is marked by deterioration in cognitive function that is greater than what would normally be expected. There are many types of dementia, the most common of which is Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s Disease accounts for over 60% of the cases of dementia. Vascular Dementia is the second most common form. Others include Lewy Body Dementia, Parkinsonian Dementia, and Frontotemporal Dementia. There is no cure for any type of dementia, although there are treatments that help lessen the symptoms. Dementia is a progressive disorder and always results in death, either from complications such as falls" or pneumonia or the dementia itself. The number of people with dementia worldwide is expected to reach over 115 million by the year 2050. The current cost of treating dementia is over 1.5 times that of all cancers combined (Hurd...
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...is growing rapidly, afflicting 10% or more of people aged 65 or older and almost half of those over age 85. Alzheimer's is slightly more prevalent in woman than men. (3) Aging greatly increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's. Alzheimer's is usually seen in those over age 65, a rare and threatening type of Alzheimer's can occur in younger people in their 40s and 50s. This type is usually a result of family history or traumatic brain injuries experienced earlier in life. Aging in normally associated with the decline in the abilities to remember people, places, names and objects. It is necessary for a doctor to determine a proper diagnosis of the disease. Despite Alzheimer's disease being responsible for an overwhelming majority of dementia cases, there are still more than 60 other disease that are known to cause Alzheimer's-like symptoms, which why AD can be so difficult to diagnose. There is not a widely used specific test used...
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...Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common diseases for people over the age of 65. It can affect any age, any gender, any background, or socioeconomic status. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, there are 5.4 million Americans who live with this disease and the number for people over the age of 65 will rise to 7.7 million in the 2030. A new medicine that researchers are studying is ANAVEX 2-73, that may treat Alzheimer’s through disease modification versus only treating the symptoms. In this paper I will discuss other methods scientists are researching for the diagnosing and treatment of Alzheimer’s. According to medical news today, Anavex Life Sciences Corporation has been testing a new neuroprotective, anti-amnesic, anti-depressive and anti-convulsive compounds. ANAVEX 2-73 and ANAVEX 1-41 are being studied for their anti-amnesic and neuroprotective effects, the company claims that these compounds could be compared to donepezil, which is the leading Alzheimer’s disease medication. Researchers are excited about the potential of this possible new Alzheimer’s medication. A clinical trial has been started in which volunteers between the ages of 18 and 55. The volunteers will be given one dose of oral ANAVEX 2-73 to determine the maximum tolerated single dose, safety, and pharmacokinetics with the objective is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of this potential new Alzheimer’s medication. The existing anti-seizure drug, levetiracetam, which improves memory...
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