...thyroid gland, located next to the Adam’s apple, to produce the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) that are essential to the body’s function. Hypothyroidism has been designated the silent disease that affects metabolism, weight, body temperature, breathing, and heart rate. Hypothyroidism is one of the most common diseases believed to affect millions of people around the world that is unpreventable, but regulated by medication, therefore it is imperative to understand some of the causes of hypothyroidism, the symptoms and untreated complications behind the disease, medical diagnosis, and treatments...
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...Foundations of Psychology Paper Geni Mayes PSY300 10/11/2013 Ashley Dolecki Foundations of Psychology Paper The five major schools of thought in psychology are psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanistic psychology, Gestalt psychology, and cognitive psychology. However, there are many sub-categories to each of these basic schools each of them deals with all aspects from biological to environmental. The main different schools of psychology that vary both in attitude and in methods of working are these that consist of the Freudian, Jungian and Adlerian schools as well as Gestalts, behaviorist, and cognitive schools. Behaviorism is the term and school of thought from B. F. Skinner, who mainly focused on observable behavior. . His goal was of relating behavior to experimental conditions. Skinner had several theories in regard to operant conditioning. Skinner believed that learning is a function of overt behavior and changes in an individual’s behavior is a result of events that occur in the individual’s environment (Morris & Maisto, 2010). Psychoanalysis was invented by Sigmund Freud, who believed that the human mind was composed of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego. This school of thought emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Psychoanalysis delves into the innermost parts of the mind and reveals the causes of individual thoughts and behaviors. Freud researched repression, immorality of the subconscious, memory, par amnesia...
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...Foundations of Psychology Paper Geni Mayes PSY300 10/11/2013 Ashley Dolecki Foundations of Psychology Paper The five major schools of thought in psychology are psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanistic psychology, Gestalt psychology, and cognitive psychology. However, there are many sub-categories to each of these basic schools each of them deals with all aspects from biological to environmental. The main different schools of psychology that vary both in attitude and in methods of working are these that consist of the Freudian, Jungian and Adlerian schools as well as Gestalts, behaviorist, and cognitive schools. Behaviorism is the term and school of thought from B. F. Skinner, who mainly focused on observable behavior. . His goal was of relating behavior to experimental conditions. Skinner had several theories in regard to operant conditioning. Skinner believed that learning is a function of overt behavior and changes in an individual’s behavior is a result of events that occur in the individual’s environment (Morris & Maisto, 2010). Psychoanalysis was invented by Sigmund Freud, who believed that the human mind was composed of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego. This school of thought emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Psychoanalysis delves into the innermost parts of the mind and reveals the causes of individual thoughts and behaviors. Freud researched repression, immorality of the subconscious, memory, par amnesia...
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...Born Gay Introduction The question as to whether one is born gay or chooses to become so has been a point of debate for a very long time. The present media sources assume that the query is a solved scientific problem with the indication going towards a biological reasoning possibly genetic for a homosexual alignment (Schumm, 2010). Opposing to this idea, the query has been studied poorly, though there are some indications on all sides of the question. Additionally, several studies which were highly flaunted by the media as evidence for the genetic basis for homosexuality have been challenged by the current thorough studies (Diamond, 2006). This proof is considered to fall under five critical categories. These include: * Possible hormone influences * Brain structure * Real genetic studies (GWAS) * Concordance of genomic markers in relations * Concordance of homosexuality in twins Until recently, sexual orientation used to be referred to as sexual preference. Definitely, these two terms represent significant variations in the way in which sexuality matures. A likelihood or preference is a choice of something due to taste while orientation is something that generally defines us (Schumm, 2010). The variations are practically necessary with respect to how legal rules apply to those gay individuals. In case homosexuality is not preferred, but actually is a genetically determined trait over which individuals have no option to, then legal rules should not look...
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...Lifespan and Personality Development: Middle Childhood Taylor Nail PSY/103 February 02, 2015 Michael Phillips Lifespan and Personality Development: Middle Childhood What kinds of things can affect an individual from the age of 6 to 12 years? There are many things that can affect a person of this age group (middle childhood). During the middle childhood, Social and Moral Development describes that “children either develop a sense of their own competence at a variety of tasks, especially schoolwork, or they come to believe they are not capable of success (n.d.)”. Even though this age group can determine their own success and their own identity, there are factors that can affect these individuals’ physical, cognitive and social, moral, and personality development. There are many things that can affect the physical development in young children during their middle childhood, including environmental influences. With all of the research going on these days, it all loops back around to one issue these children face in the environment; obesity. For example, more and more children are spending more time watching television, and while watching the television they are snacking or having more meal time causing them to increase in weight, ultimately affecting their physical development. This problem increases as the children grow older. “Children’s TV time and home environment factors were assessed longitudinally among 169 families with children followed from 6 to 12 years of age...
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...Hormones, Behavior, and Gender Identity Psy 340 Hormones, Behavior, and Gender Identity Often enough, parents of an unburned child are eagerly excited to find out the sex of the couple’s child to enable planning such as a fitted name, nursery décor, and every extra-curricular and career aspirations. It is from that point forward nature and nurture work together hand in hand to create the child into society’s ideal male or female. Different changes occur, such as biologically, psychologically, and emotionally, depending of the gender of the baby; however, social situations and upbringing will not only be exposed according to the sex, but also the individual child. Certain times, the gender and the sex of an individual do not coordinate with one another. This uncertainty has caused and is currently causing misunderstandings to numerous psychologists, neuroscientists and parents. The origin of the development of gender begins at conception, and the point creates a separation between the male and female gender roles. This paper will discuss interactions between hormones and behaviors, as well as, how the interactions affect the determination of gender identity. Biological psychology takes into consideration the gender from different perspectives of the functions coming from different sexual organs and the underlying physiology (Wickens, 2005). Biological and environmental factor will also be explored, as well as, the influence of nature versus nurture in an individual’s...
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...Prenatal Development Name: Institution Affiliation: Introduction Prenatal development alludes to an arrangement of development stages that starts from the fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell to the onset of conception procedure. It starts with the development of the zygote to the development of the baby. It includes three noteworthy stages to be specific, germinal stage, the fetal stage and embryonic stage. The developmental stages occur part of the way in the fallopian tube and the uterus. It typically takes a period of nine months in person yet changes starting with one types of creature then onto the next. The pre-implantation period, in the middle of fertilization together with implantation of the conceptus in the uterine divider, takes a normal of 7 days. The embryonic period is the real period of organogenesis, enduring around two months from conception. Amid the fetal period, enduring until around 38 weeks after conception, development, practical development, and further separation of tissues happen. Body There are a few standards of prenatal development which fundamentally controls the entire procedure. These standards are as per the following. Development happens in the head to toe course otherwise called cephalocaudal. That is the head creates first before the toes consequently the head and parts of the furthest point are constantly more created than the lower appendage at any specific time amid development. The essential...
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...Heredity and Hormones BEH/225 April 12, 2011 Heredity and Hormones Human behavior can be affected by many things. Human behavior though is more influenced by hormones than heredity. Genes do not directly cause behavior. Genes do affect the development and operation of the nervous system and the endocrine system which influence the likelihood of certain behavior (Morris & Maisto, 2002). Nature vs. Nurture means that scientists think that people behave as they do according to genetic predispositions (nature). Other scientists believe that people behave or think a certain way because they were taught to be that way (nurture). Scientists believe that DNA plays a part in human behaviors, and this debate continues (Powell, 2010). The endocrine system is made up of endocrine glands that produce hormones. Hormones are also involved in regulating the emotional life. Hormones organize the nervous system and body tissues plus they have a dramatic effect on mood (Morris & Maisto, 2002). The endocrine glands are located throughout the body. Thyroid gland is located just below the voice box and it produces Thyroxin, which regulates the body’s metabolism rate. Too much or too little can affect how a person feels and behaves. The thyroid contains four tiny organs that control the calcium and phosphate within the body and can influence levels of excitability (Morris & Maisto, 2002). Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland. Melatonin regulates the sleep-wake...
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...Personality Overview PSY/405 Theories of Personality What is Personality? Personality is what makes people behave in a certain way, think a certain way, and feel a certain way. It basically sums up who we are as an individual. "Although no single definition is acceptable to all personality theorists, we can say that personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior." (Feist and Feist, 2009, p. 4) There is so much more to personality than just emotions and thoughts; we also have theories of personality. First there is Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development, and then there is Carl Jung’s Jungian Theory of Personality. There are so many personality theories that can describe a person’s personality, and they are all taken into effect to determine what one’s personality truly is. Assumptions The Jungian Theory describes the explanation and structure of the actual human psyche. Jung divided the human psyche into three parts and they are as follows; ego, personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious (Boeree, 1997, 2006). The Jungian Theory is one of the most complicated theories because it offers a lot of information, and some of the information that is provided is very hard to understand. Carl Jung described the human consciousness by its preference of general attitude, and that would be extraverted (E) and...
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...Endocrinologists basically deal with thyroid and growth issues. One of my first appointments was an MRI scan to check if my pituitary gland was functioning properly and a hand x-ray to check bone growth. My pituitary gland was normal but my bones were four years behind, so other options were explored. I had to get blood work done every time I went to check for different syndromes or deficiencies. My doctor, Dr. Mulinda, told us his ultimate goal was to get me on human growth hormone. After a year of trying to come up with an answer, Dr. Mulinda ran out of things to test for. In order to get human growth hormone, the insurance company had to help but they demanded a diagnosis. Dr. Mulinda wrote letters, called the company many times, and continued testing me in case something came up. Dr.Mulinda decided to contact a company named Pfizer and ask for their help. Finally, Pfizer gave me six months of growth hormone so they could prove to the insurance that it would help...
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...Graves' Disease The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease. This is an autoimmune disorder that attacks the thyroid gland and triggers the release of high levels of thyroid hormones. One of the hallmarks of Graves' disease is a visible and uncomfortable swelling behind the eyes. Graves' Disease Graves' disease, which is caused by a generalized overactivity of the thyroid gland, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. In this condition, the thyroid gland usually is renegade, which means it has lost the ability to respond to the normal control by the pituitary gland via TSH. Graves' disease is hereditary and is up to five times more common among women than men. The triggers for Graves' disease include stress, smoking, radiation to the neck, medications, and infectious organisms such as viruses. Graves' disease can be diagnosed by a nuclear medicine thyroid scan and blood test. Graves' disease may be associated with eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy) and skin lesions (dermopathy). First described by Sir Robert Graves in the early 19th century, Graves' disease is one of the most common of all thyroid problems. It is also the leading cause of hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive hormones. Understanding Graves' Disease Once the disorder has been correctly diagnosed, it is quite easy to treat. In some cases, Graves' disease goes into remission or disappears completely after several months or years. Left untreated,...
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...of vertebrates. It is both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, as well as an exocrine gland, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine. These enzymes help in the further breakdown of the carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Digestion is the process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb. 1. The mouth. 2. The pharynx, which in humans, leads to both the trachea and the esophagus. While food is being swallowed, the epiglottis blocks the trachea. 3. The esophagus, which is the tube from the pharynx to the stomach. 4. The stomach is a J-shaped, expandable sack, normally on the left side of the upper abdomen. 5. The small intestine, which has a length of about 6 m. 6. The large intestine or colon. 7. The rectum . As well as digestive system, there is endocrine system, and the pancreas is a part of this system; with purpose and a role in hormone production. Endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism and sexual development and function. * Endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism and sexual development and function. * Pancreas: is a glandular organ that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones. Physiology or Function- Pancreas is one of the organs in the body that...
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...Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP) is a genetic disorder that affects the thyroid and shares the same common symptoms as Pseudohypoparathyroidism. It is a genetic mutation that ends in the loss of function of the Gs-alpha isoform of the GNAS gene on the paternal allele. Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a sex linked disorder that resembles Hypoparathyroidism but it does not respond to treatment along with the parathyroid hormone. Although there are treatments that can maintain it, there is nothing that can completely cure it. It is not life threatening, but it can mildly affect people and their bodies, especially if they have severe ectopic ossification. The signs and symptoms include intellectual disability, cataract, cognitive impairment, depressed...
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...Hashimoto’s Disease Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the production of hormones that are produced in thyroid gland. The thyroid is responsible for making the hormones called T3 and T4. These hormones are needed so that your body knows how to use energy. When a person has this autoimmune disease, their immune system has sent out the wrong information to the body. The body then produces antibodies that attack the thyroid. This can cause long term damage to the thyroid causing the thyroid to stop or to slow down production of the hormones that are needed in the body. “An underactive thyroid causes every function of the body to slow down, such as heart rate, brain function, and the rate your body turns food into energy. Hashimoto’s disease is the most common cause of an underactive thyroid.” (Women’s Health.gov). The symptoms of this disease are very lengthy. The most common symptoms that have been reported are: fatigue, exhaustion, depression, difficulty remembering, and sensitivity to cold, weight gain, hair loss, thin hair, joint pain, tendinitis, swelling or edema, infertility, raspy or hoarse voice, allergies, chronic infections and nodules or tumors on the thyroid gland. (Shomon, 82) There are many, many symptoms that often go undiagnosed and are treated as a separate illnesses or malady. This disease is often termed as invisible because the person can appear perfectly healthy from the outside although they may be suffering from many symptoms that...
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