...evaluate the effectiveness of the transnational policing of this crime. This essay focuses on money laundering and argues the effectiveness of the transnational policing of this crime; money laundering is one of the world’s most prevailing organised crimes. This essay firstly defines policing from contrasting viewpoints of different philosophers as well as identifying modes of the police. I will explore the modes of policing and various definitions of policing; this essay considers definitions and approaches to policing through a transnational concept with influences from prominent figures within the ideology of transnational policing. The conventional process of money laundering is clarified together with implications of the how this global crime effects other crimes as well as society as a whole. Aided with two case studies I give examples of how money laundering takes place; taking into hindsight the effectiveness of the policing of money laundering. This essay also addresses the connection between money laundering and the risk society theory whilst also taking into consideration the contrasting views of domestic police modes and transnational police modes. Through addressing ways in which money laundering is combated through global organisations such as Interpol, I critically address significant notions of the policing of money laundering. Policing is typically understood as a method of crime control; however the term policing has different definitions. Bittner (1970) suggests...
Words: 3023 - Pages: 13
...Criminal Justice Practices: Past, Present, and Future Evaluation Paper In today’s society the world relies heavily on policing within their community’ citizens around the world want to feel safe, some as they walk the streets during the day and others while they sleep in their beds at night. Once upon a time citizens felt a great deal safer than they do today. People were not afraid to leave their homes and take strolls through the neighborhood at night, whenever they felt like walking to get some fresh air, thanks to the police. The policing throughout the city and in the neighborhood s made citizens feel safe, people were not afraid to leave their homes and sit outside on their front porches. However, as time began to change the world, policing changed as well. In this paper this author will evaluate the past, present and future trends in the interface between components of the criminal justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society which involves policing in the United States of America. Sometimes it’s better to let the things in the past, stay in the past but not when it comes to policing, back in the late 1800s and early 1900s police made people feel safe within their community. Police officers would walk the streets patrolling the neighborhood, standing on street corners talking to the neighbors in the community and actually getting to...
Words: 1442 - Pages: 6
...Annette Davis Inside Public and Private Policing CJA 500 Survey of Administration & Justice Dr. John Baiamonte, Jr. November 1, 2010 Assignment Write a 1500 to 2000 word paper that compares and contrasts the roles, responsibilities, and differences of public and private policing. Cite at least two scholarly works (articles or books) or government documents. However, your textbook cannot be used as a source. Public policing has been known to have a monopoly on policing until the increased trend of private policing in the United States. Private policing, while emerging as a new industry, is not a new phenomenon and predates the existence of public police as witnessed today (Wilson 1994). Public and private policing have many similarities, as well as differences and the distinction between public and private police are often blurred. Private police look and behave like public police and describing their function often involves a comparison of the activities and responsibilities of the two. Despite the differences, public and private police tend to mirror each other to a certain extent (Nalla & Newman, 1990). The increase of private policing has been in response to many changes in society such as the increase of "mass private property" (Shearing and Stenning, 1983) in the form of large shopping complexes, cinemas, large retail stores and large compound style housing estates or gated communities. These require constant surveillance for the safety of shoppers and residents...
Words: 8202 - Pages: 33
...charged with offences as they have been caught doing so. However, the same crimes are probably being committed by other subcultures within society, but as both the media and police do not focus on them, they are not being seen. There are many flaws with official statistics and therefore their reliability. For example, there are sections of crime that are not dealt with by the police; the management as opposed to involving an outside force, for example, may deal with crimes within a company. Also, not all crimes would be recorded or reported by the police, for example it has been shown that police are willing to let middle class youths ‘get away’ with more as they believe that they will grow out of such behaviour and become high achieving...
Words: 1432 - Pages: 6
...and Safety Issues of Police Officers in Canada, the United States and Europe: A Review Essay © Jennifer R. L. Parsons June, 2004 2 Introduction Police officers play a pivotal role in North American and European societies. They are involved in many aspects of North American and European life. Officers’ involvement ranges from general, daily, proactive patrol activities to specific criminal activities such as narcotic investigations. Because there is such a wide range of activities involved in police work, there are many health and safety issues surrounding policing as an occupation. Police officers may be exposed to different health and safety risks in their occupation. For example, police officers are at risk of assault and homicide; the dynamics of policing as an occupation creates opportunities for them to experience many psychosocial hazards such as stress, suicide, sexual harassment, and discrimination. It is important that research be completed on the health and safety issues of police officers in order to identify hazards and identify ways to reduce risk. The failure to identify and solve health and safety concerns of officers has potentially serious consequences for the health and well being of officers and their families. These consequences can include depression, divorce, suicide, and disease. Not addressing the health and safety issues associated with policing may also impact the general public. For example, if an officer is stressed or fatigued he/she...
Words: 19151 - Pages: 77
...criminality. ,one prominent argument advocates that the cause of the unrest was the moral decay of ‘a feral underclass’ (Scrambler; Grover 2011) However, many of such explanations tend to be mostly speculative and they often fail to provide a consistent account of the causes of the riots based on solid evidence (the LSE/theguardian, 2011, Solomos, 2011). Against this background this essay attempts to disentangle the motives of the London 2011 riots, by focusing on the relations of causality between factors and events that led to the burst of the unrest. It argues that urban social inequalities as well as uneven processes of exclusion and inclusion of a marginalised class are the main factor underlying the disturbances. Yet this essay claims that these riots need also to be analysed in the very specific context in which they have arisen: the financial crisis, a society which is becoming increasingly consumerist in its orientation, the disputable role of the police, loss of faith in the political class and hopelessness towards the future amongst the urban youth. In the first part this essay analyses inequality indicators and trends embracing the multidimensional nature of social inequality (Bradley, 1996)....
Words: 3372 - Pages: 14
...decides to go beyond New York’s surface success and find the causes in these decreases. Through his analysis of the New York’s constant decline in Zimring says: “We now know that life-threatening crime is not an incurable urban disease in the United States.” He takes the stance that improved policing strategies and systems explain New York’s constant decreasing in various area’s of crime. Dr. Zimring will further assert his stance through finding the causes of the decline and explain what else can be learned though criminological theories and crime control policy. As previously According to Zimring, New York’s decrease in serious crime is unprecedented among America’s biggest cities. In the 1990s the entire country experienced the largest documented crime decline of the twentieth century, in which the typical big city experienced approximately 35 to 40% reductions in felonies. But in most urban areas the downward trend ended around the year 2000. In contrast, Zimring notes that New York’s decline has so far lasted twice as long, and the average felony rate drop has been twice as large. The city’s felony rates have plunged by an average of about 80%, and they have continued to stay at that low level or to decrease even further in the post-2000 period. Before proceeding further, it should be noted that criminologists John Eterno and Eli Silverman have raised troubling questions about possible data manipulation within the New York City Police Department...
Words: 2027 - Pages: 9
...of the existence, exploitation and reproduction of capitalism. Marxists explain how superstructures in society, such as religion, politics, media, education, law etc, act as agencies of control and serve the interests of the ruling class. Unlike functionalists, Marxists do not agree that there is a value consensus in society but instead state that the superstructures benefit the bourgeoisie and damage the lives of the proletariat. As Item A states, crime in society can be seen as a reaction against the unequal distribution of wealth through the social position they have been given. The essay will focus on the relationship between crime and social class in a Marxist perspective. The traditional Marxist approach to crime suggests that crime is inevitable because capitalism is criminogenic – crime is built in its very nature. The concept of capitalism is to create as much profit by paying low wages to the labourers which leads to many consequences. The exploitation rises poverty and material deprivation which means that crime may be the only option for working class members to survive. Utilitarian crimes are more likely to be committed by working class members than the ruling class because the materials they require many not be achievable in a legitimate way. David Gordan (1976) argues that capitalism encourages criminal behaviour in all societies because of the goal is represents. Capitalism is best described as a system of ultimate greed and ruthless competition no matter what...
Words: 1384 - Pages: 6
...are still too high (Saminsky, 2010 p.1). Juvenile Blueprint Programs aim at promoting the emotional wellbeing, behavior, physical health and education of the youth. There are a variety of blueprint programs for child delinquency some are involved in reforming the delinquent after the crime has taken place and others before. The most effective juvenile blueprint programs are those that prevent the occurrence of child delinquency (Saminsky, 2010 p.2). The following essay talks about the Prevention and early intervention for young offenders. Early intervention to potential juvenile offenders prevents the onset of criminal behaviors as an adult, prevents young lives from being wasted and minimizes the burden of crime on the people of society. Prosecution and reform programs for juvenile offenders cost the taxpayers a lot of money (Saminsky, 2010 p.1). Community based intervention program. Children at Risk (CAR) intervention program which changed its name to Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse Striving Together to Achieving Rewarding Tomorrows (CASASTART) is a community based intervention program (Siegel & Welsh, 2011 p.462). The program was established to assist children with a high risk of delinquency, behavioral problems, substance abuse and gang involvement. The program was administered to children in poor neighborhoods with high crime rates. The measures used include after school activities, family training, case management, mentoring, and community policing, tutoring and...
Words: 1040 - Pages: 5
...By TUAGIRA Mike From RWANDA BURGLARY I. Introduction Nowadays, serious property crimes are among types of crimes that most people of various societies fear. Burglary is then one of the serious property crimes and it was defined differently by different scholars. In this essay, burglary will be discussed in its details by looking its historical background, its patterns and trends, characteristics of offender, victim and offence. Indeed, there will be analysis of its constitutive elements, reaction and response of the society to it, policing strategies in preventing and investigating burglary as well as challenges in its prosecution. II. Historical perspective II. 1. Background and definitions Historically, an offence to be qualified as burglary required entry into any structure even if the occupant is not therein at that time of entry. Traditionally, to be qualified as burglary, an offence must have occurred at nighttime when natural light was insufficient to identify a face (Hall and Clark, 2002). Finally burglary required the intention of perpetrator to commit a felony when entering the other’s dwelling even if the perpetrator did not commit or attempt to commit crime inside the structure. Today, many states recognize that there is a burglary when there is entry into any construction suitable for occupancy such as residential or commercial houses, car and others, while for the first degree burglary requires entering dwelling. Burglary in its modern appearance requires...
Words: 3800 - Pages: 16
...Crime and Deviance exam questions Crime questions – Qu. 1 & 2 – both worth 21 marks.You should spend 30 minutes on each question and each should have a traditional essay structure (include an introduction and a conclusion, at least two sides of the argument, two or more theories, relevant studies and as much evaluation as you can cram in!). You also need to show ‘conceptual confidence’ – this just means that you should make it clear to the examiner that you know and understand the important concepts, e.g. anomie, relative deprivation.Make sure you make reference to the item – both essay questions will have their own item. You can often use the information in the item as a springboard into the essay in the introduction. However, you will be penalised for ‘overuse of the item’, so don’t just copy it out. You can use short quotes or statistics from the item though. | Question: | What to include: | Assess the view that ethnic differences in crime rates are the result of the ways in which the criminal justice system operates. | This question is essentially about the presence (or not) of institutional racism in the police, courts and penal system. You will need to compare the importance of this as opposed to explanations that argue that ethnic minorities do commit more crime - either as a result of relative deprivation (left realism) or poor upbringing, absent fathers, etc (new right). * Try to include some stats, reference to patterns of offending, stop and search...
Words: 3404 - Pages: 14
...Inequality and the Sociological Impacts In modern society inequality is an inescapable fact of life; certain social groups are better positioned than others to take advantage of the opportunities, wealth and power of a society. When Australian society is examined it becomes obvious that indigenous people as a social group are faced with a decided disadvantage when it comes to opportunities, wealth and power. This essay intends to focus on the over-representation of indigenous people in the criminal justice system from a sociological viewpoint. This over-representation becomes sociologically significant when it is seen as an expression of inequality meaning that wider social issues are at play that effect indigenous people specifically. The two major reasons or drivers of this over-representation stem from this inequality; the first is an element of institutional discrimination found in both the courts and the police services in Australia which tend to target indigenous people disproportionately with the facilitation of legislation and practices which indigenous people have little to no involvement in formulating. The second is a set of cultural and social norms that exist amongst indigenous people which clash with the norms of the dominant white culture who are responsible for the laws and regulations that all groups in society are meant to abide by. Furthermore social conflict theories on crime such as those formulated by Turk and Sellin provide a rich theoretical support...
Words: 2420 - Pages: 10
...fact but in assumptions based on race and social class. Marijuana prohibition came about in a similar manner. Harry Anslinger, the creator and director of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, was not necessarily a racist man himself; however, he recognized and fed on the American publics racism to advance his puritanical convictions about the evils of drugs. Just as the Chinese were wanted out of California, citizens of southern border states near Mexico were very prejudiced against Hispanics. Anslinger was a master of sensationalist propaganda and never let the truth get in the way of his goals for a “drug free America,” so in 1937, he published an article titled “Marihuana, Assassin of Youth.” Targeted primarily at Hispanics and blacks, the essay was filled with racial allegations such as that “there are 100,000 total marijuana smokers in the U.S., and most are Negroes, Hispanics, Filipinos and entertainers… How many murders, suicides, robberies, criminal assaults, holdups, burglaries and deeds of maniacal insanity it causes each year, especially among the young, can only be conjectured” (Anslinger, 1937). What made this type of fear mongering even more outrageous was that it was not only fed to the general public but also to congress as the primary source of information in the hearings that led to the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937. Even the use of the word “Marijuana” was a tactical decision by Anslinger to portray the drug as something foreign and something to be feared. At the time...
Words: 2010 - Pages: 9
...Labelling theory and its theorists focus on the groups and/or individuals who were deemed to be criminal and labelled thus by society. Labelling theorists studied the various interactions between the ‘criminal' groups and individuals and the conformist society. Labeling theory was quite popular in the 1960s and early 1970s, but then fell into decline—partly as a result of the mixed results of empirical research. This essay will go on to show the origins of labelling theory, the theory itself and will show its strengths and weaknesses using various case-studies and examples. Tannenbaum (1938) is widely regarded as the first labelling theorist. His main concept was the ‘dramatization of evil'. He stated that if a person is described as being a criminal then he automatically becomes one. Erwin Lamert (1951) founded the “societal Reaction” theory. This theory is widely credited to be the forerunner of the present day labelling theory. His theory basically states that a person experiences social deviance in two phases. The first phase is known as the Primary deviance phase. The second is known as the Secondary deviance phase. According to Lemert, the primary deviance phase begins with a criminal act. He or she is then labelled criminal but has yet to accept the label. The main point of view is whether he or she has accepted the criminal label. If the person views themselves as a criminal then the secondary deviant phase has begun. The object of whether a person views himself or...
Words: 2626 - Pages: 11
...Necessity knows no law. Bần cùng sinh đạo tặc. In December 2008, just a few months after the U.S. financial system imploded, New York City was hit by a flurry of bank robberies. On the Monday before New Year’s, four banks were attacked in an hour-and-a-half; one daytime raid took place just steps from the Lincoln Center in downtown Manhattan. The week before, San Diego had seen four bank holdups in a single day. Criminologists wondered if the holiday spree was the first sign of a looming crime wave in recession-battered America. Take an uptick in poverty and economic misery, toss in budget cuts to police departments across the country, and that should be a blueprint for chaos—right? Except, as it turns out, the exact opposite occurred. According to FBI statistics, crime rates went down across the board in 2009. Way down. Murder, rape, robbery, assault, auto theft—plummeted, one and all. Then, this week, the FBI released preliminary data for the first six months of 2010, and again the same pattern emerged. Violent crimes and property crimes alike have been falling in every region of the country. What gives? Have experts just completely misunderstood what causes people to commit crimes? There's certainly no shortage of theories for why crime rates have gone down over the past two years. The simplest is that crime just isn’t closely related to economic conditions. Consider, after all, the two big crime epidemics in the twentieth century—the first took root in the late 1960s...
Words: 10363 - Pages: 42
