...of major transport projects over the next 30 years. These projects require additional funding of $10-$15 billion dollars. The existing funding sources are already committed therefore alternative source of funding needs to be found. Council has come up with various options which can fund this future transport projects. This essay will examine three major options tolls, rates and taxes on the basis of equity and efficiency. Tolling new and existing roads is one of the options which can fund the transport projects in Auckland. In terms of equity dilemmas faced by the policy makers, under the current legislation, an existing un-tolled alternative road must be available. Therefore, it will be essential to only toll roads (existing or new) which have an alternative free route available. Hence the driver will have a choice to use the tolled road alternative free route. Therefore, toll will be only paid by those who are willing to pay to use the road; others can use the alternative free route. Available options will not impose burden on the drivers to pay. But it will be important to consider that the toll roads may be less used compared to the free route available which may lead to less collection of tax. According to Cr Brewer, “It is going to get very expensive to live in Auckland by adding tolls to road.” At the same time, toll will be a regressive tax as people using the roads can be a higher income earner and lower income earner and both will pay the same toll...
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...standards for quality of living. (Chambers, 2005) Some benefits of government funding is that is can provide services for low income or no income individuals. All indivudals that work must pay taxes no matter what the income. The ones that have a low income or no income can receive most of these services. These services include; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Medicaid, Disability Services, and Child Welfare are a few on the list. The collection of the tax money funds these programs to help others in need. The drawback from government funding is the taxes that are paid out from the individuals. There are tax rates. Some of them are different tax rates are called; regressive, neutral, or progressive. Social Security is a exampl e of regressive. Resgressive tax system taxes those who earn the least at higher rates. Flat rate taxes everyone at the same rate regardless of income. This rate is in the health insurance, Medicare, Federal and State excise, and State and local tax. Flat rate is a a fair rate, because all indivudals have to pay the same amount no matter what their income is. Progressive taxes those who earn the most at higher rates. This involves federal estate tax, most state tax, and state indiviudal income tan. Works Cited Chambers, D. E. (2005). Social policy and social programs: A mthod ofr the practical public policy analyst (4th ed.). In D. E. Chambers, Social policy and social...
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...enactment of the ACA, there were approximately more than thirty million Americans without health insurance (Sparer, 2011). This legislation allows the federal government to have more control over private health insurance sectors and strives to ensure the health care of all Americans at the national level . The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on North Carolina’s Uninsured Population As of 2011, if you were a North Carolina resident, poor, homeless, unemployed and without child, you were eligible for Medicaid (Milestead, 2013 ). The ACA was implemented to help these citizens. As of June 2012, the Supreme Court ruled the ACA’s implementation could be determined by each state. NC is one the states that refused Medicaid expansion funding and refused to implement many of the Affordable Care Act’s policies. As of 2013, this state had approximately, three-hundred nineteen thousand people below the national poverty level. Unfortunately, this still leaves many of their residents without health insurance. It is...
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...HIGHER EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN From State control to State supervision Wasim Anwar Masther thesis for the Master of Philosophy degree in Comparative and International Education, Institute for Educational Research UNIVERSITETET I OSLO 31st October 2007 Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Carl. J. Hatteland for his continuous support for the completion of the thesis. Secondly, thanks to the faculty of Educational Research and all teachers for inspiration to choose research in the field of higher education. Thirdly, support of my parents and wife without which I would have been not able to complete this thesis. Oslo, October 2007 Wasim Anwar 2 Abstract. Higher Education forms part of every society. This study focuses on the higher education in Pakistan. It presents development of higher education in Pakistan in which the government has played a major rule for forty years. The higher education system in Pakistan for the majority of the years has remained under the state control; government has played a major role in policy making and implementation. This dependence has given growth to a higher education dependent on the government funds. With an increase in the student numbers, diversification of higher education and with the entrance of private sector has changed the scenario. The increase in number of private higher educational institutions with government finances shrinking, has given rise to a lot of challenges for...
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...Texas Courts and Legislation: Effects on Educational Funding Dalina A. Cavazos ED 7822 The Funding of Educational Institutions 510 West 8th Street San Juan, Texas 78589 Telephone: 956-460-9094 Email: dcavazos1@capellauniversity.edu Dr. Lee Monroe Texas Courts and Legislation: Effects on Educational Funding State to state the rules of educational funding is based on their state statutes. Funds must be distributed among the districts with in their state. “Basically, there are three different degrees of state participation possible for financing and operating public schools” (Brimley, Verstegen, & Garfield, 2012): state operation, state support, and foundation program approach or district power equalization. Billion of state and federal dollars are overseen by the Texas Education Agency. “Funds come from multiple sources, including state and federal coffers, grant organizations, the Permanent School Fund endowment, and others” (Texas Education Agency, 2007-2012, Intro section). In Texas under the education code, Title II is for public education has the rules for the superintended of the district to divide and present the budget for the fiscal year by July 1 or September (Cornell University Law School, 2001, Sec. 44.0011). However, the budgets and regulations are constantly changing because of bills that proposed and laws that pass. The Texas Education Legislation Status states that “more than 100 education-related bills were passed during the regular...
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...Not everyone disagrees that there should be free tuition colleges. The reason is because there has been an increase in the number of students that are entering college and more people who would want to go back to college. There is “a report published last year by the Institute for Research on Higher Education, [Director of the Institute Joni E.]Finney found that freshman enrollment across Tennessee’s public institutions increased by more than 10 percent in the first year of its program”() There is also Germany that incorporated free tuition years ago and it stated that there is a number “increase of student’s population going to college”. Also, Tuition free college would be free for students and that they would not be in debt from loans that...
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...1/31/14 College Performance-Based Funding Ohio is taking an aggressive approach to reshape the higher education funding system. The current system in place bases college funding on the amount of students attending the college. The new system Governor Kasich is trying to put in place would have funding be completely reliant on the colleges graduation rate, or “performance”. The system has been up for debate for years. This performance-based system has been attempted before inside the United States with minimal success. There is about a 350 million dollar budget that needs to be dispersed fairly throughout the state, and Governor Kasich strongly believes that funding based on performance provides enough incentives for colleges and students to strive for success. Kasich devised a committee of the higher education leaders of Ohio. The governor appointed E. Gordon Gee, former president of Ohio Sate University, to lead the charge to redesign the college funding system in Ohio. Roderick J. McDavis, the president of Ohio University, completely supports the new system in his article “Higher Education Funding: Getting the Complete Picture”. The title contradicts the article itself because McDavis gives far from “the complete picture”. The performance-based system put in place by Ohio representatives needs some adjusting before there could be any level of success. The performance-based system was designed so it would help acquire funding for all schools and McDavis explains...
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...Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 11(2), 2009 639 THE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE ECONOMIC CRISIS Rodica Gherghina 1 Florin Văduva 2 Mirela Anca Postole 3 ABSTRACT: The need to reduce public spending in the developin g process and funding of public services has led to the introduction of performance indicators in the public institutions. Moreover, the need to optimize the educational activity, the implementation of an efficient management, insuring the quality and the compatibility of the e ducational systems has led to numerous investigations in this area by adopting, as a theor etical reference framework some organizational models to explain the functionality of the educatio nal system and to define a performance appraisal system. Each model generated by default a certain p hilosophy regarding the evaluation methods of the institutional performance, design and use of th e performance indicators on education institutions . Key words: economic crisis, performance, indicators , education JEL codes: I21, H52 Introduction Changes in higher education in Romania, just as thr oughout Europe and elsewhere, were as many and radical as they were continuous. Since the early 1990s, the first private universities were established in Romania and the number of public uni versities, of the faculties or of the new curriculum...
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...Current Business Research Project Paper The research that is covered in this paper is that of the establishment of nursing education research. The title of the paper is “Methodological Quality and Scientific Impact of Quantitative Nursing Education research Over 18 Months”. The purpose of this article is to determine effectiveness of educational funding for the further education of nursing students. Business Problems under Investigation The problem that is under investigation is that of if there is a lack of funding in the research aspect of educating of nurses in schools of higher learning. “Today, nursing education research falls short of where it could be” (Yucha, C. B., Schneider, B. S. T., Kowalski, S., Stowers, E., & Smyer, T., 2011, p. 362). Another aspect of the problem is that there is very little information that has be scientifically researched over the years. Data Collection Methods The data collection method that has been used in the writing of this particular article is that of the literature survey. “Literature survey is the documentation of a comprehensive review of the published and unpublished work from secondary sources of data in the areas of specific interest to the researcher” (Sekaran, 2003, p. 63). In this case the literature used was articles over a period of 35 years covering different characteristics of research that was done by many research groups. Researchers Conclusion The researchers came to the conclusion that it will take more in detailed...
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...Speech Brandon Ferrell 0 inShare Wordpress + Follow Music Education Research Paper by Brandonjferrell on Apr 18, 2012 292 views More… No comments yet Subscribe to commentsPost Comment Music Education Research Paper — Document Transcript 1. Ferrell 1Brandon FerrellMrs. TilleryAP Literature15 November 2011 Music Education “Music is the universal language of mankind.” Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’srevelation about the universality of music applies even today in the education system ofAmerica. Over the last several years, funding for music education and even fine arts programs ingeneral has been decreasing among public school systems, on the basis that more money shouldbe spent teaching students academically applicable subjects in order to pass standardized tests.However, in a study by Amy Graziano, 237 second-grade children involved with both pianokeyboard training and innovative math software scored27% higher on proportional math andfractions...
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...for any of these programs. The guidelines also vary from state to state. Millions of Americans use this program. Medicare is used by persons who are 65 and over, disabled, and have end stage renal disease. Medicaid is designed to help the poor, children, and pregnant women who are uninsured, underinsured, or cannot afford health insurance. The three methods for categorizing health insurance in the United States are according to the typical combination of products, by the type of organization sponsoring the coverage, and by the funding mechanisms. Principal insurance vehicles that provide benefits associated with ill health are (1) basic employee benefits, (2) disability insurance, short and long term, and (3) workers; compensation. Employers pay wholly or partially for each category of insurance. The second method is sponsored by the commercial health insurance providers, Blue Cross and Blue Shield, or HMOs. The final method is the funding...
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...Financing and Structuring Health Care Strayer University HSA 500 Health Services Organization Mr. David Tataw July 24, 2011 1. Identify and describe the three main types of health insurances in the U. S. The three main types of health insurance in the United States are the commercial health Insurance, Blue Cross and Blue Shield, and Health Maintenance Organization (HMO). The commercial Health Insurance is typically offered by agents or brokers. These insurance carriers’ objective is to make a profit. The commercial health companies are owned by their policyholders or stockholders. Commercial Health insurance is classified by their renewal provision and the benefits it offers to the insured. The coverage includes medical expenses and disability income, which could be long or short term needs. The category of commercial health Insurance companies offer insurance on other property such as home, auto, business etc. (Williams, & Torrens, 2010). Companies that offer a portfolio of services from insurance coverage to pension plan and other financial services are consider multiline carriers (Williams, & Torrens, 2010). Within the commercial health industries, there are companies that are considered single-line carriers that offer health insurance and related employee benefits only (Williams, & Torrens, 2010). Blue Cross and Blue Shield were closely affiliated with the American Hospital Association; their initial focus was on insuring hospitals...
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...Financial Management Analysis and Trends: For-Profit Schools 06/13/2012 ED 7837 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction……………………………………………..………………………………………..……………………………………..3 Abstract………..…………………………………………..…………….………………………………………………………………..3 Where the money comes from: Revenue sources……………………………..….……..……………………………5 Pricing and discounting practices within institutions..…………………………...………………………………….6 Where the money goes: Standard expense categories……………………….….……..…………………………7 What is tuition discounting…………………………………………………………………...………………………………...8 Tuition discounting is attractive to higher education institutions..……………………………….………….9 Negative consequences to tuition discounting………………………………….……………..……………….…..10 For-Profit and Distance Learning Schools.……….……………………………….…………………………………...12 Trends in revenue and funding………………………………………………………….…...……………………….…….11 Gainful employment.……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….13 Solutions……………….…………………………………………………………………………..……….………………………….14 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………….……….…………………………15 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16 Introduction The most important investment that someone will make in life is education. It sets the foundation for one’s professional life and career. Education needs to be accessible to everyone who chooses to pursue it. This means that education should be accessible both in a classroom, online, digital, for both non-traditional and traditional students. Having...
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...CHAPTER TWELVE FUNDING HIGHER EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: CRUCIAL ISSUES A. O. O. OGUNTOYE,Pk.D Introduction Education is the fastest growing social sector of the Nigerian economy, at least, in quantitative terms. Education grew slowly but steadily during the colonial era but there was a dramatic leap forward in enrolment in the 1970s after the windfall from an oil wealth that came in form of sale of oil, oil royalties and taxes on oil. Both the wealth and the expansion in enrolment were unprecedented 'in the annals of the country. The boom, which lasted for a few years, because of its nature and the kind of people that managed it, spelt doom for education. This chapter briefly examines past trends in enrolments and educational financing with a view to assessing present predicaments and future possibilities. There has been a monolithic supplier of funds to education - the government. This source, which is now over-burdened and overwhelmed, cries out for relief, which cannot come in easy because it involves hard political choices with attendant costs, moreso, because it is easier to destroy by a stroke of the pen in the 1970s when the fever of school take-over and free education spread like wild-fires. Demand and Supply of Education in Nigeria The demand and supply of education follow a linear relationship that keeps on expanding in response to the average growth in population of more than 2.5% annually. Nigerians having tasted education become insatiable, moreso, because of the profound...
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...Education FROM: , Analyst of Sate Higher Education RE: Higher Education Funding for State Universities. Date: November 7, 2014 I. Introduction Higher education is crucial to economic prosperity; it serves as the essential final step for students advancing through our state education system. The skills of a state workforce have grown progressively more important over the last three decades, with increasing educational completion correlated strongly with higher wages. Additionally, a recent study from Georgetown University revealed that approximately 62 percent of jobs will require some form of college education by the year 2018 compared to the mere 28 percent in 1973.1 Nevertheless, regardless of the evidence that college and higher education are essential to our future, Massachusetts has eliminated hundreds of millions of dollars from public higher education funds in recent years. When state support for the university and community college systems is reduced the students in those universities are forced to pay higher tuition and fees. With increasing costs, the amount of money a student must take out in loans also rises. Public higher education funding has suffered numerous dramatic cuts over the past decade. State spending on higher education, including funding for the UMass system, Community Colleges as well as State Universities has declined 31 percent from 2001 to 2013. Although state spending has decreased, the funding needs of these institutions have not...
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