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Himalaya

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Dies war ein Einblick in das Himalayischem Hochgebirge
Gemäss der Plattentektonik, verschiebt sich der Himalaya jährlich um ein bis zwei Zentimeter. Zwei kontinentale Platten drifteten die vergangenen 70 Millionen Jahre aufeinander zu, die indische Platte und die eurasiatische Platte. Als sie schließlich vor ca. 40 Millionen Jahren kollidierten, wurde so das höchste und mächtigste Gebirge der Welt, der Himalaya herausgehoben.
-Subduktionszone, Eine Kruste taucht unter die Andere. Das bewirkte das Entstehen von Himalaya.
Fossilienfunde in Tibet zeigen, dass die Entstehung des Himalayas auch große Auswirkungen auf das Klima hatte. Lag Tibet früher viel näher am Äquator, ist es heute eine aride Trockenzone im Wetterschatten des Gebirges. Der Himalaya hebt sich immer noch um ca. 1 bis 2 cm pro Jahr, außerdem konnten neueste Messungen eine Bewegung nach Nordosten feststellen.
Das Klima im Himalaya ist auf der Erde einzigartig. Das Himalayagebirge fungiert allein aufgrund seiner großen Höhe als Klimascheide zwischen dem Subkontinent Indien und der Hochplatte Tibets. Die kalten Nordwinde kommen nicht über das Gebirge. Im Süden davon bleibt es daher für den Breitengrad unverhältnismäßig warm. Umgekehrt gelangen die feucht-schwülen Monsunwinde nicht über den Himalaya nach Norden. Hinter dem Himalayagebirge ist es daher ausgesprochen trocken. Hier sind deshalb auch die bekannten ausgedehnten Wüsten Gobi und Taklamakan zu finden, die zu den trockensten Gebieten der Erde zählen.
Die Südseite des Himalayas ist also geografisch und klimatisch völlig anders als die Nordseite. Während sich an den Südhängen Monsunregen und Steigungsregen abregnen und dort für Feuchtigkeit und Vegetation sorgen, bleibt das Klima im Norden des Gebirges trocken und kalt.
Eine der ersten Studien zur Entwicklung der Eisdicke an vierzig Gletschern im westlichen Himalaya anhand von Satellitenbildern kam zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich die Eisströme kontinuierlich zurückziehen. Die meisten gehen um zehn bis 20 Meter pro Jahr zurück, einige sogar um bis zu 70 Meter (3). Doch auch Gletscher, die sich nicht zurückziehen, können an Masse verlieren und dünner werden. Satellitendaten liefern Hinweise darauf, dass die Eismenge im Himalaya schneller schwindet als in den Alpen, den Anden und der Arktis. Zehn der größten asiatischen Flüsse (Ganges, Mekong, Indus, Brahmaputra, Jangtse, Hwangho, Irrawaddy, Salween, Tarim und Amu Darya) entspringen im Himalaya und werden in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß auch aus Schmelzwasser der Himalaya-Gletscher gespeist. Rund 1,3 Milliarden Menschen leben im Einzugsbereich dieser Flüsse, die durch sieben asiatische Megacities fließen. So versorgt die saisonale Schmelze der Himalaya-Gletscher die Nebenflüsse des Indus, des Ganges und des Brahmaputra mit Schmelzwasser, das bis zu 45 Prozent zur gesamten Wassermenge dieser drei Flüsse beiträgt. Schätzungsweise eine halbe Milliarde Menschen sind vom Wasser allein dieser drei Ströme abhängig.

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