... Describe the processes involved in the development of the human body. Describe congenital malformations and how they come about and the times when drugs can have teratological effect. UNIT I Introduction to Anatomy: Components of Anatomy, Methods for learning Anatomy, Anatomical terminology Introduction to Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, General introduction to tissues of the body, Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue UNIT II Human skeletal system: Types of bone, Histology of bone, Individual bones, Human Anatomy of major joints, Applied anatomy Human Muscular system: Histology of muscle tissue, Organization of different type of muscle, skeletal muscles UNIT III Human Alimentary system: Components and general organization; Gross anatomy, Histology of different components, Applied anatomy Human Respiratory system: Gross anatomy , Histology respiratory passages and lungs, Applied anatomy Human Cardiovascular system: Components and organization, Gross anatomy and Histology of the heart, Arterial system, Venous and lymphatic systems, Major vessels in the limbs, abdomen, head and neck. Applied Anatomy UNIT IV • Human Endocrine system: General feature of endocrine...
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...Describe the following tissue types: Epithelial - Epithelial tissue covers the entire surface of the body. It is made up of cells nearly pressed and extended in one or more layers. This tissue is specific to structure the covering or coating of all inward and outer body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that happens on surfaces on the inside of the body is known as endothelium. Epithelial cells are packed firmly together, with practically no intercellular spaces and just a little measure of intercellular substance. Epithelial tissue is generally divided from the underlying tissue by a meagre sheet of connective tissue; cellar layer. The basement membrane gives structural backing to the epithelium furthermore ties it to neighbouring structures. Epithelial tissue can be divided into two groups depending on the number of layers of which it is creates. Epithelial tissue which is stand out cell thick is known as basic epithelium. On the off chance that it is two or more cells thick, for example, the skin, it is known as stratified epithelium. There are also nerve supplies to the epithelia but they are supplied with oxygen and nutrients from deeper tissues by diffusion. There are three types of epithelial tissue, which include cuboidal, columnar and squamous Simple cuboidal epithelia are a type of epithelium that refers to a single layer of cube-like cells. These cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei. The cells of this sort of tissue can withstand more trauma than basic...
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...Introduction: Vitamin D is critical for embryonic skeletal formation and long bone growth. Without vitamin D, the hypertrophic cell zone will expand because the cartilage fails to calcify leading to rickets. Protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3), also known as ERp60, ERp57, Grp58, and 1,25-MARRS, is a multifunctional protein that has been associated with rapid membrane-initiated signaling by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) in several cell types. Knockdown of PDIA3 in osteoblast-like cell line MC3T3 showed that reduction of PDIA3 expression led to remarkable decrease of PKC activation with 1,25 (OH) 2VitD3 treatment as well as a decrease in expression of several osteogenic genes compared to wild type cells, which indicated the important role of PDIA3 in vitamin D-regulated cartilage and bone development. However, the mechanism involved still remains unclear. The fact motivate us to generate the PDIA3 knockout mice which will serve as a good model to further explore the physiological function of PDIA3 and to understand the mechanism involved in PDIA3-mediated 1,25VitD3 signal pathway. To date, the major problems we are facing during the generation an ERp60 Knockout mice is the lack of a liable genotyping method to distinguish the Knockout mice from the heterozygous mice. No knockout mice available from the previous breeding along with very lower percentage of wild type mice which did not match to the Mendel’s rule of Segregation. Therefore, the object...
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...Circulation) “From Stem Cells to Viable Autologous Semilunar Heart Valve.” Results of heart valve replacement surgery are complicated by the morbidity associated with lifelong anticoagulation of mechanical valves and the limited durability of bioprostheses. This problem may be addressed by providing living, autologous biological structures which do not require anticoagulation, yet retain the capacity to remodel and repair, obviating the need for late valve replacement. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated from ovine bone marrow and characterized by their morphology and antigen expression through immunocytochemistry (using the avidinbiotin-peroxidase method with monoclonal anti-vimentin, anti-α-SMA, and anti-von Willebrand factor primary antibodies), flow cytometry, and capacity to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Adipocytes were stained with oil-red O, and the mineral was stained with silver by the method of von Kossa. A biodegradable scaffold was developed and characterized by its tensile strength and stiffness as a function of time in cell-conditioned medium, and was evaluated by using needle punching. Autologous semilunar heart valves were created in vitro using MSCs and the biodegradable scaffold and were implanted into the pulmonary position of sheep on cardiopulmonary bypass, and were evaluated by echocardiography at implantation and after 4 months in vivo, explanted (at 4 and 8 months), and examined by histology and immunohistochemistry. Ovine MSCs expressed β1...
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...1. Compare the three types of muscle cells and relate this to the arrangement of fibers and anatomy. There are three types of muscle cells the cardiac, the skeletal, and the smooth. The cardiac muscle is the muscle that makes up the wall of the heart. This muscle is involuntary because the contractions are not under our control. The cardiac usually have a single nucleus. The cells are often branched and are tightly connected by specialized junctions, the ends of the cells that connect to another cell is the intercalated disc. Both the cardiac and skeletal muscles are called striated because they have dark and light bands. The Skeletal is also called voluntary because its contractions are under our control. There are many myofibrils...
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...1. Introduction to anatomical sciences Define anatomy: * The study of the structures of the human body. Name its subdisciplines: * Embryology: deals with the formation, early growth, and development of living organisms. * Histology: the study of the microscopic structure of cells and tissues * Gross anatomy: The study of the organs, parts, and structures of a body that can be seen with the naked eye Describe different levels of structural organisation of the human body: * Chemical elements and compounds combine to form * CELLS: basic units of life (cytology: study of the structure and function of the cells) * Group of similar cells and cell products that perform a special function. * TISSUE: e.g. muscle, epithelia tissue (histology) * Two or more different tissues form: organs; e.g. heart, brain * ORGAN: e.g. heart, brain (gross anatomy) * Set of organs with a common function form: * SYSTEMS: e.g. digestive, urinary (gross anatomy) * All systems together * HUMAN BODY (gross anatomy) http://www.livescience.com/37009-human-body.html Name the systems that make the human body: 1. Circulatory system 2. Respiratory system 3. Digestive system 4. Excretory system 5. Nervous system 6. Endocrine system 7. Immune system 8. Integumentary system 9. Skeletal system 10. Muscle system 11. Reproductive system Name the organs...
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...1.1 Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions The four basic human body structures and their functions are as follows: • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Systems Cells Cells have been identified as the simplest unit of living matter that can maintain life. A cell is the simplest and smallest unit of living matter and cells can live independently and can also reproduce themselves. Cells exist in a varity of shapes and sizes including elongated, oval, and square, cells also have many different function. A group of cells is called a tissue and the study of the structure, form of cells and tissue is called histology. Tissues Tissue is a group/organisation of a number of similar cells, not all identical but from the same origin, that carry out a similar function, which also consists of varying amounts and varity of non-living, intercellular substance between them. It is the level between cells and organs. There are four types of tissue: Epithelial – tissue that is widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all the body surfaces and are the main tissue found in glands. Epithelial tissue performs a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, filtration and sensory reception. Connective - tissue that binds structures together, and forms a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole. Connective tissue also acts as a transport system for substances to be carried around the body, and...
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...Chapter.20 Lymphatic System & lymphoid organs and tissues Lymphatic System: returns fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back into the blood 3 Parts: Network of lymphatic vessels Lymph = fluid contained in those vessels Lymph nodes - cleanse the lymph as it passes through them Lymphatic vessels form a one way system in which lymph fluid flows only towards the heart. when fluid pressure is greater then the pressure n the lymphatic capillary it will be drained toward the heart. order questions? how does it flow from the lymphatic capillaries to the heart? or opposite way around. The cistern chill collects lymph from the 2 larger lumbar trunks that drain the lower limbs & form the intestinal trunk that drains the digestive organs. Lymphoid Organs & Tissues: provide the structural basis of the immune system -House phagocytic cells & lymphocytes which play roles in the body defines mechanisms & resistance to disease. Ex- Spleen Lymphatic Capillaries: Weave btwn the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose CT of the body these vessels to be EXTREMELY permeable due to mini-valves. Lymphatic Trunks: drain large areas of the body, named for the regions which they drain lymph Lymphatic Ducts: R Lymphatic Duct -drains lymph from R upper limb & right side of head and thorax 2) Thoracic Duct much larger b/c receives lymph from the rest of the body Lymph Transport: Lymphatic vessels are low-pressure conduits...
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...breathlessness, impaired lung function, difficulty breathing, and progressive lung stiffening. There is only one true way to tell if someone has CWP and that is a chest X-ray and pulmonary function testing to see the lungs. These diagnostic studies found that once CWP was diagnosed it was too late to treat. This was due to no early signs. Instead of treating it there were ways that came to prevent it. Due to it being left untreated causes complications like lung cancer, respiratory and heart failure,...
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...Running head: WHAT THE BRAIN IS ABLE TO DO? Brain Concentration Brittany Mangum Chemistry 2nd period 9-30-12 Abstract It's important to understand the complexity of the human brain. The human brain weighs only three pounds but is estimated to have about 100 billion cells. The brain is divided in half, a right and left hemisphere. The right hemisphere deals more with visual activities and plays a role in putting things together. The left hemisphere tends to be the more analytical part; it analyzes information collected by the right. Within my research paper I will be discussing the ability to concentrate and what part of the brain you use to concentrate. Brain Concentration 1. How does the brain allow us to concentrate? Researchers at the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for the Biology of Memory at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) have discovered a mechanism that the brain uses to filter out distracting thoughts to focus on a single bit of information. Their results are reported in 19 November issue of Nature. ScienceDaily (Nov. 23, 2009) Colgin and her colleagues measured brain waves in rats, in three different parts of the hippocampus, which is a key memory center in the brain. 2. What are some factors known to affect concentration? Not getting enough rest is the biggest factor affecting concentration; if you aren’t well rested your mind will be confused. Avoid this by making sure you get the...
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...1. Describe the four basic human body structure units and their functions The four basic human body structures and their units are as follows – • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Systems Cells A cell is the simplest and smallest unit of the human body. They can live independently and can also reproduce themselves. Cells exist in a variety of shapes and sizes including elongated, oval and square. Cells have many different functions. A group of cells is called a tissue. The study of the structure, and the form of cells and tissues is called histology. Joanne Thomas NC26585 Assignment 1 Page 2 Tissues Tissue is a group/organization of a number of similar cells, not all are identical, but all are from the same origin. They carry out a similar function, of which consists of a varying amount of non-living and intercellular substances. There are four main types of tissues – Epithelial tissue This is widespread throughout the body. They form the covering to all the body surfaces and is the main tissue found in glands. This tissue performs a variety of functions including protection, secretion, absorption, filtration and sensory receptors. Connective tissue This binds structures together and provides a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole. It also acts as a transport system to carry substances around the body, and it also helps to store flat. It helps to...
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...Clinical Notes The Visible Human Project p. 7 Homeostasis and Disease p. 13 An Introduction to Studying the Human Body This textbook will serve as an introduction to the inner workings of your body, providing information about both its structure and its function. Many of the students who use this book are preparing for careers in health-related fields—but regardless of your career choice, you will find the information within these pages relevant to your future. You do, after all, live in a human body! Being human, you most likely have a seemingly insatiable curiosity—and few subjects arouse so much curiosity as our own bodies. The study of anatomy and physiology will provide answers to many questions regarding the functioning of your body in both health and disease. Although we will be focusing on the human body, the principles we will learn apply to other living things as well. Our world contains an enormous diversity of living organisms that vary widely in appearance and lifestyle. One aim of biology—the science of life—is to discover the unity and the patterns that underlie this diversity, and thereby shed light on what we have in common with other living things. Animals can be classified according to their shared characteristics, and birds, fish, and humans are members of a group called the vertebrates, characterized by a segmented vertebral column. The shared characteristics and organizational patterns provide useful clues about how these animals have evolved over time...
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...Close window ------------------------------------------------- Infectious causes of abortion | Infectious factor Common names | Abortion rate | Abortion timing | Recurrence of abortion | Foetal lesions | Samples | Bacterial | Brucella abortusBrucellosisBang’s diseaseZoonosis | Up to 80% of unvaccinated animals infected in 1st or 2nd trimester | 6-9 monthsAbortion or stillbirth 2 wk to 5 mo after infection | Majority abort only once | Placenta: retained, cotyledons necrotic, red-yellow,; area between thickenedCalf: normal or autolytic with bronchopneumonia | placenta, foetus, or uterine dischargeDiagnosis: maternal serology, IFAT for Abs in placenta, bacteria isolation | Campylobacter fetus venerealisVibriosis | >10% | 5-8 months | Uncommon, convalescent cows resistant to infection | Placenta: mild placentitis, hemorrhagic cotyledons and an edematous intercotyledonary area.Foetus: fresh or autolysed; mild fibrinous pleuritis, peritonitis, bronchopneumonia. | Placenta, foetal abomasal contents, vaginal flushingDiagnosis: microscopic detection, isolation | C fetus fetusC jejuni | Sporadic | 4-9 months | Uncommon, convalescent cows resistant to infection | See above | See above | Leptospira interrogans, serovarsgrippotyphosa, pomona,hardjo, canicola,icterohaemorrhagiaeZoonosis | 5-40% | Last trimesterAbortion 2-5 weeks after infection | Immunity to the serotype causing abortion but sensitive to other types | Placenta: diffuse placentitis with avascular, light...
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...Definitions List: Anatomy - the study of the structure of the body parts and their relationship to one another Gross - means macroscopic something you can see with the naked human eye Microscopic – something you can’t see with the naked human eye e.g. to identify different types of bacteria Microscopic Anatomy - *cytology – cell study and functions *histology – study of tissues Different systems - integumentary (skin), musculoskeletal (metabolism and movement), neurophysiology (impulses and synaptic transmissions) Physiology - the study of the body functions; it is the study of biochemical, physical and mechanical functions of living organisms i.e. the study of the body’s cells, organs and systems Design of the human body – Cells - is the smallest living unit in the human body. A cell exchanges material through communication with other cells and organs Specialization - the adaption of an organ or an organism to a specific function or environment Phospholipid - an important membrane lipid whose structure includes both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions Phospholipid Bilayer - is more or less the plasma membrane. It contains phospholipids, steroids, proteins and carbohydrates. It protects, supports and controls exit and entry of materials Mitochondria - an intracellular organelle responsible for generating most of the ATP...
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...Chapter 1 assessment (graded) - Attempt 1 Question 1 Marks: 1 The sum of all the physical and chemical changes in an organism is its Choose one answer. a. Organization b. Metabolism c. Development d. Responsiveness Question 2 Marks: 1 The viscera (or guts) occupy a space known as the ________ body cavity. Choose one answer. a. cranial b. ventral c. dorsal d. orbital e. vertebral Question 3 Marks: 1 A person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. She is in the ________ position. Choose one answer. a. supine b. prone c. anatomical d. dorsal e. caudal Question 4 Marks: 1 The activities of an anatomist consist of ______, whereas those of a physiologist consist of _____. Choose one answer. a. observing body parts; studying functions of body parts b. conducting experiments; making microscopic examinations c. studying chemical molecules; observing forms of the body parts d. sketching; dissecting e. none of the above Question 5 Marks: 1 A collection of cells that work together designates a(n) Choose one answer. a. tissue. b. chemical. c. organ. d. organ system. e. none of the above Question 6 Marks: 1 Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life? Choose one answer. a. responsiveness to external stimuli b. movement c. decay d. reproduction Question 7 Marks: 1 The maintenance of a stable internal environment compatible...
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