...Definition of Postcolonialism Postcolonialism is the study of the legacy of the era of European, and sometimes American, direct global domination, which ended roughly in the mid-20th century, and the residual political, socio-economic, and psychological effects of that colonial history. Postcolonialism examines the manner in which emerging societies grapple with the challenges of self-determination and how they incorporate or reject the Western norms and conventions, such as legal or political systems, left in place after direct administration by colonial powers ended. Ironically, much early postcolonial theory, with its emphasis on overt rejection of imposed Western norms, was tied to Marxist theory, which also originated in Europe. Contemporary studies focus more on the effects of postcolonial globalization and the development of indigenous solutions to local needs. INTRODUCTION (Enote) By definition, postcolonialism is a period of time after colonialism, and postcolonial literature is typically characterized by its opposition to the colonial. However, some critics have argued that any literature that expresses an opposition to colonialism, even if it is produced during a colonial period, may be defined as postcolonial, primarily due to its oppositional nature. Postcolonial literature often focuses on race relations and the effects of racism and usually indicts white and/or colonial societies. Despite a basic consensus on the general themes of postcolonial writing, however...
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...Typology of Colonialism Nancy Shoemaker, October 2015 In the past several years, settler colonial theory has taken over my field, Native American studies. Comparative indigenous histories focused especially on British-descended “settler colonies”—Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States—have proliferated. And settler colonial theory is now dogma. At my last two conference presentations, a fellow panelist was astonished that I didn’t deploy it. My research on native New England whaling history made me more globally comparative, but it also forced a reckoning that many places experienced colonialism without an influx of foreign settlers. As scholars parse settler colonialism into its multiple manifestations, colonialism itself remains undifferentiated. One of settler colonialism’s leading theorists, Lorenzo Veracini, juxtaposes the two completely. “Colonialism and settler colonialism are not merely different, they are in some ways antithetical formations,” he wrote in the 2011 founding issue of the journal Settler Colonial Studies. For Veracini, “colonialism” apparently refers to the late 19th-century European scrambles for Africa and Asia—in popular imagery, plantation colonies where members of a white ruling class dressed in white linen lounge on the edge of a cricket field, sipping cocktails served up by dark-skinned natives. Indeed, most of the literature on colonialism explores the history of the plantation colonies of that era. Instead of casting colonialism and settler...
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...Imperialism There is one particular figure whose name looms large, and whose spectre lingers, in indigenous discussions of encounters with the West: Christopher Columbus. It is not simply that Columbus is identified as the one who started it all, but rather that he has come to represent a huge legacy of suffering and destruction. Columbus ‘names’ that legacy more than any other individual.2 He sets its modern time frame (500 years) and defines the outer limits of that legacy, that is, total destruction.3 But there are other significant figures who symbolize and frame indigenous experiences in other places. In the imperial literature these are the ‘heroes’, the discoverers and adventurers, the ‘fathers’ of colonialism. In the indigenous literature these figures are not so admired; their deeds are definitely not the deeds of wonderful discoverers and conquering heroes. In the South Pacific, for example it is the British explorer James Cook, whose expeditions had a very clear scientific purpose and whose first encounters with indigenous peoples were fastidiously recorded. Hawai’ian academic Haunani Kay Trask’s list of what Cook brought to the Pacific includes: ‘capitalism, Western political ideas (such as predatory individualism) and Christianity. Most destructive of all he brought diseases that ravaged my people until we were but a remnant of what we had been on contact with his pestilent crew.’4 The French are remembered by Tasmanian Aborigine Greg Lehman, ‘not [for] the intellectual...
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...Finally, there is the legacy that all of this African colonialism has created within the continent of Africa. To begin with is the idea of Pan-Africanism, which is the encouragement of solidarity of Africans worldwide, has become a major stamp left on the legacy of Africa. Key historical figures such as Edward Blyden, Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois each used the idea of worldwide African solidarity as the foundation for the creation of immensely influential books and ideas. Blyden became an influential social movement leader though invention of the “African personality.” (Laumann, 65) Garvey and Du Bois became key figures through the Pan-African movement in the early twentieth century. Garvey did so through the creation of the Universal...
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...Stephan Soliman Professor Hebert Johnson AFR-121 3-2-1 Exercise: Black Leadership In The Twenty-First Century-Donald Cunningen 3 Things I Learned: 1. According to the article “Black Leadership In The Twenty-First Century” written by Donald Cunnigen I learned that at the time of the Katrina disaster, New Orleans was a city defined by several decades of black leadership. More precisely, an original black leadership at the highest level derived from various elements of the descendants of an elite “Creole of Color” community that still is a distinct identifiable group within a southern city that has always prided itself on its diversity. Beginning with Ernest “Dutch” Morial, serving 1978-1986, the Crescent City’s black community developed into a powerful political force. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina’s onslaught, blacks were found in all aspects of city government, including the offices of mayor, city council (3 of 7 members), police chief, district attorney, judiciary, and other areas of city government. This leadership was complemented by national political figures such as Representative William Jefferson. The 67percent black population made such political gains a reality. (Black Leadership In The Twenty-First Century, Cunnigen, pg.25) 2. Also, what I learned that was based on this article was that the idea of black leaders, particularly “a” black leader, has been a part of the black American social discourse throughout American history. In 1903, W.E.B. DuBois...
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...1.1 Background of Study Racial discrimination is a socially global issue for all minority ethnic groups around the globe especially in America. It was rooted in a history of colonialism and slavery during the 17th century. Racial discrimination usually was used by the dominant or the mainstream ethnicity group as a 'weapon' to exploiting and discriminating the minority. Racial discrimination was inherited by the idea of race or skin colour differences that blacks were always inferior race to whites; whites also reproached blacks as a morally depraved ethnicity that was born to be slaves, and deserved any kind of subjugation and poverty they get along during their life. The history of racial discrimination in America began when the English colonists settled in Virginia, United States. Most of African Americans that were occupied the colonial area were either descendants of Africans custodies or immigrants. They were forced to leave their homeland and subsequently sold as slaves to farm owners in the Southern states of America. The African American slaves were despotically treated as 'personal investment properties' by their owners, because it was legally governed by the laws of individual states. Racial discrimination worsened during the 19th century as segregation, anti-black violence, and the expressions of white supremacy increased rapidly. Although, practices of slavery were eliminated during the half of 19th century...
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...CHAPTER 3 COLONIAL HISTORY TRACKED Colonialism trumpeted the cultural superiority and rightness of the White. The European empire is said to have held sway over more than eighty-five percent of the rest of the globe by the time of the First World War, having consolidated power and control over several centuries. One of the ways by which colonialism maintained power was by writing its own histories. These histories were conceived within grand narratives of progress, expansion and enlightenment. Inevitably, they both systematically and accidentally recast, ignored and silenced other competing histories from the places and cultures with which they came into contact. Post - colonial studies has consequently set itself the task of examining and challenging those narratives, developing other ways of telling histories, and re – evaluating other ways of remembering. If post- colonial literature means the interrogation of the subaltern to the “center”, no other book is representative of the post-colonial theory and practice as Amitav Ghosh’s The Glass Palace. The novel won the 2001 Frankfurt e – book Award of fifty thousand dollars Grand Prize for Fiction. Abreast of the contemporary academic debates about colonialism and culture, Ghosh is well-equipped in challenging the institutionalized perspectives...
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...either against the continued European cultural and political predominance, while others worked with European powers in order to maintain an economically and politically stable state. As the success of each nation and region of Africa widely varied after their independence, their progress also varied. Unfortunately, some are still struggling to overcome these crucial instabilities preventing them from being at peace within their own state, and internationally. By examining Sudan and the decades leading up to its current political, social, and economic state, this paper will highlight the ways in which colonialism has effectively shaped the state's current context. It will give an overview of the current conflict in the western region of Darfur within Sudan's political instability, civil wars, and crisis of identity. More specifically, it will aim at showing how colonialism left the state of Sudan...
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...NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE:POL 122 COURSE TITLE:INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS COURSE GUIDE POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS Course Writer/Developer Mr. Sikiru Lanre Nurudeen Department of Political Science and Conflict Resolution Al – Hikmah University, Ilorin Kwara State Course Editor Prof. M. Olarotimi Ajayi Faculty of Social Sciences Covenant University Otta Course Coordinator Mr. Abdul-Rahoof A. Bello National Open University of Nigeria ii POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Office No. 5 Dar es Salaam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja Nigeria e-mail: centralinfo@nou.edu.ng URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published by National Open University of Nigeria Printed 2009 ISBN: 978-058-415-3 All Rights Reserved iii POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ………………………………………….…………… 1 Course Aims ……………………………………………………… 1 Course Objectives ………………………………………………... 1 Working through Course……………………………………. This 2 Course Materials………………………………………………….. 2 Study Units………………………………………………………. . 2 Text books and References……………………………………….. 3 Assessment File…………………………………………………… 3 Tutor-Marked Assignment ……………………….. ……………… 4 iv POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS Final Examination Grading…………………………………...
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...Bahawalpur An academic discipline and theory featuring the methods of intellectual discourse that analyze, explain and respond to legacies of colonialism and imperialism, to the human consequences of controlling a country and establishing settlers for economic exploitation of native people and their land. The term postcolonialism addresses itself to historical, political, cultural and textual branches of colonial encounter between West and Non-West dating from 16th century to present day. Postcolonialism is thus a name for a critical theoretical approach in literary and cultural studies but it also designates a politics of transformational resistance to unjust and unequal forms of political and cultural authority which extends back across 20th century and beyond. The two very different traditions of Postcolonial thinking — the theoretical Post-Structuralist and Practical Political are thus linked in so far as some of the key concepts in postcolonialism. Postcolonialism therefore refers to those theories, texts, political strategies that engage in such questioning that aim to challenge structural inequalities and bring about social justice. It is often helpful to view Postcolonialism in comparative framework alongside political practices, with which it shares key objectives and expressions: Feminism. It is possible broadly speaking to trace three main historical and cultural genealogies (families) of contemporary Postcolonial critical practices; there is, first, the shaping force of anti-colonial...
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...COURSE ID :2101COURSE NAME : Development Histories, Theories and PracticesLECTURER :Andrew Fischer | TITLE OF PAPER: Is it Eurocentric view to explain the growth of capitalism solely on factors and conditions in Europe? STUDENT ID: 377170tm The term capitalism has been a center of a heated debate from many scholars in the discourses of politics, economy, law and academia for a long time. There is no straight forward definition of that term. However, in a context of this work, capitalism has four distinctive characteristics (Ellen, Wood: 2002).In the capitalist society, the economy is highly controlled by the market. By large the government is supposed to put no restriction in the markets and it lets an intense competition to drive the economy. The other characteristic of capitalism is that all the goods produced by capitalist are sold for profit. The primary purpose of capitalist society is to maximize profit by any means especially through exploitation of labour. Apart from that in capitalism, labour is considered to be a commodity like any other commodities and it can be sold and purchased in the market. In addition to that, all the means of production such as land, tools, machinery etc belong to the appropriators and not the producers. The producer can only render his expertise and labour power in exchange of the meager wages. Different approaches have been used by scholars to explain the reasons for the rise and growth of capitalism in Europe...
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...The Caribbean’s history is rooted in colonialism. When Christopher Columbus first arrived in the Caribbean it was inhabited by the indigenous people of the region. This eventually led to the other major European players to take up settlement in the region. Eventually, these settlements supplemented by a slave labour force from Africa grew into a large colonised settlement. This became an engrained system and as such many of the remnants of colonization still have a strong grip on how people operate in the region. Ideas of sex, sexuality and sex work which are now prominent in the region was shaped during this time of the historical development of the region. According to Elizabeth Hartney, sex work is the term for engaging in sexual activity for money or otherwise working in the sex industry. Depending on the work, activities might include: physical contact with a paying client, creating or being the subject of sex-related photos or videos, engaging in phone sex, participating in live sex shows. This is short is prostitution. Kamala Kempadoo (1999) gives an invaluable background into the history of Caribbean sex work and how it was influenced by colonial powers. It is stated that “prostitution is inextricably tied to the power and control exerted by European colonizers over black women….” Research showed that slave masters not only had complete control over the labour of their work force but also over the sexual labour of their women. The slave masters exercised their control...
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...Integrative View of Africa’s Chaos Basil Davidson’s The Black Man’s Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation-State denies the assertion that Africa is doomed to endless political and economic turmoil as a consequence of an inherit defect. It proposes instead, that the indigenous political systems, with checks and balances on power, existed long before European came to Africa. Davidson argues that contemporary Africans can draw on their own experience to develop a successful political system appropriate to Africa. Davidson blames many of the political chaos on the rate of change and the separation of political structures from the lives and needs of the population. He identifies the nation-state as a European colonial-legacy that is the cause of many of Africa’s problems. He points out that, even in Europe, it has not always worked well. According to Davidson, for the future of Africa to be bright, there needs to be more participatory political systems that recognize differences through decentralization. Davidson begins his discussion by explaining that historically, the educated African elite who sought self-governance were estranged from their own history. Many of them were "Recaptives" who had been enslaved, liberated by Europe and released in Sierra Leone or Liberia and in an effort to form a government, they adopted a European nation-state model. Alienated from Africa, they become the agents of "Christianity and Constitution." (Davidson, 27) Ironically, the colonizers...
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...PAPER 28 THE HISTORY OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT FROM THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT DAY READING LIST: 2012-13 C. A. Bayly cab1002@cam.ac.uk 1 The History of The Indian Subcontinent From The Late Eighteenth Century To The Present Day A fifth of the world's population lives in the Indian subcontinent. While today the region’s place in the global world order is widely recognised, this is in fact only the most recent chapter in a longer history. This paper offers an understanding of the part played by the Indian subcontinent role and its people in the making of the modern world. From the decline of the great empire of the Mughals and the rise of British hegemony, to the rise of nationalism, the coming of independence and partition, the consolidation of new nation states despite regional wars and conflicts, and the emergence of India as the largest democracy in the world, this paper is a comprehensive and analytical survey of the subcontinent's modern history. The dynamic and complex relationships between changing forms of political power and religious identities, economic transformations, and social and cultural change are studied in the period from 1757 to 2007. In normal circumstances students will be given 6 supervisions in groups of 1 or 2. Key themes and brief overview: The paper begins by examining the rise of British power in the context of economic developments indigenous to southern Asia; it analyses the role played by Indian polities and social groups...
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...have a goal to improve life for visitors and residents of Miami Dade County by showing some of the most progressive visual arts of our time. Exhibition that draw most of my attention was Poetics of Relation that was available from May 29th until October 18th this year. This exhibition was inspired by the writings of philosopher and author Edouard Glisant. This exhibition and Miami share similar histories by its diasporic communities and many migrations that occurred in this area. Poetics of Relation exhibition includes six artists: Hurvin Anderson, Xaviera Simmons, Yto Barrada, Zarina Bhimji, Tony Capellan and my favorite Ledelle Moe. Poetics of Relation represent work of artists who engaged themselves with a historical legacy of trauma triggered by migration and colonialism. This exhibition really touch my hearth since I have personally experience difficulties that migrating from one place to another is bringing to individual or groups. This was mainly the reason why I chosen this specific exhibition. The first touch with Poetics of Relation was Tony Capelan’s Mar Caribe that shows author surroundings in the Dominican Republic where author very successfully expressed themes regarding migration, memory and the human will to survive and to live. Artist collected used and old blue and green flip-flops representing colors of the Caribbean Sea. Author perfectly used color to show distance and depth of Caribbean Sea. This sandals were commonly worn by people who lived in poor condition...
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