...Running Head: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1 Historical Perspective Joyce Lawson Professor Dr. Phillip R. Neely, Jr. PAD 510 Introduction to Public Policy Analysis July 21, 2013 Running Head: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 Historical Perspective Discuss the historical perspective of the time when each policy was discussed or implemented. What was the context of the problem of the day and the urgency for the policy? The Policies Recent American health care and foreign policies were discussed over a span of two different administrations. President Bill Clinton began addressing the gaping problems in the health care system in 1993 and President Barack Obama continued to seek national health solutions in 2009. President G.H. Bush was considered adept at crafting strong foreign policies. George W. Bush experienced the same sentiment until close to the end of his presidency. Historical perspective of the health care policies President Clinton’s health care policy, also known as the Health Security Act was designed by a task force chaired by his wife Hilary Rodham Clinton Health care reform had been a staple of Clinton’s presidential campaign and he fully intended to deliver on his promise with a package palatable to both parties and to the public. On September 22, 1993 he addressed Congress and unveiled...
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...Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Psy/410 October 9, 2012 Toni Heath Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology For a number of years, multiple forms of hysteria or madness have been seen in every society and culture. Vast varieties of theories, and many myths as well as legends, have been developed to help better explain such disorders and conditions. Society’s view on what was considered to be abnormal behavior was often determined on these particular phenomenon’s, as well as paranormal forces, unstable personality, the anger of the gods, hereditary factors, the influence of the moon, and debauchery. Throughout time history has shown that theorists are continually developing a vast amount of theories to help explain psychological issues. These theories typically fall under three basic categories: scientific/medical (biological, imbalances, emotional stressors, or faulty learning processes), humanitarian (cruelty or inadequate living conditions), and mystical/supernatural (possession of spirits), (Frude, 1998). To get a fuller and better understanding many theorist focus these ideas of psychology have had in their field of study, because it is good to know the beginnings or the origins of unusual or abnormal behavior, knowing how these behaviors are treated and noticed, even to known how it evolved into a scientific discipline, is just as important to the history. The concepts of abnormal psychology has been studied for centuries, but what...
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...Historical Perspective Essay NUR 518 Jane Cash Historical Perspective Essay There are many nursing theorist that have influenced the development of nursing research. Nursing Theorist have provided the interrelated frameworks of ideas which focus on nursing practice. Through clinical application and information, nursing science adds relevance to the care of patients in health and disease. Nursing theories provide guidance to researchers and educate nurses (Keefe, 2011) to look at different approaches in caring for their patients. This paper will show how one theorist most influenced the development of nursing research. The 1990's was the decade for research and expanded nursing theory. This period elevated the use of evidence-based and best practices in nursing (George, 2011). Transcultural Nursing was introduced in 1992 by Madeline Leininger. Leininger’s theory says that the goal of nursing care is to” provide care congruent with cultural values, beliefs, and practices’ (Alligood & Tomey, 2010). The cultural and sociocultural factors of each person affects how they take on factors, meanings, and expressions of health and caring systems. This theory has wide applicability in different settings. The interest is focused on nurses becoming culturally competent so they can provide appropriate nursing care to a growing culturally/ethnically diverse patient population. Nursing paradigms show a clear relationship among the existing theoretical works in nursing. Leininger...
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...Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology PSY 410 December 23, 2013 Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Introduction In psychology, there are many branches such as cognitive psychology, behavioral psychology, and developmental psychology, but the most difficult would be abnormal psychology. It is difficult because the word “abnormal” is difficult to define. Defining “abnormal” is difficult because it means an individual is not following what is socially normal, but with different cultures, there is no way to set a normal standard of socially acceptable behavior (University of Texas, n.d.). “Abnormal” can be defined as expressing behavior that is either destructive to themselves, family, friends, or co-workers (University of Texas, n.d.). With this definition, individuals need to be able to understand the origins of abnormal psychology, the challenges in defining and diagnosing normal and abnormal behavior, how it has evolved into methodical discipline today, and the theoretical models that help diagnose and treat irregular behaviors. Ancestries of Abnormal Psychology Historically, abnormal psychology is a reasonably young science of approximately one hundred years, although there have been abundant recognized incidents of emotional disorders (Hansell & Damour, 2008). These incidents found in the Bible, which describes people suffering from illnesses known as depression and schizophrenia in today’s world (Hansell & Damour, 2008). In some cultures...
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...Psychology 101, What Are The Historical Perspectives In Psychology? In this Psychology 101 article, we ask what are the historical perspectives in psychology? Now, this question provokes a thesis on its own, but here we evaluate specific times of extraordinary turning points leading to where we are today. We are all psychologists in our own right. We have the innate ability to draw conclusions by watching the behaviours of others. So, where, whom and what legitimizes psychology as a science and how did we arrive there? It is through history, that we have built and drawn from our own evaluations as a species. So, what is psychology? Psychology Definition As this is a psychology 101 based article, as always, we will start by providing a ‘working definition’ of psychology as a term: ‘Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour of humans and animals.’ Psychologists concentrate on what is observable and measurable in a person’s behaviour. This includes the biological processes in the body, although, the mind is central to the subject. ψ - This is the Greek letter pronounced as 'Sigh' and spelled as 'Psi'. It is now used as the International symbol of Psychology. Psychologists think it is important to be scientific in their study. This is to avoid confused thinking. What Is Psychology? We have covered the centralised theme around psychology with the above definition. But in order to understand the historical perspectives, we need to ask what...
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...Historical Perspective Essay 518 University of Phoenix December 16, 2012 Historical Perspective Essay The theory of adaption model developed over 40 years ago by nursing theorist Castilla Roy, is used in many fields of nursing especially areas of humanities and human science. Nursing theory provides the structural framework necessary for practice, and helps to further nursing knowledge providing an understanding of the scientific process, and the nurse’s role in the health care setting (Colley, 2003). According to Shosha and Kaladeh (2012) Roy’s model provided the nursing profession with a framework to help further model-based research with a methodological soundness not yet known to the profession. This short essay will explain why I believe that Roy’s early model of adaption has contributed to research and nursing development more than other theorists of her time and significantly helped to shaped nursing practice and the profession. Contribution to Research and Nursing Development From a historical perspective Roy’s Adaption Model (RAM) is one of the most useful conceptual frameworks backed by years of research that has guided nursing practice. According to Fawcett (2005) Roy’s model has provided the foundation for the survival of nursing practice and is used globally to further nursing research, practice, and education. RAM has helped to link the concept of the human element of response to stress and adaptation— that is an intricate part of...
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...Europe contains a vast amount of history amongst its landscape and structures. Countless wars have been fought. Revolutions have been made. However, within Europe’s history there are several religious reformations that shaped a majority of modern Europe. These reformations include the Protestant Reformation, the English Reformation, and the Catholic Reformation. The events that lead to these reformations during the 16th century are quite lengthy. During the 14th century, salvation outside of the church was not possible. Thus, religion played a prominent role in the daily lives of people. However, many issues began to rise amongst all things religion. In 1309, internal conflict within the Catholic Church caused for its capital to be moved from Rome to Avignon. This shift of power started a war between France and England that lasted for nearly a century. To add to the turmoil, in 1347 the Black Death took the lives of more than 25 million Europeans within four years. Due to the plague, the church saw that a second pope was needed and established one in Rome. Then again in 1409, a third pope was elected. As three popes were battling for power, ordinary Christians became confused on who to believe. By the time the church resolved its problems, simple teachings of Christ were abandoned, and people saw the need to reform (HistoryTubeTV). Also known as The Reformation, the Protestant Reformation’s main goal was to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church...
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...The article, This Bud May Be for the Belgians, discusses InBev’s buyout of Budweiser. Discuss the value of the brand from a consumer perspective. Some of you may not be beer drinkers, or drink any alcohol, but you are still a part of a culture where beer drinking is an identifiable lifestyle component, so you should be able to provide some perspective. Some things to consider are Budweiser’s targeted blue-collar market segment, its country of origin, and our nationalistic “pride of ownership.” Switch perspectives a bit, and consider how international consumers might value the quintessential American beer. Do you think that coming from the US enhances the value to overseas customers? Why or why not? (Blenkinsop & Geller, 2014) In replying to other classmates, discuss the consumer perspective, thinking about your own exposure to Budweiser’s products and promotions. Include your thoughts on the value of any of the AB brands. Even though I am not a beer drinking but during socializing events majority of my friends and the people I have observed prefer international beer (i.e. Russian, German etc). During the initial stages of the InBev buyout of Budweiser the response was not that great Hence, the AB InBev buyout adopted to understand and address factors hindering Budweiser’s growth in the US as well as build or introduce the brand in other markets helped them achieve strong in-market performance globally. In addition, the brand is now successfully developing a universal...
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...Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Alton Masters Psy/265 – Psychology of Human Sexuality June 7, 2013 Professor Belden This paper is all about the historical and scientific perspectives on homosexuality. In this essay we will be discussing the historical, biological, and psychological perspectives on homosexuality. We will also go over the impact that these perspectives may have had on the way homosexuals perceive themselves. Also included will be an analysis of the experiences of coming out and adjusting as a gay individual. Lastly we will talk about how these historical, biological, and psychological perspectives have impacted mine own sexual orientation and how they have shaped the way I view homosexuality. Historical Perspectives on Homosexuality Homosexuality, be it gay or lesbian, has existed throughout history. There have been many different attitudes towards homosexuality including tolerance in some societies, open encouragement in others, but in most societies this behavior has been condemned. While homosexuality has mostly been condemned, this was not always the case. A couple of examples are the ancient Greece and Rome. In Greece is was common for established males to form sexual relationships with adolescent males at about eh age of the adolescents growing their first beard. “Romans described highly feminine gay men who dressed flamboyantly, had showy hair styles and mannerisms, and cruised certain neighborhoods, searching for partners...
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...Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Melissa Harrison PSY265 June 2, 2013 Dr. Angela Kolter Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality How do I think historical and scientific perspectives on homosexuality may have shaped the way gay individuals perceive themselves? I believe that the way people used to think and still do about gay people are preposterous. What I mean in that statement is that people thought of gay people as criminals. Although in the past homosexual relationships were common based in Roman and Greek cultures, Christianity denounced those sexual associations and made their belief and intentions clear that this behavior were not to continue. The legal system became intertwined with the Christian belief that homosexuality was sinful and would punish inappropriate sex acts as criminal offenses (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005). Historically, the topic of homosexuality within religion has been condemned by Judeo-Christian and Islamic. They find it to be sinful because it is viewed as a form of non-procreative sex. However, homosexuality is widely documented throughout the ages. In antiquated cultures such as the Greeks and the Romans, men frequently engaged in homosexuality relationships. The first historical perspective involving the Western culture was male homosexuality, which was more accepted and less taboo than lesbianism. This was due in part because men were seen as the superior gender whereas...
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...Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Michael Anson Psy 410 Richard Hill February 28, 2013 Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Abnormal psychology, also known as psychopathology, studies different behaviors against what society deems normal. The study of abnormal psychology attempts to answer why some people’s behaviors are unusual, different, or abnormal. For some, abnormal behavior is due to mental illness, childhood trauma, or chemical imbalances in the brain. Because abnormal psychology has no definite boundaries, it is often a controversial field of psychology. It is an ever-changing field for the last 100 years, but several core concepts remain unchanged in abnormal psychology. Evolution of Abnormal Psychology The core concepts of abnormal psychology that caused the field to evolve into a scientific discipline are: the importance of context in defining abnormality; the continuum between normal and abnormal behavior; cultural and historical relativism in classifying abnormality; diagnosis advantages and limitations; principle of multiple causality; and the mind-body connection (Hansell, 2008). Context is important to understand abnormal behavior. An otherwise normal behavior becomes abnormal when the behavior is out of context. For example, sadness and grieving are normal behaviors when a loved one dies. Sadness and grieving; however, are abnormal if a person displays these behaviors when there is no reason such as death or other painful...
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...There are many different perspectives on gay male and lesbian sexual orientations. Gay male and lesbian sexual orientation is commonly referred to as being homosexual. A homosexual is a male and or female that is attracted to the same sex. Homosexuality is the term used to define sexual orientation of homosexuals that engage in sexual activities with the same sexes. Homosexuality is widespread throughout history including the past, present, and future generations and varies widely amongst societies and cultural acceptances. In some cultures and religions homosexuality is accepted and tolerated. Whereas, in other cultures and religions it is found to being condemning and dirty. Some even think of the individual as being in a sick state of mind. It is because of these different historical and scientific perspectives that are being placed on homosexuals minds are what shape their perceptions of themselves. In historical perspectives western cultures have never censured any sexual practices or orientations more than the male and male and female and female orientations. The sexual behaviors have varied per religion and past cultures of what is accepted and what is not. In ancient Greece it was common and accepted for males to have sexual relationships with other males, sometimes even boys. It was thought as soon as the young man grew a beard it was time to start the male-male sexual behavior. Greek vases displaced artwork of men having sexual relations to boys by placing their...
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...Historical and Scientific Perspective on Homosexuality Homosexuality is a topic that has been mentioned throughout history and scientific research. In certain societies throughout history, homosexuality was a practiced concept and it was embraced whole-heartedly. In other societies, it was highly frowned upon and laws were created just for anyone who was homosexual. That does not mean that researchers have not found reasons behind why one person is homosexual and another is not. One such time frame that did not have any problems with homosexuality was the period of ancient Greece. It was quite common within that society for older gentlemen to enter into relationships with younger males. There was even artwork that depicted acts of sexual activities being conducting between older men and younger boys. It is true that historians do not know everything that happened in ancient Greece involving homosexuality. All we do know is that there is enough proof to show that it was an accepted act in that time frame. Further down the line of history, Romans and the Christian Church began to see homosexuality in a negative light. Romans describe them as “highly feminine gay men who dressed flamboyantly, had showy hair styles and mannerisms, and cruised certain neighborhoods, searching for partners” (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, 2005). Fifteenth century Florence was another such time frame that had an issue with homosexuals. An organization known as the Office of the Night was created...
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...Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Abnormal Psychology PSY 410 January 30, 2012 Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology For many years, various forms of madness have been noted in every culture. Multitudes of theories, as well as some myths, have been developed to explain such conditions. Society’s opinion on what was considered abnormal was based on such phenomenon as paranormal forces, the anger of the gods, the influence of the moon, unstable personality, hereditary factors, and debauchery (Frude, 1998). History shows that theorists continue to develop a variety of theories to explain psychological disorders. These theories usually fall in one of three basic categories: mystical/supernatural (possession of spirits), scientific/medical (biological, imbalances, faulty learning processes, or emotional stressors), and humanitarian (cruelty or inadequate living conditions) (Frude, 1998). Each of these theories and the ongoing advancements in knowledge has been the foundation of the study of abnormal psychology. To comprehend the effort that these aspects of psychology have had in this field of study, it is important to know the origins of abnormal behavior, how this behavior was recognized and treated, how abnormal psychology evolved into a scientific discipline, and the theoretical models related to the development of abnormal psychology. Origins of Abnormal Psychology and the Evolution of the Scientific Approach Abnormal psychology has been...
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...Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Sandra Hall PSY 410 - Abnormal Psychology May 6, 2013 Dr. Kristi Husk Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Psychology is a diverse discipline with many facets. Throughout the years, scientists have developed a variety of disciplines to understand and explain human behavior from their respective fields. One such development is the discipline of abnormal psychology. It is a relatively young discipline and consists of six core concepts. These concepts aid in the diagnosis of abnormal behavior, and includes various theoretical models to help understand psychopathology. The Origins of Abnormal Psychology and Its Evolution into a Scientific Discipline Andrew Colman defines abnormal psychology as “a branch of psychology devoted to the study of the classification, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders and disabilities” (Colman, 2009, p. 2). The desire to understand human behavior and (mental) illness dates back to the Ancient Greeks. In 460 BCE, Hippocrates documented his first attempts to understand mental illness. He believed illnesses are the result of an imbalance of various bodily fluids. Hippocrates’ observations led to the development of the very first biological theory of mental illness and emphasized the importance of the observation of the patient’s symptoms rather than relying on religious beliefs (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Hippocrates’ findings began the progress of...
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