...ECONOMIC EXPANSION: 1-The Growing Population: The population of Europe began rising and may have doubled by warmer climate. Technology developed. People were living longer and healthier by eating well, beans of protein were grew widely. After that the human impacted strongly to the natural as forest and sea (page 228). 2-Technological Gains: The twelfth century, technology developed in Europe. Innovations occurred in agriculture, transportation, mining, and manufacturing. By the late twelfth century greater crop yield, horses was widely used as cattle, they hauled loads farther and faster than oxen. Plows have been improved and applied widely. The nitrogen-fixing trees were plant as peas and some beans. Transportation was improved with the safer roads and better vehicles. Foodstuff could be moved farther and faster. Seaborne trades were expanded, facilitated sea travel development .Trade road blocked by snow, rain, mud and robbed led to travel difficulties. No one can change the weather.( page 228-229). 3-Forms of Enterprise: Agricultural specialization became common. Cultivation was growing because of suit with condition climate local. In Toulouse, Blue and yellow dyes were made. The central regions of France focused on cereal grains, Bordeaux and Burgundy regions produced wine, Northern Germany specialized in cattle was raising, Northern England favored sheep. Italian wines and olive oil were move from countryside to the city. French wines were prized throughout Europe...
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...Jeremy Drummond History of World Civilizations Dr. Israel December 9, 2014 Horrible Aztecs or Hypocritical Spaniards? Since the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas in 1492, many other “explorers” sought to conquer the various native tribes and exploit the resources the Americas had to offer. When discovered by the European explorers, it was only a matter of time the not-so-great- Spanish conquistadors arrived with their plans to take over the Americas – even if it meant generating rumors and propaganda about how horrible the Aztecs were. The conquistadors would bring back reports to Europe saying the Aztecs were a brutal, human sacrificing cult who needed to be destroyed. While there is some archeological evidence to back up these claims, the Spanish strongly exaggerated the truth about such to coerce the Christians in Western Europe into thinking their invasion of the Americas was okay. Upon arriving in Mexico, Hernando Cortes, a famous Spanish Explorer who unbeknownst to many gave California its name, was an enslaver and murderer of not only the Aztecs, but his own people as well. “He was known to dismantle his own ships in an effort to force his followers had no choice but to follow him inland (Jaffee).”1 The sheer self-righteousness of he and his followers, none can fathom. At first, Cortes was mistakenly thought to be “Quetzalcoatl,” or the “bearded god of the Aztecs” because of his light skin and beard. On the contrary, Cortes is nothing close...
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...Unwinding the Spool of Civilization in Ponting's The Green History of the World and Quinn's Ishmael Clive Ponting's The Green History of the World and Daniel Quinn's Ishmael both critique the dominant paradigms of modern human civilization-especially where its relationship with environment is concerned. Both feel strongly that we are in trouble. Neither are quite willing to make final connections and present us with a systematic method for getting out of our impending ecological crisis, but they both do spell out what has been wrong, what is wrong now, and what will happen should we choose not to take evasive action. In the absence of similar works "in the canon" it is hard not to feel as though, (as the character Ishmael promised), if you accept their premises you are doomed to isolation for, those who see the future most clearly are usually outcasts, lost as to what power they may have to change minds and directions. Enlightenment almost always comes at a price, often steep. In the interest of exploring the necessity of dissent, let's follow that line of environmental thought a little further. Ponting presents us with the scientific/cultural evidence that backs up what Quinn is saying: that we as a species are destroying our foundations even as we proclaim our creation-Civilization-a success. If this massive breakdown and foreboding future are certainties, then we must ask-as Quinn does-who or what is telling us lies to make us believe otherwise? His character...
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...as the religious and other daily values which ancient peoples believed in. To compare the Ancient Egyptian civilization to the civilization of Ancient Mesopotamia is surely going to be a task which will not be easy, especially since it is my personal believe that both of these grandiose civilizations cannot be compared to one another. Comparing the Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization to the Civilization of Ancient Egypt is not really possible once you think about the difference of years between the beginnings of each of these Civilizations. Mesopotamia is considered to be at the least 5000 years older than Ancient Egypt. The earliest civilized form of Human development in Mesopotamia is known to Historians to have occurred between 10500-3500 BC (Mayan Archeology), whilst Historians believe the Ancient Egyptian Civilization to have started between the years of approx. 5500- 3100 BC, which is what is considered the Pre-dynastic Period. (Experience ancient) While Ancient Egypt started to develop Mesopotamia already made big progress in forms of Farming, building the first settlements and later cities across Mesopotamia, starting cultures, different civilizations such as the Sumerian civilization, empires, and even inventing the first Ledis 2 known Human writing system. Mesopotamia is considered to be the start of all civilization, (Worldology) and once we consider all the developments and inventions which happened during the timeline...
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...Early Civilizations Brittney Franzen There are many different reasons or forces that contributed to the make-up of cultural early civilizations. The first force would be the forces of nature and it is natural environment. The factors of this would be climates and seasonal changes. This is important force factor for early civilization because this force affected the people of the early civilization for clothing and food such as game and wild plants. These people were nomadic which means that they would follow the herds of game for their survival. The geographical features also were a major part of the early civilizations because they need to be able to protect themselves from others that may challenge them and their civilization. For example the people of Ancient Greece were in different city states and would challenge each other for territories for farming and other needed resources from the land. The mountains and seas were a major physical land features that would protect them from one and other. But this also in turn created different cultures and civilizations throughout Ancient Greece. So there were many different views that varied from group to group. An example of this would be social societies, religious views, structures, and civilizations altogether are different. The social society would be the government or rulers, merchants, slaves, and priests. The different social classes such as higher classes being the dictator, priests, or other people of the...
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...Clash Of civilisation The Clash of Civilizations (COC) is a hypothesis that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. It was proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington in a 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise Institute, which was then developed in a 1993 Foreign Affairs article titled "The Clash of Civilizations? in response to his former student Francis Fukuyama's 1992 book, The End of History and the Last Man. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book. Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post-Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that human rights, liberal democracy, and capitalist free market economy had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post-Cold War world. Specifically, Francis Fukuyama argued that the world had reached the 'end of history' in a Hegelian sense. Huntington believed that while the age of ideology had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines. As an extension, he posits that the concept of different civilizations, as the highest rank of cultural identity, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict. In the 1993 Foreign Affairs article, Huntington writes: ...
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...Western civilization dates back thousands of years as it relates to the development of various beliefs, cultures, perceptions, people, events and other related elements related to early history. Such elements help form the modern civilization we have adapted today. Western civilization is a broad term since there are so many useful and important aspects to learn about. With no doubt, Western Civilization was a useful and important concept coming into Hist 100. Many concepts derived from Egypt and other areas throughout Europe. Concepts such as Islam, Christian culture, expansion of Europe, scholastic culture, and even elements of the bible were developed during this time. One aspect that is an important part of how people live in modern times...
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...Civilization – A Definition What do ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform writing tablets, Egyptian pyramids of Giza, inscribed oracle bones from ancient Chinese divine rituals, and automobiles have in common? Each of these objects represents a bi-product of an ancient or modern civilization. However, many anthropologists, historians, theorists and sociologists alike disagree with regard to how the term civilization should be defined. According to sociologist Robert Park, “Civilization […] is the result of man’s effort to use the resources of his environment in order to change nature and, where possible, make it less raw, more comfortable and less difficult to endure” (Park, 132). He reasons that civilization should be measured by man’s degree of conquest over nature (133). Historian and author Felipe Fernández-Armesto describes civilization as both a “process of collective self-differentiation from a world characterized […] as barbaric or savage or primitive” and a stage reached when a particular society reaches its “climax” (Fernández-Armesto, 13). While peace activist Scott Nearing believed civilization to be the “most comprehensive, extensive and inclusive life pattern achieved by terrestrial humanity,” the philosopher and revolutionary Karl Marx believed that the beginning of civilization symbolized the beginning of oppression (Nearing, 54). In the simplest sense, the Oxford English Dictionary defines the verb “to civilize” as “to bring out of a state of barbarism, to instruct...
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...Indus Valley civilization Introduction Have you heard about Indus Valley civilization? It’s one of the worlds’ four cradle of civilization, and one of the two ancient origins of Indian civilization. Also, it is the earliest civilization in India. However, it isn’t accepted as India’s history. From now on, let’s see it concretely. Body 1 Indus Valley civilization developed from about 2500 BCE. It was centered on a river and located in the basin of the Indus. Its exact location is match with today’s Pakistan. From 2300 BCE to 2000 BCE, the Indus Valley civilization met its heyday. Its urban culture was established at two main cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. These two cities were 40 miles away from each otehr and there are about 40,000 residents existed. Relatively, it was small population, but they constructed high-end habitation. Their cities had great sophisticated water technology, such as a drainage system. Body 2 Indus Valley civilization flourished until 1800 BCE, but after that time, it declined. Finally, it destroyed about 1500 BCE. There are many theories to explain how this great civilization faded away, and among those theories, invasion of Aryans has strong possibility. Because time of Aryans’ entering India and Indus Valley civilization’s collapsing is similar. Body 3 During the invasion process, it seems that Aryan culture, including Sanskrit is supposed to have absorbed many things from this Indus Valley civilization. First, there is strong evidence...
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...CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS Ms. Majabeen Khaled Hossain Program Director Institute of Hazrat Mohammad ( SAW) House no: 22, Road no: 27, Block K Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh Phone: +880 2 8816478, 8860206 Fax: +880 2 8812679 E-mail: ihmsaw@gmail.com Table Of Contents SL. No 1. 2 3 4 5 Topic Introduction Defining Civilization Islamic History Why a chash of civilizations Theories negating the existence of a threat Page No 3 5 5 6 9 6 Islamic Threat : Myth or Reality 10 7. Summary 15 8. Bibliography & Works Cited 15 Page 2 of 16 FANTASY OR INEVITABLE Civilization covers a wide variety of essential elements which are required to constitute a civilization with its development, refinement and improvement. The elements are not only available but exist in abundance within most of the regions around the world. Those only need to be searched or explored and benefits drawn to the utmost in order to gradually establish a civilization by using our body and mind bestowed by the Creator as the best of all the creations on earth. It takes time to attain any level of civilization in any country or region. It is a slow process which grows with the extent of time given to it and the amount of efforts made on it. There is hardly any standard parameter by which to judge the level or the measure of civilization attained except their standings as projected at the world stage in terms of progress and development. When a civilization develops in...
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...American civilization in numerous ways. There were a variety of objects and people being passed around from civilization to civilization during this time. With all of these objects and people being passed around, the geography and civilizations of Latin America were changing rapidly. The goods, resources and slaves were the most popular objects being traded. Many of the civilizations desperately wanted the slaves. Also, smallpox affected Latin American Civilization immensely because like everything else being passed around, this factor was killing thousands of people. Diseases from domesticated animals also affected civilization because people were also being killed from that as well. Geography did play...
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...The History of Nubian Civilization The History of Nubian civilization extends back to abouit 17,000 years (See Van Sertima: Egypt Revisited) { Pianke Nubiyang in THE RISE OF NUBIANISM } The Nubians created the world's first civilization and that civilization was much older than Egypt. In fact, in 2000, archeologists discovered many facinating artefacts, including glasswork of great beauty and excellent craftsmanship. These were found in Sudan and according to Time Magazine, some artefacts were dated to about 8000 years B.C. Astronomy was also well organized in Nubia during the period and an astronomical observatory dating back to about 7000 B.C. was found in Sudan as well. It is also in Sudan that a large number of ancient cities exist. The Nubians also built a large number of small pyramids later on in their history but they used a very sophisticated system of tombs to bury their kings. Many were similar in style to the early Egyptian Mastabas. Those of later centuries were small pyramids with chapels built on top and the tombs at the beneath the ground. Still, the Nubians continue to maintain their pride and their culture. They continue to maintain their history and to make sure that their contributions to world civilizations is not stolen. During a conversation with Nubians, Professor Gates (who made a documentary on African history about two years ago) found out first hand that Nubians in Nubia continue to maintain the great pride in self that was part of the spiritual...
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...Debating History and Culture How does history help us understand the relationship between Muslim and non-Muslim societies today? The relationship between Muslim and non-Muslim societies today is a complicated one, and is deeply rooted in historical conflicts surrounding both cultural and religious difference. Huntington and Mottahedeh, scholars in the study of civilization anomalies, offer historical examples and descriptions that help to illuminate the relationship between two very distinct ideologies. It is helpful to first understand Huntington’s characterization of “civilization” as a cultural entity. He says that “It is defined both by common objective elements, such as language, history, religion, customs, institutions, and by the subjective self-identification of people (1993)”. Today, Western, non-Muslim societies have had a noticeable impact on Muslim societies. Although Huntington claims that “western ideas of free markets often have little resonance in Islamic (culture) (1993)”, Mottahedeh challenges this idea by offering examples of at least six Islamic Middle Eastern countries with existing free market economies. Additionally, he provides insight regarding the traditionally anti-Islamist idea of the right of women to vote. Although Muslim conservatives who are proponents for the reintroduction of Islamic Law may not fully support enfranchisement of women, this element of Western colonialism has become too much of the “norm”. Therefore, there are currently...
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...architecture, and philosophical and religious beliefs. Your submission should be 1-2 pages in length and may be oriented in either portrait or landscape format. Please submit your assignment. •What forces contributed to the cultural make-up of early civilizations? •What social issues arose because of this cultural make-up •What were the main influences on early civilizations? •From your perspective what are the pros and cons of revisionist history? Explain your response. Brandon Nelson Unit 1 Discussion Board A culture was developed when Homo -sapiens and Neanderthals, were the first earliest humans to live on earth. They were known to be carpenters and camping scouts to their families. They were excellent toolmaker, cooking with firewood, and wore animal skin for protection of weather conditions that they have faced. The forces that help develop early civilaization are communication and writing. The human culture developed over 30,000 years ago. Which most information about the civilization may be incorrect or not even true. .The Cave of Lascaux. (n.d.). The Neolithic Age had started around 10,000 BC, were new families became more to the survival of agriculture and hunting crews from different civilization. There were human sculptures that were found that were only a couple of human skeletons. Many people of the science department try to help with the findings....
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...----------------------------------------------------------- It is often said that with great leaders, great civilizations are built; and with great civilizations, great history is written. It is only with the corruption of leadership and authority that civilizations witness downfall and failure. Throughout Ancient History, the world witnessed three ‘’Greats’’ from three different major civilizations; Alexander the Great, Cyrus the Great, and Cleopatra. Although Cleopatra did not have the title of ‘’The Great,’’ she left a great stamp in the history of the Pharos and Egypt. Cleopatra ruled Egypt from 323 BC to 30 BC. On the other hand, Alexander the Great ruled the other side of world as he led the Greek civilization from 336 BC to 323 BC. Cyrus the Great however, was a Persian ruler who ruled over modern Iran from 559 BC to 530 BC. Although these rulers ruled during different times, in different places, some similarities and differences in their behaviours were observed. Firstly, their tactics to expand their empires had evident differences. In addition, their attitude towards whom they ruled could also be compared through the rules and regulations they put forth during their reigns. Nonetheless, they left architectural treasures that researchers have studies and puzzled upon for years after their rule ended. Those rulers also lived interesting personal lives that may have affected some of the decisions that changed the history they left behind. The battle and leadership tactics, attitude towards people, architectural...
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