...University Abstract This paper will discuss the history of the afterburner as a means of additional thrust from conception, design, and advances. The afterburner advantages and disadvantages will also be discussed. Sir Isaac Newton’s law states “energy can neither be created or destroyed, only transferred from one form to another.” Afterburners used on jet turbine engines use the energy contained in fuel and the atmosphere more efficiently. Only about 25% of air entering a jet turbine engine is used for combustion. The remaining 75% is used for cooling the extremely hot portions of the engines. The afterburner is designed to harness the energy transferred from combustion into exhaust, and turn it into additional thrust energy for the airplane. Afterburners are extremely fuel inefficient using 50% more fuel consumption in some cases. So afterburners are used sparingly by military and civilian aircraft alike. However, afterburners are also necessary especially for pilots landing or taking off from short runways. The afterburners on jet aircraft use the remaining air that was not used for combustion and ignites it as it leaves the engine. This air is extremely hot and contains a large amount of oxygen. With fuel sprayed into what can be described as basically a ramair jet on the back of the turbofan or turbojet engine and an igniter. The remaining air is burned adding additional thrust power to the engine. A company called Solar Turbine Inc. because of their experience in fabrication...
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...Introduction Company description General Electric Co. is a technology and financial services company that develops and manufactures products for the generation, transmission, distribution, control and utilization of electricity. Its products and services include aircraft engines, power generation, water processing, security technology, medical imaging, business and consumer financing, media content and industrial products. The company operates through eight segments: Power & Water, Oil & Gas, Energy Management, Aviation, Healthcare, Transportation, Appliances & Lighting and GE Capital. The Power & Water segment serves power generation, industrial, government and other customers worldwide with products and services related to energy production. The Oil & Gas segment supplies mission critical equipment for the global oil and gas industry, used in applications spanning the entire value chain from drilling and completion through production, liquefied natural gas and pipeline compression, pipeline inspection, and downstream processing in refineries and petrochemical plants. The Energy Management segment designs technology solutions for the delivery, management, conversion and optimization of electrical power for customers across multiple energy-intensive industries. The Aviation segment products and services include jet engines, aerospace systems and equipment, replacement parts and repair and maintenance services for all categories of commercial aircraft; for a wide variety...
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...Types and Uses of Renewable Energy and Their Influences DeVry University LAS-432 Professor Anthony Baker Team E Vincent Murr, Alisia Ngo, Mark Pick, Kristine Reed & Venrick Richards 02/25/14 Contents Introduction-Alisia Ngo 3 The Uses and Science of renewable Energy 7 History of Renewable Energy- Vincent Murr 10 Political Influence-Vincent Murr 15 Impact on the economy – Mark Pick 20 Cultural Issues-Kristine Reed 31 Environmental Effects- Kristine Reed 34 Moral and Ethical Concerns-Venrick Richards 38 Conclusion-Venrick Richards 46 References 50 Introduction-Alisia Ngo Throughout the 20th and 21st century, fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas have been essential to our way of life. In the past several decades scientists have warned that coal and oil have been diminishing and that it could take thousands of years for the earth to replenish what we have already used. With that being said finding other resources of energy is crucial to the conservation of our way of life as we know it. Evidence has shown that the U.S. relies heavily on oil, coal, and natural gas for its energy. So finding new ways to substitute these sources of energy through renewable energy like wind, and sunlight needs to be a high priority for local and state governments nationwide. In this paper I will explain why the need for renewable energy is so important to the environment and our way of life. I will speak specifically on the many types of renewable...
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...Alvarez ENG 300 15 July 2014 Rough Draft: In the United States, a topic for debate is the energy crisis. The issue is that the United States’ current, most widely used energy sources, fossil fuels, is harmful to the environment. So as to not harm the environment, many people have made the switch to solar or wind energy, thinking that as long as they don’t use fossil fuels they are doing the environment a favor. However, no matter the energy source for use on a large scale, it is going to have its own unique issues. There are a number of energy alternatives within the United States. The two sides to the argument are renewables, such as wind and solar energy (the two most popular) versus fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas. Wind turbines can kill birds, cause health problems, and destroy forests and other wildlife. Solar energy is extremely costly (not only in money, but in energy as well) and it needs to be in the right climate to effectively capture the sun's energy. Fossil fuels emit carbon dioxide and other environment-harming pollutants. Despite coal's negatives, it is still critical for energy infrastructure in the United States because it is inexpensive, it is available, and the future of coal is becoming cleaner and more efficient all the time. Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy are very attractive because the wind will always be blowing and the sun will always be shining. It theoretically is a great way to harness energy; there...
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...fossil fuels to renewable energy like wind energy. Although it would be a very slow process, the atmosphere and the wallets of every American family would benefit from the change. Wind energy, unlike fossil fuels, is available through wind turbines. These tall towers with huge blades move in a circular motion where they capture wind in between the blades. The blades in a turbine are connected to a shaft inside and this only has 18 rpm (rotation per minute), which is nowhere near enough to create electricity for homes. So because of this the shaft is connected to a series of gears that roughly has 1800 rotations per minute. With the gears moving 1800 times a minute this creates electricity, which is transmitted to a generator. From there, the turbine is connected to a transformer, which increases the voltage of the electricity in order for it to flow through the transmission lines. Once the electricity reaches the transmission lines the energy flows to the grids of electric companies and are able to provide houses with cheaper electricity. A single small wind farm is able to create enough energy for roughly 900 homes. Wind power is nothing new. It has been around ever since the first windmill was made. “Since early recorded history, people have been harnessing the energy of the wind. Wind...
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...Sonya Marquis BUS440-801 Introduction Wind energy is a renewable resource, which means that future supply will not be affected by current use. The rising concerns about global warming, pollution, and depletion of natural resources makes wind a viable and logical source of energy for the near and distant future. There are many advantages to wind energy; it is a sustainable energy source that is non-polluting. With a 30 percent annual increase, wind is the world’s fastest-growing bulk power electricity source. Montana has a bright future in wind energy. The American Wind Energy Association ranked Montana’s wind-energy potential in the top five in the nation. Currently, the state has several utility-scale wind farms in operation. History of Wind Energy Wind energy has been used by civilizations throughout time. As early as 5000 B.C., wind energy propelled boats up and down rivers. Simple windmills pumped water in China in 200 B.C. Wind energy technology and its applications continued to grow and diversify throughout the ages. By the late 19th century, settlers of the New World were using windmills to pump water, and eventually, to generate electricity. Small windmills were used until the late 1920s to bring electricity to rural Americans. Farm and ranch communities in Montana used wind generators that produced direct current (DC) electricity that was often stored in batteries. However, these systems were short-lived due to the Rural Electrification Act (REA) of 1936...
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...Negotiations Group Theory November 2, 2014 BO Most of the limitations of solar power come from one place. That is the lack of infrastructure in place to support it. That is the source of the argument about whether to user solar power and how much to use it. On one side people will argue that solar power can’t support our power needs. It costs too much to implement, and isn’t reliable enough. On the other side people will argue that solar power is free to use. If we invest more in infrastructure and research new, more efficient energy storage technologies, then the price for implementation can be brought down. These are the reasonable arguments that both sides make, however also have those with extreme views on the issue. There are some that will not consider any alternative energy solutions, because they are making money off of what is in place already. They implement roadblocks in the way of alternative energy solutions, and sometimes buy up patents and never use them. Those that hold the extreme view for alternative energies believe that everyone should stop using fossil fuels, and use only alternative energies. Many believe that we should spare no expense to getting new energies in place. Some even believe that we should take a step back, and trying using less energy. They believe that we should try to integrate more into our environment. They look at the past and say “Hey, we used to live this way.” They forget about the advances we have made because of our modern...
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...Study of Manufacturing of Turbine Blades A Summer Internship Project Report Abstract Steam Turbine is a prime mover which converts the energy associated with the steam into mechanical energy which results in the rotation of the turbine rotor. It is nearly an ideal working device among all heat engines and prime movers and widely used in Power plants and in all industries to generate power because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. Presently, 80% of all electricity is generated by using steam turbines alone. In this project report, I have mainly concentrated on the turbine-rotor-blades. Because, the rotor is the heart of the turbine and it affects (i.e. blading of rotor) the efficiency of the steam turbine. In this manufacturing of blades is widely focused. Key Words: Steam Turbine, Blades, Rotor BY k.sai sailender Summer Internship Program 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude I give to Prof. V.Srinivas, Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, GIT-GITAM, Visakhapatnam. Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the staff of BHEL Hyderabad, who gave the permission to use all required equipment and the necessary materials to complete the task “ASSEMBLY OF STEAM TURBINES” Last but not least, many thanks go to the guide of the project, Mr.VIVEKANADA MANDAL...
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...Renewable Energy Solutions for the State of Arkansas Energy, currently we have renewable and non-renewable energy sources available to us. Examples of renewable energies are solar and wind. Non-renewable energy sources are nuclear, coal, oil and natural gas. As most homes and businesses are currently using non-renewable energy sources, we need an energy solution. How can we protect our earth for future generations? We need to use energy more efficiently and only use what we need. We need a sound energy solution that is efficient and conservational, we need a renewable energy source. For the State of Arkansas, what is the most effective renewable energy source, solar or wind? The way of the future is through renewable energy sources. Two such sources are solar energy and wind energy. These sources are un-limitless in mastering its power. Solar cell panels that transfer the sun energy into power with no pollutants can use solar energy. Harnessing the wind via windmills or turbines for energy production uses wind power. Now that we know about the two different renewable energy sources, let us look at each source and what the positive and negative impacts would be and determine what would be an effective energy source for Arkansas. Some of the positives are the fact that solar power is renewable and has an un-limited supply; there is enough solar energy that falls in a 100-square-mile area of the southwest United States to power the entire nation. One of the issues...
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...000 MW geothermal potential, yet it remains largely undeveloped due to economic and financial limitations, insufficient technical and human capacity, and various social constraints. However the government has now turned around and is aiming at producing about 16000MW of power by 2030. The country currently produces about 1500 MWs primarily from hydro stations (57%-hydro power, about 32%-thermal and the rest comprises geothermal and emergency thermal power). To bridge this huge deficit in the short time, courses as EMM 516 were developed to provide man-power needed to sustain the projected growth. First we visited the Kiambere power station the Tana station and Kangaita tea factory for a boiler’s experience. We later visited the Embakasi gas turbine then to Olkaria II geothermal power generation plant. In this report I will basically describe the outlay...
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...Energy sources can be transferred. Stated more eloquently in the First Law of Thermodynamics, “Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can change form.” Capturing different forms of universal energy and transferring them for purposeful use is essential for the progress of modern life. Transferring energy sources in methods of energy production is at the root of every developed nation and its renewability is central to economic development. How can we capture and redirect different forms of energy for more practical use? There are numerous ways to do this; many of which are commonplace around the world today. Acquiring certain forms of energy for use may require mining, drilling, combustion technology, photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, and other technologies. In the following paragraphs we will explore the vast world of energy by looking at the disadvantages to nonrenewable energy and taking an in-depth look at renewable energy sources and exploring the challenges associated with employing these types of sources in an effort to create energy sustainability in our world. We will also seek to discover which sources are best in order to enhance social progress, economic growth, and environmental improvement for a sustainable future for generations to come. Why exactly do we want to use renewable sources and why do we want energy sustainability? Currently possessing 9.7 million civilians, Haiti is the most populated full-member state of the Caribbean Community. It...
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...Power by the Wind 1 Power by the Wind Power by the Wind covers the topic of wind energy. There is a large sector in our country that believes wind energy is an excellent alternative resource, including myself. There is also a group of people that believe that the wind turbines that are used to generate wind energy is a bad idea because they obstruct the natural view, causes death to birds, and generates noise pollution. They also argue that wind energy is not a dependable source of energy because the wind does not blow continually. I will explain the long history of wind energy and the methods that have been used to harness it. I will also look at wind energy from a positive and negative perspective. A Long History: The human relationship with the wind has been a long one with the use of sailing ships and windmills. For centuries past the wind was used as the main power source for sailing ships. The use of windmills seems to have started with the Persians for grinding grain (between 500 and 900 A.D.). Windmills started appearing in Europe around the time of the Crusades (1096 -1270). The European design is very different from the Persian one Power by the Wind 2 and there is an ongoing debate whether the Europeans developed the windmill themselves or the Crusaders had taken the idea back to Europe. The earliest windmills found in Europe were a post mill construction. The main structure of the windmill sits on top of a post and...
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...commonly known, wind power is derived from airflow using wind turbines or sails to produce mechanical or electrical power. Typically, the mechanical power is harnessed from windmills, and transferred to an appropriate application, which requires power. Wind energy has been and currently is a preferred alternative to fossil fuels, on account that it is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation and uses little land. The effects on the environment are generally less problematic than those from other power sources. In the forefront of the case, a historical brief is given, depicting wind energy source history, its current utilization throughout the world in contrast to its harnessing and utilization in the US, and both the highlights and the troughs of wind-based energy industry development in the US. The examples and arguments for the above are structured in the context of economical, political, and social boundaries, and give the reader a good taste of what the “lay of the land” looks like. In August 2009, Lake Erie Energy Development Corporation (LEEDCo) found its beginnings from the Great Lakes Energy Development Task Force (GLEDTF). It was further molded and commenced by NorTech Energy Enterprise, the Cleveland Foundation, City of Cleveland, Cuyahoga and Lorain Counties. It was founded as a private, non-profit regional corporation to initially build wind turbines in Lake Erie, and eventually help stimulate an entire offshore...
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...increasing energy demand throughout the world. Investment cost and fuel costs are the main contributors to the cost of electricity. In recent years, costs associated with CO2 emissions have attracted more and more attention due to its political awareness. The efficiency of the power plant as one key value affects both the fuel costs and the amount of CO2 emitted to the environment. As coal is more abundant in many parts of the world, coal prices are less volatile and more stable than natural gas prices. But larger CO2 emissions increase the need for more efficient coal-based power generation. Ultra supercritical (USC) steam power plants meet notably the requirements for high efficiencies to reduce both fuel costs and emissions as well as for a reliable supply of electric energy at low cost. Recent developments in steam turbine technology and high-temperature materials allowed for significant efficiency gains. Siemens has more than fifteen years of experience with ultra supercritical steam turbines and continues to optimize associated designs and technologies. This paper presents Siemens products and solutions for ultra supercritical steam power plants and their application in the 800 MW Trianel Power project in Lünen. Several German and European municipal utility companies hold a share in Trianel Kohlekraftwerk Lünen GmbH & Co. KG....
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...Natural Gas in the United States Katrina C National University February 4, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….3 History and Regulations…………………………………………………………………………...4 Formation and Resources…………………………………………………………………………5 Uses of Natural Gas……………………………………………………………………………….7 Extraction Techniques…………………………………………………………………………….8 Hydraulic Fracturing………………………………………………………………………………9 Gasland………………………………………………………………………………………..…10 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….11 Natural Gas SWOT Analysis…………………………………………………………………….12 References………………………………………………………………………………………..13 Natural Gas in the United States Introduction The natural gas market is a topic that I had never given much thought. Prior to selecting this research paper topic the only knowledge that I had of natural gas is that it is an affordable energy source that was used by many families. Growing up in rural Louisiana my parents had a natural gas oven and heaters. My brother actually still uses the natural gas in my parents old home. My parents’ home now is totally electric and my mother complains about the utility bill and the slow cooking speed with electric. Those complaints seem so minute after learning about the dangers of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. When first giving the list of research paper topics, the worldwide natural gas market and fracking were not on my list of topic options. However, due to my procrastination on choosing one of my first...
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