...In the United States, Public Relations dates back to the Revolutionary War. The strategies and tactics used to swell the ranks of patriots dedicated to the Revolutionary cause and staging of the Boston Tea Party are examples of early public relations. President Thomas Jefferson first used the term “public relations” in 1807. In his “Seventh Address to the Congress,” he replaced the words “state of thought” with “public relations.” Unfortunately, the perception of public relations has not always been positive. In the 1800s, P.T. Barnum became a master publicist by generating article after article for his traveling circus. His “public be damned” philosophy and the use of exploitative publicity methods, however; have contributed to criticism of the profession. Another significant component to the profession’s development came from the Creel Committee during World War I. A member of the committee, Edward L. Bernays, later considered by many to be the father of public relations, was part of a massive verbal and written communications effort to gain support of the war. According to Bernays, “this was the first time in our history that information was used as a weapon of war.” There were other key people and events, which were very influential in promoting the growth of the public relations industry such as: * “Public be informed era”, Ivy Lee – “father of PR” * WWII – the Office of War Information * “Counseling era” – Edward Bernays taught the first PR course at NYU in...
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...Evolution of PR from its Inception to Today To discuss the origins of public relations, one must consider what is meant by “public relations.” What is generally termed as public relations today, with greater emphasis on managing communication between publics and the client, began to take shape over the past century. However early methods used by public relation practitioners and the goals for which these methods were utilized are millennia old. Kings and religious leaders throughout time have used persuasion to reinforce their image of power or to spread a truth deemed critical to the populace. Monuments and statues declaring the insurmountable power of leaders and decrees or writings of early religious leaders were used to persuade people to act in accordance with the creators’ goals or desires. The Renaissance brought increased public relation efforts in politics with the forced creation of the Magna Carta and the practices of political philosophers such as Machiavelli. The 1400’s saw the new world discovered, mercantile trade expand even further, and Gutenberg invent the movable type printing press. These factors stimulated new ways of thinking of oneself in relationship to others and increased the uses and means by which one could capitalize on persuasion. The usage and study of public relations has generally been led by the United States and can be seen through five stages: The Beginning of PR (1600-1799), Communicating/Initiating (1800-1899), Reacting/Responding...
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...Give a detailed narration unpacking how the Public Relations function has evolved over the years and the challenges that the practice faces in the developing countries. Public Relations function is as old as human civilisation. Published narrations or histories have usually telescoped and oversimplified a fascinating history by emphasising novelty and a few decorated personalities. There have been contributions in the professional literature that impart a meaningful picture of public relations function’s past and present (Cutlip, 1994). It has existed in one form or the other. There are a lot of examples of its varied form, content and end use. An ancient clay tablet, found in Iraq, told the Sumerian farmers how to grow better crops. That was over 4000 years ago. The Arabian tales relate how the celebrated Sultan Haroon-Al-Rashid used to wander about every night in disguise to see for him as to what the people really felt about his administration. However, the available literature makes us inclined to think of public relations as a 20th century phenomenon, but the desire to communicate with others and to deal with the impact of opinion dates back to ancient cultures (Wilcox and Cameron, 2003).Therefore, this paper seeks to give a detailed narration unpacking the public relations function evolution over the years and the challenges that the practice faces in the developing countries. In the Ramayana there is a character called Bhadro who used to report to Rama about...
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...goes out to all of my tutors throughout the duration of the Masters program. Your efforts via lectures and academic advice will not be in vain. Table of Contents Executive Summary CHAPTER ONE Aims and Objectives of the Study The main aim and objective of this study/report is to critically evaluate and understand the use and importance of public relations management in the modern era, with special consideration on the role social media plays in crisis management. Objectives In order to achieve the aim the following objectives must be met: * To understand the meaning of Public Relations. * To trace the history and development of Public Relations. * To understand and highlight social media as an important tool in PR management. * To highlight the PR activities of the 2 companies (Shell and BP) in the last 3 years (2009 - 2011). * To analyse what went wrong and what was done right from a PR perspective. * To proffer probable solutions based on the literature review. Background of the study "If I was down to my last dollar, I’d spend it on public relations." Bill Gates Public Relations management is a very important tool in everyday business....
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...Throughout the history United Stated and Russia have had multiple touching points. US and Russia had been competing for economic and political influence for decades, even centuries. In 19th century US and Russia even shared a land border when Russia had a settlement at Fort Ross. Russia's relations with US date all the way back to mid 19th century when Russia sold Alaska to the US. Also, Russia support of US during the Civil War was of great value. As the 20th century roled on US and Russia had seen some tension with US not recognizing Soviet Union until 1933. Nevertheless two countries still deiced to help and aid each other especially humanitarian assistance during the famine in 1921. In 1991, after the breakup of the Soviet union and the...
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...1. Labor relations are generally defined as relations between management and workers. They are also called industrial relations. Workers or group of workers are represented by trade unions. Labor relations may take place on different levels such as regional, national, international. The main challenge for such relation is ability to adapt to emerging changes. The world and technology develops very fast, so do relations between workers and management. Trade unions (also called) labor unions are organizations of workers who united to defend their rights, solving problems in the industry such as wages, working hours, bonuses, Union represent workers and negotiate with the management on behalf of the workers (Jochem, 2000). Such relations are usually accompanied by tensions and conflicts and company owners usually want to earn more and pay less. Workers are willing to work in better conditions for a better salary. Labor unionism in the United States is an expression of the American democratic spirit working itself out in industry is hardly to be doubted. Its beginnings coincided with the period when the free colonies were establishing state governments, and the principles of the federal Constitution were subjects of great political debate. It developed stretch in Jefferson's administration, and grew to a full-fledged labor movement during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. Workmen's clubs, unions, were part of the movement of "Republican-Democratic Societies" which marked "the...
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...Labor relations are generally defined as relations between management and workers. They are also called industrial relations. Workers or group of workers are represented by trade unions. Labor relations may take place on different levels such as regional, national, international. The main challenge for such relation is ability to adapt to emerging changes. The world and technology develops very fast, so do relations between workers and management. Trade unions (also called) labor unions are organizations of workers who united to defend their rights, solving problems in the industry such as wages, working hours, bonuses, Union represent workers and negotiate with the management on behalf of the workers (Jochem, 2000). Such relations are usually accompanied by tensions and conflicts and company owners usually want to earn more and pay less. Workers are willing to work in better conditions for a better salary. Labor unionism in the United States is an expression of the American democratic spirit working itself out in industry is hardly to be doubted. Its beginnings coincided with the period when the free colonies were establishing state governments, and the principles of the federal Constitution were subjects of great political debate. It developed stretch in Jefferson's administration, and grew to a full-fledged labor movement during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. Workmen's clubs, unions, were part of the movement of "Republican-Democratic Societies" which marked "the Rise...
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...Studies, project of public relations is an essential part to give students an opportunity to have an experience of particular field. Unless and until the students experience the novelty of practical work, their knowledge of what they studied in theoretical courses is not of worth. The most important point in a project is that the student should spend their time a true manner and with the spirit to learn practical orientation of theoretical study framework. The overall experience of preparing this project was a knowledgeable journey. I knew a lot about Air Lines, its history, its working and about its atmosphere. I selected Ettehad Air Lines as my project on Public Relations because it is one of the nameable Air Lines and is providing a lot of facilities to their clients. For completing this task, I required the general information of the ettehad air lines as well as the specific data and also detailed information by visiting. The administration and staff of the Ettehad Air Lines cooperated project of public relations is an essential part to give studentsproject of public relations is an essential part to give studentsproject of public relations is an essential part to give studentsproject of public relations is an essential part to give studentsproject of public relations is an essential part to give studentsproject of public relations is an essential part to give studentsproject of public relations is an essential part to give studentsproject of public relations is an essential...
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...Simulated News Conference Introduction Crisis: Since the onslaught of the new mandates in the nation to make four year state colleges more viable, the Federal Government has cut funding to two year institutions as well as schools termed schools of proprietary education. Because of this failure to consider the entirety of the population that wants to attend college, the Federal Government has called chaos among in the Technical as well Proprietary education world. The lack of consideration of those who attended a four year institution has caused a very big part of the population to fail college or just not attend. The decision to cut funding has also trickled into Financial Aid Arena. Most students attending proprietary institutions of higher learning depend on Pell Grants and Federally Guaranteed Student Loans to pay for college. Since the decision to cut funding for the technical and proprietary college, the Federal Government is more critical and strict with the giving of Pell Grants and the Guaranteeing of Student Loans. This has caused a major dilemma in terms of the recruiting students to attend these types of institutions. The Admission Representatives can no longer use Financial Aid as a selling point. The lack of students, even greater the lack of students, who can pay, has caused a downward shift on the income statement of these institutions. Given that the proprietary institution serves a portion of the populace not otherwise serviced by the four year state...
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...PRODUCT PROMOTION Is the act of advertising a good or services with the short/long term goal of increasing sales. FOUR FACTORS WHICH MARKETING DECISIONS MAKING WITH REGARD TO PROMOTION: 1.) THE PROMOTION BUDGET AVAILABLE The amount of money available for promotion is the real determinant of the mix. BIG companies can make greater and more effective use of advertising than firms with limited resources. Small businesses rely on personal selling dealer displays. 2.) THE NATURE OF THE MARKET The influence of the nature of a company’s market is affected by the Geographic scope of the market, its concentration and type of customers and nature of competition. 3.) THE NATURE OF THE PRODUCT Consumer product and industrial goods frequently require different strategies. For instance, firms marketing convenience goods will rely heavily on manufacturer’s advertising, plus emphasis on dealers display. Personal selling plays a minor role, for industrial Goods such as machinery. 4.) THE STAGE OF THE PRODUCT PROMOTION’S LIFE CYCLE AND THE TARGET PROMOTION PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE (CPLC) – the course of a product’s sales and profit over its lifetime. Every product seem to go to PLC –it is born, goes through several phrases, and eventually dies as younger products come along that better suit and serve the consumer needs. METHODS USED TO PROMOTE A PRODUCT: A. ADVERTISING Is a tool that is available for everyone to use. Presentation and promotion ideas, goods, or services...
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...The Kingdom of Rattanakosin This report will provide the information about the history of Rattanakosin Kingdom in which divided into 2 parts; from King Rama I to the reign of King Rama III and the other part is from King Rama IV to the present King. For the first part of the Rattanakosin period, it was mostly considered on the predominant Ayutthaya polity model. However, the pattern began to modified later during the reign of Rama IV. To consider the second part, it was conspicuous on the modernization and tangible reformation of the Kingdom. This report includes life and social in the Rattanakosin society, politic and administration and foreign relation. Part 1: Rama I to Rama III (1782-1851) The Chakri Dynasty Bicentennial and the reconstruction of the Thai State On 6 April 1782, Somdech Chao Phya Maha Kasatsuek was the nobleman during the reign of King Taksin. He returned to Thonburi and became the first king of the Rattanakosin Period. He also founded the Chakri Dynasty which is the current ruling house of the Thai State. He moved the capital across Chaophraya river and established Bangkok as the new capital city of the Thai State at 6:54 hrs on Sunday 21 April 1782 (Dhammathai, n.d.) Since the King considered the City of Thonburi, West Bangkok, as a limited area which was not as good as the eastern bank. For the reasons were that the river surrounded more than half of the land which was difficult to defend the enemies in case of a direct assault in the future and...
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...nor tolerate those who do." This was by far the largest violation of the honor code in West Point history and presented some unusual challenges to the administration. As the year dragged on it was found that more and more students possibly had cheated on the assignment and was also becoming a public relations nightmare in the press and internally to the Army branch of the United States military. April of 1976 it was found that there was a possibility that over half of the junior class at West Point Academy had violated the West Point honor code by cheating on a case assignment. The honor code states "A cadet will not lie, cheat, or steal, nor tolerate those who do." This was by far the largest violation of the honor code in West Point history and presented some unusual challenges to the administration. As the year dragged on it was found that more and more students possibly had cheated on the assignment and was also becoming a public relations nightmare in the press and internally to the Army branch of the United States military. April of 1976 it was found that there was a possibility that over half of the junior class at West Point Academy had violated the West Point honor code by cheating on a case assignment. The honor code states "A cadet will not lie, cheat, or steal, nor tolerate those who do." This was by far the largest violation of the honor code in West Point history and presented some unusual challenges to the administration. As the year dragged on it was found...
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...culture as a source of control and power relations has been discussed by a variety of scholarly voices. Among the most prominent is Michel Foucault, who described the various ways that consumer markets circumscribe public spaces, placing important distinctions between class members. In particular, Foucault discusses heterotopia – the public space which carries both physical and psychological gravity. For Foucault, public spaces are characterized by existing without truly existing. The heterotopia serves as a metaphor for a larger context while having the appearance and characteristics of other everyday spaces. Tyndall takes this notion a step further by developing social rules that are attached to consumer places, such as malls and shopping districts (Tyndall, 2009). This version of consumer-driven rules – culled from qualitative research and personal interviews – depicts a new notion of public-ness that is less egalitarian than ever before. It is a version of public space that is not entirely open to the public. Baker adds to this perspective by historicizing the commercialization of public space, dating the use widespread use of public space for advertising purposes to before the dawn of the 20th century (Baker, 2007). This argument inextricably links the notion of “culture” with “consumerism”, and sets the stage for the potential for access to public spaces to be consumed, or purchased. Finally, Klingle underscores this spatial history of consumption, placing the transaction...
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...PUBLIC RELATIONS & EVENTS IN LUXURY Lousi Vuitton CASE STUDY SKEMA BUSINESS SCHOOL LUXURY AND FASHION MANAGEMENT GROUP MEMBERS: Huanping HU Jingcheng LI Mingjun XIE Yuzhu ZHAO Yinghang ZHOU PUBLIC RELATIONS Definition There is not one single generally accepted definition of public relations. Instead, there are many ways to define it. Generally speaking, public relations (PR) is the practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization(such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public. Significance/Purpose • Significance: public relations possess deep skills in media relations, market positioning and branding. • Purpose: to help companies deliver clear and unambiguous information to a target audience that matters to them event not sometimes. Composition • Public relations work consists of a variety of activities by individuals and organizations intended to promote a positive relationship or image among. General kinds of PR work: Publicity, Event management, Publication design. (Their products are intended to influence public opinion and are designed to promote and protect an individual or organization's image and products.) • Tactics Financial public relations Consumer/lifestyle public relations Crisis communication Internal communications Luxury Brand Government relations Food-centric relations IN LUXURY History of Louis Vuitton • • • • In 1854 it was first...
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...Alaska. What was about to happen was the worst environmental disaster in the history of the United States. These were the documented facts that media had portrayed across the United States and to the world: Exxon Valdez, a 978-foot tanker piloted by a captain whom later revealed to be drank, ran aground on a reef 25 miles southwest of the port of Valdez. The results caused a spill of 250,000 barrels, the largest spill ever in North America. The devastating results affects, 1,300 square miles of water, damaging some 600 miles of coastline and murdering as many as 4,000 Alaskan sea otters. The disaster also enshrined the name of Exxon in the all-time Public Relations Hall of Shame. (Seitel, 2000). According to the book, Exxon’s dilemma broke down into five categories. First was the hesitation of Mr. Rawl if he is going directly and personally to Alaska. In an interview Mr. Rawl has said, “We had concluded that there was simply too much for me to coordinate from New York. It wouldn’t have made any difference if I showed up and made a speech in the town forum. I wasn’t going to spend the summer there; I had other things to do”. Secondly, Exxon failed to establish media control. Exxon, wanted to take charge of the news flow and give the public, through the news media, a credible, concerned, and wholly committed corporate response. One of the few things that I starting to learn about Public Relations, is anticipating the problem before it occurs. This is one of the dilemmas that...
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