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Rundt 1500-tallet skjedde det store ting i Europa. Johan Gutenberg fant opp boktrykkerkunsten og det førte til at kunnskap ble spredt på en mye annerledes og fortere måte enn før. På like mye tid som en før brukte på å kopiere en bok for hånd, kunne man nå trykke tusen bøker. Columbus seilte til Amerika og han regnes som oppdageren av denne verdensdelen. I astronomien fant Kopernikus ut at jorden ikke var senteret i universet. En annen ting som skjedde er at vitenskapsfolk og kunstenere ble opptatt av å utforske litteratuen og kunsten fra antikken. Denne perioden kalles for renessasnen.

Begrepet ‘renessanse’ kommer fra det franske ordet ‘renaissance’, som betyr ’gjenfødelse’. Franskmennene selv hentet ordet fra Italia. Renesansse betyr gjenfødsel - ny stil og ny måte og tenke på. Det er en betegnelse på en kulturhistorisk periode mellom 1400 og 1500 tallet. Det sies at det starten i Italia med diktsamlingen Canzoniere av Francesko Petrarca. Samlingen inneholdt 399 kjærlighetsdikt oh alle handlet om en kvinne som heter Laura. Samlingen hadde for det meste sonetter, det er noe Petrarca var kjent for å ha oppfunnet. Et av diktene er ‘’Sonett til Laura’’, som handler om en kvinne som heter Laura, og diktet er et trist kjærlighetsdikt. Det handler om at dikteren ser Laura for første gang i en kirke på en langfredag i 1327, og etter møtet føler han seg som om han er gjenfødt (kjærlighet ved første blikk) . Laura blir elsket slik som hun er. Han beskriver hvor mye han elsker henne, og hva han kunne godt igjennom for hennes skyld. I det siste verset kan det virke som om at kvinnen hans er død, eller at han har forlatt henne. Det får iallefall jeg intrykk av. Han snakker mye om følelsene sine, hvor forelsket han er i henne, som da fører til at diktet setter mennesket i sentrum. Han beskriver Laura som noe spesielt, og det å se kvinner som noe spesielt og ikke bare fremheve de ideene kvinnene representerer, er uvanlig på denne tiden. Han føler han seg ‘’nyfødt’’ etter å ha møtt Laura, og det er nettopp det renesanssen handler om.

Det skjedde mange forandringer her, men en av de viktigst var at istedet for å ha Gud i sentrum som tidligere gikk fokuset over på mennesker og det jordiske. Mennesket var på leting etter nye ideer, en trang til å etterforske. Man ville oppdage nye ting på egenhånd, og ikke bare få servert lover og teorier.

Humanisme
Viktig kjennetegn på renessansen var at man skulle sette fokuset på mennesket, dets egenverd, frihet og handlekraft. Alle sider ved mennesket, det åndelige, fysiske og sosiale ble undersøkt. Og dette kalles for humanisme (kommer fra latis humanus, som betyr menneskelig. En humanist legger vekt på individets frihet, fornuft, muligheter og rettigheter. Humanismen stammer jo egentlig fra renesanssen, som sagt renesansse betyr gjenfødelse, og det som skulle gjenfødes var humanismen fra antikken.
Renessansen og humanismen handlet også om å stille kristiske spørsmål og undersøke ting selv. Man skulle ikke lenger bare godta det kirken påstod var riktig, som for eks holdt pavene i kirkene fast på at jorden var midten av universet. Leonardo Da Vinci - som er kanskje mest kjent for å ha malt Mona Lisa, men han oppfant også maskiner, utforsket astronomien til menneskekroppen ved å studere døde kropper. Å undersøke døde kropper var forbudt på den tiden, og i lang tid risikerte folk som Leonardo Da Vinci dødsstraff fordi det var etter kirkenes mening kritikk mot den kristne læren.

Da Vincis forsking av menneskekropper er typisk eksempel for renessansen på at mennesket kom mer i sentrum i kulturen og og samfunnet. Mennesker påstår at Da Vinci var en humanist fordi han mente at menneske og menneskelivet har en verdi. Etter flere tusen år hvor kristendommen holdt fast ved at det bare var livet etter døden som hadde verdi, var dette noe nytt, og renesansen tok med seg mange humanister.

Marthin Luther King var også en del av humanistbevegelsen. Han startet reformasjonen, hvor han brøt med pavekirken og ville gi kristendommen til de troende. Han krevde at mennesker skulle lese Bibelen på sitt morsmol isteden for latin. Det var bare de som kunne som hadde høyt undervisning som kunne lese på latinsk, og hittil så foregikk lesningen av Bibelen på et språk som flest folk ikke forsto. Ved hjelp av boktrykkerkunsten kunne Bibelen oversettes til mange flere språk. Og det ble etterhvert viktig for folk å lære å lese å skrive slik at de kunne lese Bibelen. Enkeltmenneskets egenforståelse av kristendommen kom i fokus.

I 1517 så klager Marthin Luther King på måten den katolske kirken driver avlatshandel, som fungerer på den måten at man ved å betale penger eller gi gaver til kirken, kan kjøpe sin sjel fri fra det som kaltes skjærsiden, som er det som på en måte ligger mellom jorden og himmelen. Det ble sagt at jo mer sjelene synder på jorden jo lengre skulle sjelen pines i skjærsilden for å betale syndene, før den kom til himmelen. Pengene kirken mottok ble bl.a brukt til å bygge nye kirker og klostre, og i følge Luther så mente han at penger ble viktigere for kirken enn faktisk det de sto for. Han mente at det å kjøpe seg fri med penger ikke har noe med kristendom å gjøre, og at tilgivelse er noe alle mennesker skal få, som en gave fra Gud.

Den katolske kirken reagerte og ville gjøre arrestere han, mens Martin gjemte seg så skrev han mange salmer og oversettet det nye testamentet til tysk. Og for eks salmen Vår Gud han er så fast en borg synges i dag.

Litteratur
Mye av de gamle greske litteraturene blir oversatt og det gjelder for eks. Aristoteles Poetik, og ikke bare oversatt med skildret og analysert. Med humanismen så kommer lesing i fokus.

I renesansselitteraturen ser man både framover og bakover. Bakover fordi man ser på antikke verker for å få inspirasjon og framover fordi det eksperimenteres med nye stilarter og former, både når det gjelder dikt og prosa. Det blir også skrevet ballader og folkeviser på morsmålene. Det oppstår ny kunstlyrikk som er inspirert av Petrarcas sonetter fra 1357. På slutten av 1500-tallet presenterer forfatteren Montaige essay som sjanger.

Mye av litteraturen i renesanssen var blanding av prosa og lyrikk, men mennesket som sentralttema og individualisme er et kjennetegn på det meste av renessansen litteratur. Det var mange store forfattere og poeter under renesanssen for eks. or eksempel Lorenzi de Medici, Montaigne, Spenser og Shakespeare. Shakespear kjenner de fleste av oss til. Han levde i England fra 1564 til 1616 og vokste opp i en velstående familie i Stratford on Avon. Han ble Englands størte dikter og verdens største dramatiker.

Resten av litteraturen i renesanssen ble mindre styrt av religionen og mer interessert i å skildre mennesker. I romanen Don Quijote av Miguel De Cervantes finner man fokuset på enkeltmennesket. Verket hans regnes som den første romanen. Statuene er fra Madrid og representerer hovedpersonen i romanen, Don og hans venn Sancho Panza. Romanen handler om en adelsmann som leser mange fortellinger om ridderne at han blir tullete. Det resulterer at han lever i en fantasiverden hvor han innbiller seg at han er en ridder som kjemper mot andre riddere, mens i virkeligehtenen er han en vanlig person som kjemper mot vindmøller og sauflokker.

Globe Theathre i London, her oppførte William Shakespear flere av sine dramaer. Han var også opptatt av enkeltmennesket. Han fornyet antikkens teatertradisjon med levende skildringer hvor enkeltmennesket kunne forandre seg mye mer enn det som var vanlig i litteratur på denne tiden. I tragedien om Romeo og Juliet blir to unge forelsket og hindret fra å være sammen fordi familiene deres er uvenner. Her veksles det mellom komiske og tragiske hendelser, og det øker spenningen fordi vi hele tiden håper på at det skal ende godt for Romeo og Juliet.

Hamlet er også veldig kjent og populært, det inneholder typiske antikke temaene - drap på nært familiemedlem og på en konge. Hamlets onkel Claudius har drept kongen, Hamlets far, for å bli konge selv. Det nye som Shakespeare gjorde her var at han skildret hovedpersonen Hamlets usikkeret og grubling over et hevndrap som han føler at han må utføre på sin onkel. Her blir også mennesket satt i fokus, og Shakespear mente at alle mennesker, uavhengig av de handlingene man gjorde og valgene mat tok, så var mennesker født gode. Han mente også at vi er en del av naturen akkurat som dyrene men det som skilte oss fra de var friheten til å gjøre egne valg og evne til å skape. I renesanssen skulle mennesket være selvstedig, og oppnå ny kunnskap. Og i Hamlet så er han brutal og ute etter hevn.

Det nye bildet på verden, med mennesket i fokus viste seg mye i kunsten. Kunstnere hadde greske forbilder for sine malerier og skulpturer. I Italia hvor bl.a denne stilen oppstod var mer opptatt av perspektiv og rom, det førte til at man kunne se på malerier og kunstverk mer som et rom man kunne se innover i (som det bilde du viste oss).

Renessansemusikk
Det kom nye måter å komponere musikken på, nye musikalske sjangere osv.
Det meste av musikken ble fortsatt komponert av kirken.
Men oppfinnelsen av trykkerkunsten gjorde at man kunne trykke opp noter og lage så mange antall kopier man bare ville. Og det ble også utviklet nye instrumenter i renessansen som: klavikord, fiolin, gitar og blokkfløyte. Flere og flere kunne kjøpe instrumenter og noter og det kom stor interesse for musikk som underholdning. Musikk som bare skulle spilles ble kalt sonater og som bare skulle synges ble kalt for kantanter.

Renesanssen i Norge
Henrik Wergeland er blant dem som kjempet for humanismen i Norge. Han jobbet så jødene skulle få tilgang til riket, noe de i følge Grunnloven ikke hadde. Frihet, sannhet og kjærlighet var viktige begreper i hans forfatterskap. Henrik Ibsen var også en forfatter som tok opp emner som sannhet, kjærlighet og frihet.

Danmark i Norge hadde vært i union med hverandre i litt over hundre år, og fra midten av 1500 tallet så var danskekongen mektig at han gjorde om Norge til en landsdel i utkanten av Danmark. Både prester og de ansatte var for det meste danske. På denne tiden var ikke talespråket norrønt, det hadde utviklet seg mer til det som i dag er norsk. Det offisielle skrifstråket ble jo dansk og dansk var vanskelig for folk i Norge å forstå.

Prester var de få nordmenn som kunne skrive i Norge på denne tiden. De skrev på dansk elelr latin. Det kan sies at de også var humanister men de var opptatt av humanistiske fag som språk og historie. Abalson Pedersson Beyer skrev for eks dagbok på dans om forskjellige hendelser i Bergen. Noen av de var ganske brutale hendelser som knivstikking og mord. Et eksempel fra den 19. april i 1566: "19. dag ble Peder Sjurson, her sjurs sønn i Skogn i Trondheims stift, maltraktert og ihjelstukket av Michel Kleensmedt på gaten utenfor Nils Laurensons hus"

En annen norsk humanist var Peder Clausson Friis - han var opptatt av naturvitenskap og skrev om geofrafien og dyrelivet i Norge. Han oversatte også Snorres kongesagaer og det førte til at også ettertiden kunne forså det gamle norrøne språket.

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Health History

...Health history Function- Mental state n physical state for well being Intuition- gut feeling- from experience, Index of suspicion- asking question with reasons by comparying the situation and condition of the patient. They go hand in hand which come through experience. Health history S- symptoms through pqrst ( provoking and palliative) Provoke- what causes symtoms to be worst? Palliative- what causes symtoms to better? Q- Quality it means description. Open ended question Describing the symptoms. 1.What are you feeling? funny 2. Descibe funy? What is that mean? A bit tied.. 3. had you feeled before? 4. how is different from before? Feeling going from arms. R- Region and radiation Which art of your body are you feeling the symtoms? Where are you feeling tited ness? Around here- that means not localized. Is that your chest? Ask yes no for calrification’ Radiation- where else are you feeling the symptoms? Going up around neck and arms S- Severity (0 to 10) how severe is yoiur symtoms? Its about that 8. 0 no pain and 10 worst pain Does it stop doing anything? Daily activity T- time of actual symptoms When does it normally occur? How long does it last normally? Normally less than half hour but this is long Is it on and off? Constant or on or off? A- allergy- penesil, antibiotic, lacto biopsycho social model- nurses for allery NKA-nurse NKDA- doctor Burden- social worker Home- equipment Stair- ot to repair to help them Food to be...

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