...INTRODUCTION The following paper will serve the purpose of analysing the policy response to HIV and AIDS in Kenya as a case study in East Africa. Kenya has the main organisation which facilitates and controls various HIV and aids policy strategic response which is the national aids control council (NACC). It is the mandate of the Kenya Ministry of Health (MoH) to deliver quality, affordable health care to all citizens of Kenya. Various strategic documents have outlined plans towards achieving this goal, including the Second National Health Sector Strategic Plan (NHSSP II, 2005-2010) and the Kenya National AIDS Strategic Plan (KNASP, 2005-2010).They are various other documents which include the HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act, 2006 Sexual Offences Act, 2006 Children’s Act, 2001 Medical Laboratory Act, 1999 Science and Technology Act, 1980 Public Health Act (Cap 242) HIV prevalence in Kenya is estimated based on the Demographic and Health Survey (2003 and 2008/9), AIDS Indicator Surveys (KAIS 2007 and 2012) and Antenatal Clinic (ANC) sentinel surveillance. A trend analysis starting from 1990 shows that prevalence in the general population reached a peak of 10.5% in 1995‐96, after which it declined by about 40% to reach approximately 6.7% in 2003. Since then, the prevalence has remained relatively stable. The decline of the prevalence from 1995 to 2003 is partly attributed to high AIDS related mortality while the stabilisation of the epidemic in the last 10 years is largely...
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...TABLE OF CONTENT PART 1 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HIV/AIDS age breakdown – South Africa (1998-2000) 3. Division of two organizations (education and mining sector) 4.1. Education sector 4.2. Mining sector 4.3. Gender breakdown 4.4. Provincial break down 4. Life expectancy 5.5. The potential impact on the demographic profile of the work in education 5.6. How HIV/AIDS affect the work in education 5.7. How HIV/AIDS influence my school as an organization 5.8. Should my school or my organization start to replace labour with technology: 5.9. To whom the department of education supply learners 5.10. What impact will HIV/AIDS have on educational labour bill 5.11. My organization start to employ people from abroad 5. Stigmatization 6. AIDS impact model (Aim) 7.12. Definition 7.13. Recruitments costs 7.14. Training costs 7.15. Health care 7.16. Formulating a sound HIV/AIDS policy 7.17. Establishing HIV/AIDS prevention support 7.18. Condom distribution 7.19. Provision sexual transmitted disease and other care 7.20. Counseling care and support for employees with HIV/AIDS 7.21. Education programme 7.22. Monitoring and evaluation PART 2 1.1. Introduction 1.2. HIV/AIDS awareness programs (step 1) 1.3. Voluntary testing (step 2) 1.4. Disclosing information 1.5. Outline the relationship...
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...woman can become infected if she has unprotected penetrative sex vaginal or anal, with a man who has HIV. A woman having vaginal sex with a man who has HIV is 2-3 times more likely to become infected than a man would be if he had vaginal sex with an infected woman (HIV and AIDS). AIDS is also spread though sharing contaminated needles for IV drug use, transfusions of blood or blood products from a person with AIDS and children born to an infected mother. Many women in the U.S. have poor access to health care. In addition, women may not perceive themselves to be at risk for HIV infection. Because of this, symptoms that serve as a warning sign of HIV infection may go unheeded (Women and AIDS). Early diagnosis of HIV infection allows women to take full advantage of drug therapies for opportunistic infections, which can forestall the development of AIDS related symptoms and prolong life in HIV-infected people. (Women and AIDS) There are different theories as to the origin of AIDS. AIDS was identified as a new disease in 1981 (Sowadsky). HIV is believed to have originated in Africa sometime between the late 1940s and the early 1950s from the monkey AIDS virus SIV, (Simian Immudificiency virus) (Sowadsky). The two viruses are very similar and are transmitted the same way. However HIV only causes AIDS in humans, and SIV only causes AIDS in monkeys. The SIV virus is found in blood. HIV must have entered humans via monkey blood. This could’ve happened by humans drinking monkey blood,...
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...What is HIV? HIV stands for human immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system. The virus remains in the body and damages the immune system causing the person to remain infectious. They can then spread the virus to others. Once you have the virus, your immune system can no longer protect you from other sicknesses e.g. flu. HIV destroys your CD4 cells, which help fight diseases and infections. How is HIV spread? HIV is found in body fluids. The infection will only occur when body fluids of an infected person mix or enter another person’s blood. Unprotected sex is the main cause of HIV transmission. Other ways are sharing needles and syringes, unsterile body piercing and tattooing, mother to child during birth and blood transfusions. How do I know I have aids? The only way to definitely know if you are infected is to have a test. There are a few symptoms like: rapid weight loss, dry cough, fevers and night sweats, diarrhea, pneumonia, skin rashes and memory loss. At first these symptoms might seem like flu symptoms. Many don’t have symptoms, which is why it is good to get tested often. Having a test is still the only way to know for sure since these symptoms could be for other sicknesses. When getting tested you know if you are HIV positive if there are antibodies to the virus. How can you prevent HIV? We can prevent aids by not participating in unprotected sexual intercourse, not reusing needles or syringes, getting tested often and having one sexual...
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...HIV and AIDS * Presenter: MAHMOOD AHMED | | Learning Objectives: * Origin of HIV * Lifecycle of HIV-1. * CD4 cell and host defense system. * Natural history of HIV-1 disease. * Immune responses to HIV-1 and mechanisms of immune evasion by HIV. * Drugs * Nursing care Origins of HIV * HIV similar to virus found in monkeys and apes called SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus). * To identify ancestry of HIV scientists have sequenced various HIV strains and compared them to various SIV strains. * HIV-1 is most similar to an SIV found in chimps and HIV-2 is most similar to an SIV found in a monkey called the sooty mangabey. * HIV-1 occurs in three different subgroups (called M,N and O) and each appears closely related to a different chimpanzee SIV strain. * Thus, it appears that HIV-1 jumped to humans from chimps on at least 3 occasions. * Most likely the virus was acquired through killing and butchering chimps and monkeys in the “bushmeat” trade. When did HIV move to humans? * Sequence data from several group M strains has been used estimate when HIV moved from chimps to humans. * Korber et al. (2000) analyzed nucleotide sequence data for 159 samples of HIV-1 strain M. Constructed a phylogenetic tree showing relatedness to a common ancestor of the 159 samples. * Extrapolating based on rates of change of different strains suggests that subgroup M probably infected humans in the early 1930’s. | | Origins...
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...HIV/AIDS Samantha Jaros SCI 162 August 9, 2015 University of Phoenix HIV/AIDS Introduction Have you ever thought about how common HIV/AIDS is? More people than we think or know are affected by this disease. Although it is not curable there are ways to take care of yourself. If you have any questions or concerns be sure to contact a professional. It doesn't hurt to be informed. You can save yourself from getting it or giving it to others. HIV is no joke and it is becoming an epidemic. HIV/AIDS HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Over time your body is able to fight and get rid of viruses but with HIV your body is not able to fight it off. There are medicines that can keep the level down so you are expected to live a longer and healthier life. HIV is a single stranded, positive sense, enveloped RNA virus in the genus Lentivirus. HIV can be passed in numerous ways. It can be passed through sexual contact, needle or syringe sharing, medical use of blood or blood components, organ or tissue transplantation, artificial insemination, mother to child during pregnancy, at birth, and postpartum through breast feeding. An estimated 35 million at the end of 2012 were living with the HIV infection. A big majority of it is coming from Africa and the low income poverty groups. Two thirds of the virus is in Africa. When coming in contact and being infected with HIV your immune system cannot fight it off. HIV attacks and breaks down your immune system...
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...The AIDS and HIV virus is a very dangerous disease that sees no race, no color, no gender, no economic background and not even a specific age group. It can affect anyone, at any time if they put themselves in a situation where they could be at risk. AIDS stands for what is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The virus causes the body’s immune system to break down and become useless in fighting illness and bacteria. Even a common cold could lead to the death of a person affected with the AIDS virus. Contrary to popular belief, a person does not just become affected with the AIDS virus right away. AIDS is actually caused by a pre virus called HIV, or human immunodeficiency syndrome. The antibodies, substance in your body that fights infection, in a person become infected once HIV is transferred into a human. Blood tests are often used to detect this virus. A person that is affected with the HIV virus may look perfectly healthy and show no signs what so ever of this illness. It is very easy for a person affected with this virus to spread it to others through certain types of contact. Because HIV weakens your immune system, it is very easy for a person to become ill. They suffer many health problems. Some of these problems can include extreme weight loss, severe pneumonia, forms of cancer, and damage to the nervous system. These illnesses signal the onset of AIDS (AIDS prevention guide). If a person is receiving medical care, it is likely that a person will be able to...
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...African Americans with HIV/AIDS African American with HIV/AIDS One of the most important issues in an individual’s life is their health. The question that many individuals are wondering is how many different diseases are affecting millions of individuals throughout the world? These sometimes harmful diseases are affecting new born, young children, teens, adults, and elderly. Some of these diseases syndromes, disorders, and ect are curable and others can’t be cured which is only increasing the death rate around the world. According to science and health observations there are over 100,000 human diseases that have been discovered throughout the world. HIV/AIDS are the second most deadly diseases out in the world. Scientists believe that HIV came from a particular kind of chimpanzee in Western African. Scientists also believe humans came in contact with HIV as early as the 1800s because individuals used hunting as survival skills and a way of living. They ate food that was infected by HIV that soon was discovered as a harmful disease. Decades later the virus slowly spread across African and later into many other parts of the world infecting thousand and then millions. HIV/AIDS is an epidemic that affects both men and woman of all ages. In 1985 scientist discovered the human immunodeficiency virus which is also known as HIV. HIV is a virus that attacks the human body’s immune system. It also affects the blood cells within an individual’s body (lymphocytes) and cells of the...
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...HIV/AIDS Summary HIV/AIDS is the leading disease in America. This epidemic is causing millions of dollars to help and treat patients that are positively tested with HIV/AIDS. There are four different methods, HIV exposure, infections, diagnosis, AIDS diagnosis, and then there is death of HIV/AIDS. There are more than one million Americans living in today’s society that has this disease that is fatal to a human body. Even though HIV/AIDS has been the largest epidemic for the last 30 years, there has been highly active retro viral therapy that has been reducing the number of patients that test positive. In the 1990’s whites were up in number, now they are decreasing as in the blacks were down and now they are increasing in number. Even though there is a race ethnicity towards HIV/AIDS patients there is still others that offer up the transmitted disease such as men having sex with men, heterosexual, and the injection drug. Age can define the importance of having the disease as well. Starting at the age of 13 and up until 50; there are still chances to get HIV but the chances decrease the older you get. Looking at this epidemic in different regions of the United States has many concerns over the cases that are from Southern compared to other states in the country (Jen Kates, 2014). Medicaid, Medicare, Ryan White, and others are consumers for HIV/AIDS patients. The number one leading federal funding for HIV/AIDS is the Medicaid. There are over 200 thousand patients with low...
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...(determinants) may be contributing to or causing the problem? A socio-ecological assessment is critical in an intervention aimed at such an immense problem. In HIV/AIDS, many different factors at many levels form the context, interact, and come into play. Individual factors: Individual factors that contribute to HIV/AIDS include having multiple sexual partners, sexually transmitted diseases, not using a condom and not circumcising males (Auvert et al, 2001). Individual behaviour is largely determined by the social environment, such as community norms and values, regulations, and policies. Societal factor: Systemic discrimination. Stigma and discrimination also influence the spread of HIV/AIDS. Stigma creates barriers to the uptake of interventions to prevent HIV infection, treat it and give support to people living with the disease (Klein, Karchner & O'Connel, 2002; Hamra, Ross, Orrs & D’Agosrino, 2006, Parker & Aggleton, 2003). Issues such as promiscuity, homosexuality and blame tend to prevent people from disclosing their HIV status and seeking care. Prejudice against people with HIV/AIDS may mean people are denied their right to care. Interventions aimed at HIV/AIDS need to consider where there may be prejudice and how stigma-related factors interact at various levels. Socioeconomic and political factors: Inequities. HIV/AIDS is increasingly concentrated in the poorest and most marginalized societies (Kumaranayake & Watts, 1999; Buve, Kalibala & McIntyre, 2003). Studies among...
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...December 13, 2013 Demographic Paper AIDS is the leading cause of death worldwide and it affects millions of individuals daily. AIDS is an abbreviation for (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is the final stage of HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Virus), which causes severe damage to the immune system. AIDS officially originated from a primate of chimpanzees in West Africa as the source of HIV infection in humans. Scientist believed that the chimpanzee version of the virus called (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus or SIV) most likely was transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted this source for meat and became in contact with their infected blood which resulted to HIV. Over decades, the virus slowly spread across Africa and later into other parts of the world. Today, the targeted populations of AIDS are Black/African Americans. The estimated number of AIDS diagnosis in 2011 was 15,958; and the cumulative estimated number of AIDS diagnosis through 2011 was 486,282 according to the CDC. “According to Centers for Disease Control (CDC), African Americans represent 13% of the U.S. population but account for more than half of all new HIV diagnosis. One in five HIV positive Americans close to a quarter of a million people have yet to be diagnosed. Alarmingly, African Americans make up the majority of the undiagnosed. Evidence shows that individuals who are unaware of their HIV status are more likely to transmit HIV and less likely to access care and treatment...
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...HIV/AIDS INTRODUCTION At the beginning of the 20th Century it was believed by many, including the United States Patent Office, that there was nothing else to invent. Now, 100 years later at the beginning of the new millenium the ancient Egyptian philosopher is more relevant, "there is nothing new under the Sun". While HIV/AIDS may be a new disease, there is nothing new about a novel epidemic, which can potentially or actually decimate a population. In the late middle ages, the Black, now known as the Bubonic Plague, swept through Europe killing virtually half the population. It was introduced by a single or small group of rats that came to Italy abroad a trading ship from what is now Turkey. Small Pox transmitted by trade goods from the Hudson Bay Company wiped out entire Native American tribes. There are other examples of diseases accidentally introduced to a population that had no genetic immunity to them. Not to mention NASA's fear of an unbeatable super virus from outer space. Now as in previous diseases, one of the dangers of HIV/AIDS is not only in its plague proportions but also in the almost superstitious misunderstanding of the virus itself. In the treatment of all illness, it is necessary to understand the emotional, economic, psychological and sometimes even political impact that is brought about by the disease. This is particularly true with a disease that is as devastating and heretofore misunderstood as HIV/AIDS. AIDS is the punishment of God on sinners....
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...HIV/AIDS is an epidemic that affects people from all over the world, all ages, all races. People can be living with HIV and people could not tell by looking at a person he or she has the virus.HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)is a virus that attacks the cells in the body's immune system, it tries to fight the virus but eventually the virus wins. Once the virus takes over it weakens the immune system that the immune system cannot fight against infections. People who have HIV can take medications to slow down the process. A person who has HIV does not necessarily have to get AIDS. In 1981, a new fatal, infectious disease was diagnosed as AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The first cases that were reported in 1981 were of homosexual men with lung type infections and tumors that had what we call AIDS now. Now we know that the most common ways in which HIV is being spread is through sexual contact, sharing needles, and by transmission from infected mothers to their newborns during pregnancy, labor or breastfeeding. We know that most cases of children under the age of 13 that have HIV got it from their mothers. “By the end of 2007, the CDC (center for disease control) estimates that 468,578 people were living with AIDS in America.” http://www.cdc.gov/az/a.html. These CDC statistics show that blacks make up the majority ethnic group that is infected with AIDS. "The CDC also shows that 75% of all people living with AIDS are over the age of 13 and are men. " http://www...
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...Brandi Rubio HIV/AIDS There are hundreds of thousands of people in the united states who are HIV infected many of whom do not know it or currently show no symptoms. What is HIV? HIV is a sexually transmitted diseases that destroys your immune system causing severe neurological problems. If people were more aware of their health, that could help the spread of HIV. This became an issue in June 5, 1981. The CDC published a MMWR, describing cases of a rare lung infection , PCP in 5 young previously healthy gay men in Los Angeles. At the end of 1981, 5 to 6 new cases of the disease were being reported each week. There are currently 1.1 million people living with HIV in the United States, with 16 percent unaware of their infection. Since the beginning of the HIV and AIDS epidemic, 600,000 people have died of AIDS related illness in the U.S. The US lacked a comprehensive plan on HIV until 2010 when president Obama created a national HIV/AIDS strategy. It is structured around three core aims. Reducing new HIV infections, increasing access to care and improving health outcomes for people living with HIV, and reducing HIV related disparities and health inequalities. To prevent this issue abstain from sex and injection drug use. This is the only way to be 100% sure you won't get HIV. Use a latex condom for sexual intercourse. Do not share needles. It doesn't matter if you are using needles to shoot drugs, for tattooing or body...
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...HIV/ AIDS What is AIDS ? It is a pandemic disease. AIDS cannot be compared to disease like malaria and cholera which claim more live in country currently. It has a greater impact than other disease. The treatment options are still in the initial stages and are prohibitively expensive. There are instances of quacks taking advantage of the situation. This has compounded the misery of AIDS patients. History of HIV AIDS: It was first noticed in USA in 1981. The American and French scientist independently identified the AIDS virus 1984. The virus first named as HCLV III ( Human cell leukemia virus III). The name (Human cell leukemia deficiency virus) is now preferred. It now seems that HIV first passed into human from chimpanzees by eating butchered chimps. 10% of the people, who get AIDS virus infection, actually develop full blown AIDS. Causes of HIV/AIDS HIV is a retrovirus capable of rapid mutation that produces a latent infection that develops over a long period. To infect a human, HIV must attach to specific host cells known as CD4 cells, which are responsible for regulating the immune system. Once it has occupied a host cell, the virus copies the DNA of the cell, rendering it invisible to the body's defense system. The virus replicates itself within the cells, producing numerous virus particles that bud from the surface of the cell, destroying the cell and moving on to attach to another CD4 cell. For several weeks or months after initial infection the patient...
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