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Hope

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Submitted By Ranch90
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Chapter 1.

A layered model of data-communications

1.0. Abstract.

Telecommunications systems can be extremely complex. In order to keep that complexity under control it is necessary to subdivide the systems into a certain number of subsystems, which are as independent from each other as possible.
Starting with SNA, announced by IBM in the early seventies, computer networks have systematically been designed as a set of independent functional layers.
The principle of such decomposition will first be explained by means of an imaginary example.
Thereafter, the principles and consequences of layered systems will be described in a more abstract way, using the terminology introduced by the"Comité Consultatif pour la Télégraphie et la Téléphonie", now renamed "International Telecommunications Union" and the "International Standardization Organization" who have, in the late seventies, tried to develop a formal framework for layered systems, called the “Seven layers OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model" (ITU recommendation X200, ISO standard 7498.
Finally, a three-layer model for networked systems will be presented, setting a reference frame for the further chapters of this course.
In three sidetracks, the important concepts of open systems and connection oriented vs.connectionless protocols are introduced and the seven layers of the OSI model are briefly presented..

1.1. An international negotiation.

To understand the ideas underlying a layered model, the technical issues associated with an imaginary international negotiation will be approached in the same way as network issues are.
Two presidents, X and Y, physically present in different towns Tx and Ty, speaking exclusively different languages Lx and Ly, want to discuss some important issue.
Hopefully, they both know enough about each other’s susceptibilities to be able to have a meaningful

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