...Articles Adult learning theory is fully discussed and explained in the articles; “Adult Learning Theory: Applications to Non-Traditional College Students “(Kenner, Weinerman) and “Adult learning styles and on-line educational preference” (McGlone). The articles describe multiple aspects of how an adult learns compared to a child and what life experiences adults bring into their educational environment. Adult learning theory is based on the way to adult learners comprehend and learn as they are older adults and not children. This theory also studies how adults learn when studying online. Newer adult learners bring learning styles and life experiences that provide a more critical foundation. Online learning is now the new basis for adult learners. To understand how adult learning theory works, the teacher must first understand andragogy, which is an advanced field of psychology in which the age of the learner, is studied. An andragogy study is a process-focused approach and was not studied until the 1960s and 1970s. Before that, only pedagogy was studied, which is the way that children learn. Children and adults learn completely different. In recent research, it is shown that adults learn best with a self-paced learning environment, which means instruction from the teacher and all of the guidance done solely by the students. Most adult learners are more eager than traditional students to learn since this is normally their second chance at a good education. Most adult learners...
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... 07/04/2014 4057624 Executive Summary Within this report I will be covering the basis of adult learning, other wise known as andragogy. It will be based upon me recently working in a HR graduate position at the Google office in Sydney. I will be covering what andragogy actually means and the types of principles of learning that are suggested by this theory by Malcolm Knowles. Then I shall be writing suggestions on how the Google training manager could use the principles of the theory andragogy in skills training at Google, on the principles they have yet to introduce in their training. Finally I will list four references that I will recommend to the HR manager at Google that I found gave me a better understanding of andragogy. Introduction Learning is "a relatively permanent change in behaviour (or behaviour potential) resulting from one's experiences" (Delahaye, 2011: 31). When adults are learning, we call this andragogy. As we already should know, adults learn vastly different to how children learn (pedagogy). There are many key differences in the learning department when comparing children to adults, such as instead of asking what, adults would ask why. Andragogy is a theory that holds a set of assumptions about how adults learn and it holds a great importance on the value of the process of learning. At the Google office in Sydney, the environment and people there are great...
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...Assumption you identified. 3. In the last box you will discuss your perspective on how this Assumption differs from the Pedagogical Model. 4. Repeat steps until all 6 Assumptions are identified, described, and discussed. Each description and discussion should be substantive and requires a minimum of 3 sentences per response. Save this document and type directly onto the document and into the boxes. The boxes will expand to accommodate what you write. Submit as an attachment to the appropriate drop box. 6 Assumptions of the Andragogical Model | Description of each of the 6 Assumptions of the Andragogical Model | Discuss how your perception of each of these assumptions differs from the Pedagogical Model. | 1. The need to know. | Adults tend to need to know why they need to learn something before they attempt to learn it. When adults decide to learn something on their own they look at all the positive things for knowing what they learn and the negatives for not knowing it. When instructing adults it is important they are aware of the need to know. | In the pedagogical model children only need to know that they must learn what the teacher teaches if they want to pass and get promoted. These learners do not need to know how what they will learn will apply to their lives. Adults apply what they need to learn to their real lives. | 2. The learner’s self-concept. | Adults have a self-concept of being responsible for their own decisions for their own lives...
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...ADULT LEARNING CONCEPTS Brittney Wallop INFT 101-70B LUO February 21, 2013 Summary In today’s world many people believe that adult learning is one of the most debated topics. In this report there will be three centuries of research on adult learning theories. There will also be information about how we as human beings can use games as a means of learning. Some researchers will even argue about how adult learning is a multidimensional phenomenon. Adult learning in many ways will keep several researchers motivated in their studies due to the fact that there are many ways adult learning can be viewed, studied, or compared. The adult learning theory has been researched several times by different researchers to find out what it means. The more we learn about adults and how they perceive information the better it is to create different activities. Throughout the adult learning theory there have been three changes from volume to volume but one thing that has remained constant is the transformational learning (TL). In the first chapters of adult learning theory transformational learning was more or less describing theory, but in the twenty- first century it is based on research. Researchers from the twentieth century believe that adult learning theory was surrounded around individual learner, how that learner processes information, and how learning allows the person to be more empowered and self-sufficient. In the present day “adult learning was understood as cognitive process...
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...Adult Learning Theories Barbara Todd February 20, 2013 INFT101 Module 6 Summary Adult Learning Theories look at how life experiences of adults can affect their learning positively and negatively. Research shows that adults process information differently because of their life experience and a need for job skills. This research allows educators to guide adults through the learning process in a non-traditional manner. Both articles look at how adults learn new information and how professors can assist them in their learning process. According to Kenner and Weinerman, the adult student who is going back to school after being in the workforce needs to expand their skills. Adult students may have life experiences that regulate how they learn which may be insufficient for the demand of the scholastic atmosphere because our skills and experiences may hinder how we retain the information. This information will help teachers develop ways for adult students to fit into college life (Kenner and Weinerman, 2011). Merriam’s research focuses on how the adult student’s learning process is different today than 12 years ago, because more emphasis is placed on the history and sociology. Adult background and cultural is now considered an important element in comprehending adult students. The knowledge gained in a person’s job helps them react to the standards set and the setting that learning takes place in. Realizing how adults gain knowledge broadens the comprehension for how...
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...Sandra J. Mitchell Trident University International MAE 524 – Adult Development and Learning Module 1 – Case Dr. Jerusalem Howard Fall 2013 Andragogy Andragogy was a concept first introduced by Alexander Kapp in 1833 to describe how adults learn as opposed to children (infed.org). It however did not gain much appreciation and it was not until around the 1950’s when the term came to surface again. Andragogy was actually a study done in Europe in the 1950’s that was researching on how adults learned. The current and recognized definition of andragogy “the art and science of helping adults learn” was coined by an American theorist of adult education Malcolm Knowles in the 1970’s (Queensland 2010). Knowles recognized that adults learned differently and brought unique characteristics to the learning environment, what he referred to as “adult learning principles” (Queensland). They are as follows: * Adults are internally motivated and self-directed * Adults bring life experiences and knowledge to learning experiences * Adults are goal oriented * Adults are relevancy oriented * Adults are practical * Adult learner like to be respected With these principles in mind, one can see that adult learners require a different approach when it comes to learning. When adults return to school, it is usually because they are looking to advance their career, learn a new skill or just to learn something new. With jobs getting harder and harder to find, many look...
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...Summary Adult Learning Theories are organized on the comprehension of adults. Certain obstacles grown-ups may endure could hinder their learning process. Preceptors use adult learning theories to format the learning process of their students. Every student has different circumstances and life experiences that can affect their ability to learn. Adult learning theories are intended to give scholars a perception on how adults learn. The article “Adult Learning Theory: Applications to Non-Traditional College Students” focuses on how to teach and comprehend the adult learner, showing them ways that they can contribute to the learning environment, to enhance their knowledge adults are perpetually learning recent data. Knowles describes four principles in Andragogy that portrays the grown-up learner. 1. They resist having information bestowed upon them; they are self-directed and take responsibility for their actions. 2. They have an abundant amount of experience that serves as a vital part of the foundation in their individualism. 3. They’re eager to learn and will usually engage actively in the learning environment. 4. They are motivated to perform task. “Adult students returning to college attend for a specific goal and the primary component of their motivational drive tends to be internal.” (Knowles, 1984) Adults have a desire for learning and it’s crucial that instructors clasp the different approaches of learning. When approaching new learning material do so strategically...
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...Summary Sharon B Merriam wrote, “The more we know about how adults learn the better we are able to structure learning activities that resonate with those adult learns with whom we work.” Opening with behaviorist investigate that adult learning theory in North America has pay attention on the individual learner. A learner receives data and learns how to become more self-reliant. Sharon B Merriam mentions in her report that Hill introduced the Con’vergence movement. It is when learning from environment such as well-liked teaching, fundamental citizenship, and unfavorable use activism. Non-Western Cultures are structure of circumstance that develop our thinking ahead of an individual learner. An adult social surroundings influence how she or he learns. The mind takes in details and information changes it all to wisdom. This could lead to behavior change. The way the brain processes Information from using sensory, emotions, and hands on experience are call neurobiological. Gordon Welty wrote an effective training reader Q & A It is about the work place and how the adult learning theory is used. These theories are base on Eduard Lindeman, Malcolm S. Knowles, Benjamin Bloom, Lorin W. Anderson, David Krathwohl along with a few others who acknowledge the different types of learning. Some theories are recent and some are from the early 1900’s. ...
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...Running head: ADULT LEARNING THEORY: ANDRAGOGY1 Adult Learning Theory: Andragogy Jonathan S. Ponce American Public University System Author Note Jonathan Ponce for COLL 100, American Public University System, taught by Instructor Anthony Underhill ADULT LEARNING THEORY: ANDRAGOGY2 Abstract The andragogy theory can best be defined as the art and science of helping adults learn. This paper will explore exactly what the andragogy theory is and how it differs from pedagogy. A few examples of earlier andragogy strategies used in adult education were group discussions, interviews, and joint problem solving sessions. Now a days we see online tools such as discussion forums and blogs being used online to promote learning among adult learners. Simply put, andragogy is an organized and sustained effort to assist adults to learn in a way that enhances their capacity to function as self directed learners. ( Mezirow 1981) But does this method really only apply to adults? Could it be used by the younger learners before they reach adulthood? Is either method greater or more efficient than the other? Though mostly seen as a useful tool in adult education, studies into andragogy have shown that there are flaws within the core principles that conflict with its purpose of being a more...
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...April 25, 2013 INFT 101- D92 LUO Summary Adult learning Theory is some times referred to as Andragogy. This theory is based on characteristics on how adults learn. The three steps related to adult learning are experience, critical reflection and development. Research conducted on adult learning theory helps to understand how adults learn better and activities can be developed to enhance their learning skills. Adult learning theory is a self-directed learning based on the assumption that education should focus on the development of the adult learner (Merriam, 2008). It enables the adult learner to become more in control and free. Today’s Army is composed of Soldiers who have chosen to serve voluntary to achieve various goals in life (Wilson & Smith, 2012). Soldiers may pursue education to get promoted to the next rank or to be able to get a job when they transition to Civilian life (Wilson & Smith, 2012). Recent studies conducted show the unemployment rate among veterans higher than non-veteran unemployment rates. Many Soldiers transition out with no intention to go to college although that was their intention when they joined the Military. Academic counselor have resolved that adult learning theory as a part of life mission is important in advising Soldiers make career based decisions (Wilson & Smith, 2012). Advisors use developmental academic advising, intrusive academic advising and prescriptive academic advising when they have...
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...Summaries on Adult Learning Theories Maurrica Daun Doss Summary With review of two articles related to adult learning theories, there were several similarities and shared information that combined these articles together. It is very clear that there are different views and levels of adult learning theories. Starting from the basic concept of adult learning and fine tuning the theories down to adult students, it is evident that these theories are a major factor in continuing education. The first article on adult learning theories realized that psychological, convictional, and behavioral aspects are significant factors. The author covers these latest updates from an edition published in 2001 while stating that “what we might conclude about adult learning today will most likely be out of date by the time this volume is a year old” (Merriam, 2008, p. 94). The article highlights a few major updates from previous versions. Adult learning theory is being increasingly recognized more and more as multidimensional learning. Environments of adult learners are known factors to how new information is received. Depending on their external influences, translates into factors that cause adults to learn differently. Adults receive information and relate it to their own body, mind, and wellbeing. Keeping adult learners in context can ultimately help with learning styles. Adult learning seemed to be a cognitive process until recently. Using spirituality as a guide to learn confirms...
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...Introduction In this paper, the role of HR Manager is assumed at a company that has recently received complaints from employees about a lack of inclusion. An overview for a training program on diversity and inclusion for your organization's first line supervisors will be presented. In addition to a plan for the types of exercises, role-playing, or activities that will maintain participant interest and enhance the learning outcome in the body of the training plan. The utilization of both "Social Learning Theory" and "Adult Learning Theory" will be displayed in this training plan. Provide rationale for the activities and how they relate to the two learning theories. Lastly, I will discuss how this diversity training can modify employee morale, improve workforce inclusion, and lead to more managerial success. Inclusion Methods Inclusion training plays an important role in creating the climate for a diverse workplace. It is important to ensure that everyone embraces inclusion. As an HR manager, if I was informed that an employee felt excluded I would seek improvement, accept feedback and listen to the concerns of all employees, there is always room for growth. A viable option for exclusion would include Team-building activities. Such activities provide an excellent opportunity that promotes employees interaction. Team building activities improve diversity with activities like picnics. I would consider holding a team-building exercise away from the office so that employers...
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...Adult Learning Theory SD Liberty University Online INFT 101-B65 March 8, 2013 Summary The two articles on adult learning theory studied were “ALT: Application to Non-Traditional College Students” written by Cari Kenner and Jason Weinerman and “ALT for the Twenty-First Century” by Sharan B. Merriam. Both of these articles point out that having a passion for teaching is the most important thing. In “ALT: Application to Non-Traditional College Students”, the author begins by giving an example of one of the reasons many people take the route of not going to school and go straight into a job that will provide the training they need in order to be successful at it. It also gives one of the many reasons why an adult decides to go back to school. Many people, upon high school graduation lack the resources to continue to go to college and earn a degree (Weinerman & Kenner, 2011). This article focuses on what educators should do to help adult students be successful in completing a college degree. The authors say, “By understanding what makes adult learners different from traditional students, developmental educators can provide specific tools that help adult learners integrate into the college or university environment and increase their chances for success” (Weinerman & Kenner, 2011). The article goes on by talking about four principles that describe adult learners: self-direction, self-identity, ready to learn, and task motivated (Weinerman & Kenner, 2011). The second...
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...1,050-word paper in which you analyze fundamental principles of adult education including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and cognitive factors that will have an effect on the diverse demographics of your adult learners. 1. Analyze fundamental principles of adult education including biological, physiological, socio-cultural, and cognitive factors that will have an impact on the diverse demographics of your adult learners. Malcolm Knowles pioneered the field of adult learning. He identified the following characteristics of adult learners: · Adults are autonomous and self-directed. · Adults have accumulated a foundation of life experiences and knowledge that may include work-related activities, family responsibilities, and previous education. · Adults are goal-oriented. · Adults are relevancy-oriented. · Adults are practical, focusing on the aspects of a lesson most useful to them in their work. · As do all learners, adults need to be shown respect. (see attached resources, which expands on each of these characteristics). According to Kuhne (2000), the following ten characteristics of adult learners will impact how you teach adult learners. Kuhne incorporates the above characterizes stated by Knowles, including biological, physiological, socio-cultural, and cognitive factors. They are: 1. Characteristic #1 - Adults Generally Desire to Take More Control Over Their Learning Than Youth Adults tend to be self-directed in their lives, although responsibilities...
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...ISSUES RELATING TO ADULT LEARNING Learning is the basic objective of all the training and development activities. If people have not learnt what they were suppose to learn from a HRD program; then the program should be called as a failure. It is, therefore, very important for HRD professionals to understand the major concepts and research findings related to learning. Learning may be defined as the process of acquiring, assimilating, and internalizing inputs for their effective and varied use when required, leading to an enhanced capability for further self monitored learning. It is any relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience. The change often is an increased capability for some type of performance. Basic learning styles of the participants Every individual has a unique way of gathering, absorbing, processing and internalizing inputs for learning purpose. This constitutes an individual’s learning style. It must, however, be remembered that the learning style of an individual is neither always explicit nor enduring. An individual modifies it in light of the situations and experiences. Even in a training program, a participant may change the learning style, depending on the opportunities available for learning. It may be noted that a participant's learning style is not necessarily a measure of his/her intellect and learning abilities. It only suggests a preference for the manner in which s/he wants to learn. It also suggests...
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