...Planet Earth. Knowledge has traditionally been understood as “justified true belief”. This is the idea of people initially having faith in something they believe to be true and then logically thinking about in order to justify their belief. Once agreed it is a justified true belief it becomes common knowledge between everyone. This later introduces the idea of Epistemology which is how beliefs can be verified. Some beliefs are justified through epistemology making them a true belief thus disproving the fact that there is no such thing as a true belief. People who believe them have good reason to believe them. For much of what we believe however, we do not have any good reasons: we make guesses; we take things on faith. Epistemology is important because it is fundamental to how we think. Without some means of understanding how we acquire knowledge, how we rely upon our senses, and how we develop concepts in our minds, we have no coherent path for our thinking. Some beliefs would appear to be justified solely by the use of reason (WOK). Justification of that kind is said to be a priori: prior to any kind of experience. Coherentism is a theory of epistemic justification. It implies that for a belief to be justified it must belong to a coherent system of beliefs. For a system of beliefs to be coherent, the beliefs that make up that system must cohere with one another. Foundationalism holds that beliefs are justified...
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...Just war theory deals with the justification of how and why wars are fought. The justification can be theoretical. The theoretical aspect is concerned with justifying war ethically. The role of ethics is used to examine whether war is justified and if so can the aspects be changed. The just war tradition also considers the thoughts of various philosophers through the ages and examine their philosophical visions of war’s ethical limits and whether their thoughts have contributed to the justification of war. The just war theory was firstly developed by Saint Augustine of Hippo. Looking back at the Bible he realised that although older generations sided with the more peaceful aspects of the Bible (New Testament) the aspects which included violence (Old Testament) could not be ignored. In Mathew 5 it Jesus said “blessed are the peacemakers” however he did not oppose those who crucified him. This links to how war can be justified because Jesus Gods only son did not punish those who purposely killed him without reason. So to punish those with to an extent have a valid reason could be seen as hypocritical. Augustine believed that justified wars were commanded by God in the bible and split his theory into two parts they are; jus ad bellum-just reasons for going to war, and jus in bello-just practice in war. This was then further developed by Aquinas. Jus ad bellum contains seven key points. If these points are met then war can be justified. The points are; just authority-war must be ordered...
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...Definition 3-5 How is the term justification defined by scholars? What is your own definition based on your research? Basis 5-6 What is the act of being justified based or grounded on, that is, what is necessary to have happened or to be true in order for justification to be possible? Means 6-7 How does one obtain justification? What is the means by which one is justified? Time Factors 7-8 Is justification an act or a process? Is it instantaneous or gradual? Results/Fruits 8-10 Once one has been justified, what benefits or results follow? Assurance 10-12 How can one be assured of justification? Conclusion 12 Bibliography 13 JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH “Justification by faith alone” (justificatio sola fide) summarizes the doctrine of justification that has come to us as the great legacy of the Protestant Reformation. We frequently hear this formula used in preaching and teaching. The doctrine of justification by faith is a biblical doctrine. The Apostle Paul gives a full exposition of this doctrine. The letters he wrote to the Galatians and the Romans are especially important in this connection. However, the core message of justification by faith is found in the Old Testament. Paul himself argues from the Old Testament, asserting that the faith of Abraham teaches us that a man is justified by faith alone and not by works. The prophet Habakkuk testified, “but the just shall live by his faith” (Hab. 2:4). The purpose of this paper is to gain...
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...Topic 1: “Terrorism is never justified.” Critically assess the claim. Under what circumstances, if any, would you think terrorism is justified? How would you answer the person who offers what you think is the best argument against your conclusion? I am always leery to use the word never when critically assessing something, especially a controversial issue like terrorism. Who can honestly say that terrorism is under no circumstances justified? Obviously the people conducting the terrorism think it is justified to them. What is even more perplexing is that the term terrorism is relative and one sided. Who we call terrorists may call themselves defenders of their nation. Terrorism, as we now know it, is most troubling to me because I feel as if we do not have enough information to totally condemn it. However, if we had all the facts surrounding terrorism, or even one specific act of terrorism, I would still say that there is at least one instance in which terrorism can be justified. When all other peaceful measures have been taken to get a point across and the point is critical, such as maintaining ones way of life, I do think terrorism can be used. From our own history we’ve learned that not every message can be conveyed without violence. If one nation finds it justified destroying ones way of life because it does not coincide with their own, then I see no reason why that country using violence to show they will not comply is not justified as well. Surely the aggressive act...
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...Censorship is sometimes justified Whether censorship is justified is always a controversial issue that attracts great public attention, and views of different people might vary greatly. As far as I am concerned, I tend to think that the censorship in China is somehow justified otherwise how can China developed so rapidly for the recent years. I know there are many voices against the censorship of our country, but let’s think from another way, how can we build our welfare and prosperity culture without certain kinds of proper censorship in china? Censorship is the best justified method to make sure everyone's rights. In a society which is made up by variety of people, there must be some law that everyone follows to make the society in order. Justification means everyone is treated the same; anyone who obeys the law will have their rights equally; anyone who offends the law will be punished or circumscribed. Justification doesn't mean that, as someone thinks, everyone can do whatever you want to do because that will make the society happens to be in chaos. In today's modern society, censorship is everywhere in all sorts of media, TV, Internet, etc. It is necessary for government to use censorship to prevent illegal or harmful information which is now contaminating the minds of many people, especially those teenagers like me. As one of the teenagers myself, I am sure that all of us can be easily addicted to these materials. These will do great harm to both our mental...
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...But what is your concept based on? This is where externalism and internal/ism disagree. According to externalism, you are having the concept depends essentially on you having been related in the right kind of way to gold itself (you have probably read about it, people have talked to you about it, you may have seen things made from it, and so on). And if there had been no gold around anywhere, then, according to the externalist, you could not have possessed the concept gold. After all, how could you have acquired it? Internalists disagree. Internalists think that you could still have possessed the concept gold even if there had not been any around, so long as your brain was in the right kind of state. Externalist think of concepts as public rather than private. We both have the concept gold, and both believe that gold is a metal, but we may have somewhat different understandings of what gold is – we may have different beliefs about how well it conducts electricity, or how precious it is, and so on, but it is still gold we are thinking about because of our causal connections to it. Externalism maintain that in order for an agent to be justified in holding a particular belief, the agent need not have any sort of introspective or cognitive awareness of the grounds that evidentially support her belief. In other word, externalism argues that a belief is justified provided that that belief is the product of a reliable belief-forming process and this process is simply something that takes...
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...internalism? We have an epistemic obligation to form belifs responsibly and this obligation can only be filled if we can jusify our beliefs. Not only should we have good reasons to hold a particular belief, but we should know what those reasons are. We should know not only that we know, but we should know why we know. • What is the motivation behind externalism? This accors with our basic intuitions concerning most our beliefs. Most people do not always know why they believe as they do but they still believe they are rational in believing as they do. Many beliefs we hold are not capable of being justified from an internalist perspective. The reliability of our memories. Our senses are providing an accurate representation of the world. • How does externalism answer the question of quality control? • How does this presentation suggests bringing internalism and externalism together? There are some beliefs that we are warranted in holding which we do not seem to be able to justify: memories and senses are reliable. We have an epistemic duty to withhold affirming some beliefs without sufficient evidence: discovery for cancer, life on other planets. Both internalism and externalism are necessary. Externalism can incorporate internalism (but not vice versa) Read and take notes of chapter 7 of How Do You Know? A Short Introduction to the Issues of Epistemology, “Do We...
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...officials, among others, have often concerned themselves with whether or not breaking the law can be justified. Some questions through which this query has been posed include, Should people be allowed to break the law? Should individuals be able to ignore the laws in which they do not believe? Can breaking the law ever be justified, morally or ethically? In his situation, King discusses how many other countries are moving forward in how they develop and treat others. He criticizes the United States as they creep forward with the pace of a horse and buggy when it comes to civil rights. He discusses how those who were not while have been lynched, beaten, killed, prosecuted, turned away from and denied access to certain places and ridiculed with mean language. King and his followers supported the de-segregation laws which opened up schools to children of all colors, but broke laws that he did not agree with and, to clarify, he separated the laws into those which are just and those which are unjust. To promote his point, he quoted St. Augustine as saying, “An unjust law is no law at all,” as it is not rooted in eternal and natural law (King, 2013). It is likely that there are situations in which breaking the law would be justifiable, as proposed by King, as well as many others. Some, such as John Rawls, have set forth guidelines to determine whether or not breaking a law would be justified. Rawls believed that there must be a clear injustice, the act of disobedience must be a public...
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...Marketing Plan SWOT Analysis |Strengths | | | |These must be based on the internal strengths and JUSTIFIED in relation to the market research | |Grade: 1 | |The school has been awarded multiple grade: 1’s which shows it is at the top of its league, the best at what it does. The fact that| |they have been awarded Grade:1’s means that there is no room for improvement. Gosforth academy still improved even though it was | |awarded Grade:1, there is no higher award but the school was said to be outstanding, but in the intro is stats that not only is the| |school outstanding but it is expiry, the school that other schools should look up to. | |Satisfactory | |There is not a single satisfactory grade for any part of Gosforth academy, there are even only 2Grade:2’s, the fact is the school | |is always above average. The marks of Grades are, there are 8 topics that are graded, the school achieved 2, Grade:...
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...Colonists living in America were not justified in their revolt against the ruling British government. After the French and Indian War, which ended in 1763, the British needed to collect taxes in order to pay for soldiers to defend the newly won land. In addition it would only be just for the British government to have the colonists pay a tax after protecting them from the French. However, the American colonists, did not want taxation without representation, so they took matters into their own hands to revolt and free themselves from British rule. The first piece of evidence that proves that the colonists were not justified in revolting is from the Stamp Act Documents, Source B. Published by the London Paper in January 27, 1766, this primary source letter was later republished by the Boston Gazette Supplement. Initially the document was written to inform the people of England about the anger in the American colonies against the Stamp Act. In the letter, the author states, “I would have been less surprised by their behavior if we had taxed their beer, because everyone drinks beer. But the Stamp Act is a tax on none of the necessities of life. It does not affect the poor. And even a poor person can afford this little amount of money.” The language in the document shows the disbelief of the author....
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...abiding by a specific lifestyle imposes certain conditions on humans. In this paper, I will be tackling the topic of torture and how modern civilizations cannot cope with such an idea so disastrous and humiliating to mankind. Justifying the act of torture cannot resemble but an annoying image of humanity. In what’s below, I will argue with and against the practice of torture and will come to a conclusion that no matter what, torture will always reflect negatively on the society as the only way of justifying it is through perfect knowledge of the consequences that no one knows but God. I also considered the scenario of ticket- time bomb because it is considered to be the heaviest argument that justifies torture. So, let’s see how torture isn’t justified. One night, I went into my house and saw a man, on TV, beating a defenceless tied person. The man was actually beating the guy and enjoying the extreme pain he’s suffering from. He even cut the guy’s feet with a butcher’s knife. My whole family was watching the movie. My dad seemed to enjoy the movie. My brother was just shouting for the man and encouraging him to beat the guy further. My mom had no reaction towards what’s happening. And still my sister who looked really annoyed and demanded to change the channel over and over. This gives rise to the question of whether torture should be accepted or not. And does accepting torture imply that it is justified? The movie, called “Hostel”, turned out to be talking about a group of...
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...Justification by Faith Galatians 2: This brings us to the doctrinal section of this marvelous epistle, which deals with justification by faith. In this section Paul shows his perspective as a Jew. We who are Jews by nature, and not sinners of the Gentiles [Gal. 2:15]. The Jew in that day looked upon the Gentile as a sinner. In fact, Gentile and sinner were synonymous terms. Therefore, the rebuke that Paul gave shows the folly of lawkeeping -- how really foolish it is to try to be good enough to go to heaven, and how ridiculous to consider others to be sinners when you keep failing at your own lawkeeping. Knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law, but by the faith of Jesus Christ, even we have believed in Jesus Christ, that we might be justified by the faith of Christ, and not by the works of the law: for by the works of the law shall no flesh be justified [Gal. 2:16]. This is a clear-cut and simple statement of justification by faith. Believe me, the legalist has trouble with this verse. This verse will upset every legal system there is today. To say that you have to add anything to faith in Christ absolutely mutilates the gospel. Notice what Paul says here. If a Jew had to leave the Law behind -- that is, forsake it -- in order to be justified by faith, Paul's question is, "Why should the Gentile be brought under the Law?" That was the great argument at the council of Jerusalem in Acts 15; "Should the Gentile be brought under the Law?" Thank...
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...How to dismiss an employee The requirements for a lawful dismissal In order to be lawful, the dismissal of an employee * must be substantively justified, and * must be conducted in a procedurally fair manner In order to be substantively justified, there must be a genuine reason for a dismissal. The requirements of procedural fairness may vary depending on the circumstances; for example, in serious cases the employer will be justified in dismissing the employee without first giving a warning (see below). If an employer issues a warning or dismisses an employee unlawfully, an employee can lodge a personal grievance claim with the Employment Relations Authority. The employee can be awarded lost wages and damages for distress. See How to defend a personal grievance claim brought by an employee. The Employment Relations Service in the Department of Labour can provide information and mediation services to help deal with employment problems. Contact them on 0800 800 863. In order to be substantively justified, there must be a genuine reason for a dismissal. The requirements of procedural fairness may vary depending on the circumstances; for example, in serious cases the employer will be justified in dismissing the employee without first giving a warning (see below). The test of whether the dismissal was justifiable and the procedure was fair is an objective one - namely, whether it meets the standard of what a fair and reasonable employer would have done. Dismissal without...
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...Justification by Faith 4 Salvation from God’s Wrath 6 Contemporary Church’s View of Justification 6 Conclusion 7 Introduction The Protestant Reformation began when Martin Luther’s study of the scriptures revealed to him that mankind can only be justified by faith. This truth from God’s Word transformed Luther’s life and opened the door for believers to break free of religious bondage. Luther would say that justification by faith is the article upon which the church stands or falls. The reformer John Calvin would later echo that sentiment by stating that justification by faith is the hinge by which everything else turns. In reading Paul’s letter to the Romans one can easily see that the doctrine of justification is truly a cornerstone of the Christian faith. This doctrine is a theme that appears throughout the book. By examining man’s unrighteous state and his need for redemption the apostle Paul methodically shows the reader that not only is a person justified by faith alone but also that they are saved from God’s judgment and wrath. Man’s Unrighteousness In addressing justification by faith, Paul first established the unrighteousness of man. In order for a man to be justified, he must first see the need for his justification. Paul began to show that need by establishing what sin is and the effect it has on mankind. In fact, almost immediately after declaring that God’s righteousness is revealed,...
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...1. Knowledge is defined as justified true belief. Why knowledge created in organization is defined as justified true belief referring to the process of knowledge creation in organization. To answer why Knowledge is defined as justified true belief, we need to analyze how is the process of knowledge creation in organization at first. Based on the SECI model of knowledge creation, the process of knowledge creation in organization including four phases. The first phase is socialization which means Sharing and creating tacit knowledge through direct experience. It includes four parts. First, capturing tacit knowledge through direct experience (e.g. interaction with suppliers or customers). In the IDEO case, they kept clients involved and learned from their clients by assimilating the things clients did well into their own methodology. Second, by walking around inside the company, knowledge or the latest available information was collected or acquired. In the 7-11 case, through POS data and Tanpin Kanri, 7-11 obtained the latest information of inventory and sell order data, they make the reasonable decision on these valuable information and knowledge. Third, accumulating and systemizing tacit knowledge by and sharing between individuals. In IEDO and 7-11, they both create an environment for knowledge sharing. IEDO use brainstorming and 7-11 use “Box Lunch Corner” to encourage employees to show their ideas. Last, interpreting tacit knowledge by transferring one’s ideas or...
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