...How Cheap Labor in China Impact Domestic and Global Economy Cheap labor means that the people who make the product work under unfair work trends,such as low wages and often underage workers. Cheap labor causes China to become an important component of "World factory".For a long time, the inexpensive and rich labor power is an advantage that China participates he international trade. However, along with a progress of technology, the competitive advantage of cheap labor in China is weakening gradually.(The Challenge,2008) In the 1990s, the yearly growth rate of China’s manufacturing industry average per person real wages was 7.1%, and the annual growth rate of labor productivity was 6.75%, showing these two targets almost equal. However,yearly average real growth rate of labor costs including non-staff costs reached 10.4%, and it was 1.5 times of yearly average growth in labor productivity . For all this, in the late 90's, the relative level of China’s labor costs was still lower than the relative level of international labor productivity. In 1999, the labor productivity of China was 9.08% of the U.S rate, 21.98% of South Korea’s rate and 51.50% of Mexico’s rate; during the same time,labor costs of China is 3.94%,11.27% and 35.66% of these countries’ rates respectively.The relative level of China’s labor costs is only equal to 40%-70% of the labor productivity’s relative levels in some developed countries such as the U.S (Advantages Trade ,2007). As a result, China can make more...
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...How Cheap Labor in China Impact Domestic and Global Economy Cheap labor means that the people who make the product work under unfair work trends, such as low wages and often underage workers. Cheap labor causes China to become an important component of "World factory". For a long time, the inexpensive and rich labor power is an advantage that China participates he international trade. However, along with a progress of technology, the competitive advantage of cheap labor in China is weakening gradually.(The Challenge,2008) In the 1990s, the yearly growth rate of China’s manufacturing industry average per person real wages was 7.1%, and the annual growth rate of labor productivity was 6.75%, showing these two targets almost equal. However, yearly average real growth rate of labor costs including non-staff costs reached 10.4%, and it was 1.5 times of yearly average growth in labor productivity. For all this, in the late 90's, the relative level of China’s labor costs was still lower than the relative level of international labor productivity. In 1999, the labor productivity of China was 9.08% of the U.S rate, 21.98% of South Korea’s rate and 51.50% of Mexico’s rate; during the same time, labor costs of China is 3.94%,11.27% and 35.66% of these countries’ rates respectively. The relative level of China’s labor costs is only equal to 40%-70% of the labor productivity’s relative levels in some developed countries such as the U.S (Advantages Trade,2007). As a result, China can make more...
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...International Management III Individual Assignment Globalization Impact, China Name: Azhati Yiliya (Elyar Azat) Student ID: a1179542 Tutorial Time: 1pm-2pm Friday Tutor: Mr. Tareq Rasul Due Time: 5pm Thursday, 29th March Globalization Impact, China With the development of modern technology and global economy, the distance between different countries is getting closer; it links the whole world together. So, what is globalization? By definition, it means the process of integration among countries around the world with a vision of a single market entity (1). Globalization involves economic, political technology and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation and infrastructure (2). China, the biggest communism country was a very poor region after Second World War. After 10 years Culture Revolution disaster, the Chinese leader Deng realized that China cannot be developed without the connection with the rest of the world, and then he decided to open the country’s economy in 1979. Today, China has become the second largest economies ranking after the USA. China’s GDP is growing at 10 percent in the recent 10 years. How did this happen? Globalization! Of course the Globalization has two types integration: positive and negative to different stakeholders such as local companies, the foreign companies, the government, the workers and the environment on different aspects including technology, trade, off-shoring, migration...
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...Reform and Opening in China: “Sequencing” or “Parallel Partial Changing” FAN Gang National Economic Research Institute China Reform Foundation Beijing, China November, 1999 Content I. Introduction: Lessons of Asia Financial Crisis for Reform and Opening Benefits from Globalization Constrains to the developing countries The “unequal footing” A common cause of Asian crises: “incompatible opening” The Lessons from Asia crisis: Speed up the reform and Balance the globalization and domestic restructuring Case of China: Gradual liberalization II. China: Opening process and benefits from the globalization II. 1 Trade. II. 2 Foreign Investment II. 3 Service sectors III. Potential negative impacts of further market liberalization III. 1. Unemployment in general III. 2 Agriculture III. 3 SOEs and Manufacture industries III. 4 Service sectors III. 5 Inter-region and inter-group income disparity IV. Impacts of Asia crisis and corresponding policies V. How to achieve further “Compatible opening” Will the quick market liberalization solve the problems? Reforms and opening “Compatible opening” vs. “sequencing” Timetable for opening? No universal solution China has quickly opened its economy in the past 20 years. It is became the largest FDI recipient developing country since 1993 and the trade is already equivalent...
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...Reform and Opening in China: “Sequencing” or “Parallel Partial Changing” FAN Gang National Economic Research Institute China Reform Foundation Beijing, China November, 1999 Content I. Introduction: Lessons of Asia Financial Crisis for Reform and Opening ¾ Benefits from Globalization ¾ Constrains to the developing countries ¾ The “unequal footing” ¾ A common cause of Asian crises: “incompatible opening” ¾ The Lessons from Asia crisis: Speed up the reform and Balance the globalization and domestic restructuring ¾ Case of China: Gradual liberalization II. China: Opening process and benefits from the globalization II. 1 Trade. II. 2 Foreign Investment II. 3 Service sectors III. Potential negative impacts of further market liberalization III. 1. Unemployment in general III. 2 Agriculture III. 3 SOEs and Manufacture industries III. 4 Service sectors III. 5 Inter-region and inter-group income disparity IV. Impacts of Asia crisis and corresponding policies V. How to achieve further “Compatible opening” ¾ Will the quick market liberalization solve the problems? ¾ Reforms and opening ¾ “Compatible opening” vs. “sequencing” ¾ Timetable for opening? ¾ No universal solution China has quickly opened its economy in the past 20 years. It is became the largest FDI recipient developing country since 1993 and the trade is already equivalent...
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...DETERMINANTS OF FDI IN CHINA DETERMINANTS OF FDI IN CHINA Shaukat Ali and Wei Guo1 ABSTRACT Why and how firms take advantage of foreign opportunities, especially via foreign direct investment (FDI) has been much documented. China, as a major emerging market, has attracted significant flows of FDI, to become the second largest receipt. This paper briefly examines the literature on FDI and focuses on likely determinants of FDI in China. It then analyses responses from 22 firms operating in China on what they see as the important motivations for them to undertake FDI. Results show that market size is a major factor for FDI especially for US firms. For local, export-orientated, Asian firms, low labor costs are the main factor. The paper concludes with managerial implications for businesses wish to exploit opportunities in China. INTRODUCTION The past few years has seen a tremendous growth of foreign direct investment (FDI) that has exceeded both world output and world trade. China is by far the largest recipient, and in 2004 surpassed the USA as host destination. It has consequently attracted an increasing attention from multinational businesses. Since China adopted the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970s, foreign investment has played an increasingly important role in its economic growth. According to the World Investment Report for 2004 by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, China absorbed a total of US$53.5 billion worth of ...
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...Trade Partners Maintain Unhealthy Long-Term Relationship" By Louis Uchitelle, New York Times, Saturday, September 18, 2004 1. The subject of this article centers on the current account balance. Does this seem like an "international trade" or an "international money" issue? Answer: Aspects of the issue seem to overlap with both areas of international economics. The article discusses goods and services transactions [trade], as well as international borrowing and exchange rates [money]. 2. Many economists seem to be giving the issue of the current account a lot of thought. Does there seem to be a consensus in the article? Does your answer surprise you? Answers will vary. If anything, the consensus is confusion—confusion at how the deficit has persisted for so long with no severe consequences. Bergsten stands out as the most alarmed, though almost every economist seems a bit concerned about the trade deficit. This economist, on the contrary, is not concerned at all about the current account deficit, and you may come to your own conclusion upon reading further chapters. In general economists tend to agree about many big-picture issues, but may disagree occasionally where the data is open to interpretation or when more ideological considerations come into play. 3. Near the end of the article there is a logical fallacy about the current account deficit. Can you find it? Answer: The 4th to last paragraph begins with the sentence "[w]ith less and less production...
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...Introduction "U.S. and Trade Partners Maintain Unhealthy Long-Term Relationship " By Louis Uchitelle, New York Times, Saturday, September 18, 2004 1. The subject of this article centers on the current account balance. Does this seem like an "international trade" or an "international money" issue? Answer: Aspects of the issue seem to overlap with both areas of international economics. The article discusses goods and services transactions [trade], as well as international borrowing and exchange rates [money]. 2. Many economists seem to be giving the issue of the current account a lot of thought. Does there seem to be a consensus in the article? Does your answer surprise you? Answers will vary. If anything, the consensus is confusion—confusion at how the deficit has persisted for so long with no severe consequences. Bergsten stands out as the most alarmed, though almost every economist seems a bit concerned about the trade deficit. This economist, on the contrary, is not concerned at all about the current account deficit, and you may come to your own conclusion upon reading further chapters. In general economists tend to agree about many big-picture issues, but may disagree occasionally where the data is open to interpretation or when more ideological considerations come into play. 3. Near the end of the article there is a logical fallacy about the current account deficit. Can you find it? Answer: The 4th to last paragraph begins with the sentence "[w]ith less and less production at home…"...
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...Part 2 Introduction China’s export growth and penetration have been remarkable. While China was basically a closed economy 30 years ago, it is now the leading exporter to Japan, the second leading exporter to Europe, and the third leading exporter to the US. This surge in exports has been accompanied by growing trade imbalances between China and the rest of the world. China’s global current account surplus equaled 9% of Chinese GDP in 2006 and 11% of GDP in 2007 (Thorbecke & Smith, 2010). These surpluses are primarily with the US and Europe. Due to these factors, the exchange rate policy of China has attracted a great deal of attention in academic, industrial and political arenas. With the emerging China economy as the largest reserve country and the largest “world factory”, the Chinese renminbi (RMB) exchange rate has been the centre of ongoing debate over the source of global current account imbalance, especially with the United States (Sato, Shimizu, Shrestha & Zhang, 2012). Since the direct peg to the dollar was ended in 2005, the RMB has continued its appreciation about 6% per year and enhanced flexibility over the past 7 years. However, appreciation pressure on the RMB remains intense and it is still debatable whether and to what extent the current level of the RMB exchange rate is overvalued or undervalued. Issues Political Influences One of the main reasons for the appreciation pressure on the RMB is the US’ claim that the Chinese government has made the...
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..........................................................................................6 Literature Review ..........................................................................................................................7 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................................8 Hypotheses Development ...............................................................................................................8 1.Improve the understanding of output importance of labor .....................................................8 2.Strengthen labor service personnel abroad for training, improve their overall quality and international competitiveness ...........................................................................................................9 3.Establishment of a unified labor export information network, improve and clear labor output information channels .......................................................................................................................10 4.Providing a full range of services for export workers ...........................................................11 4.1Encouraged Business entities to cooperate...
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...standing for Brazil, Russia, India and China. Although can be categorized by importance of countries, it would be CIRB which is China, India, Russia and Brazil. The BRIC are both the fastest growing and largest emerging markets economies. These four countries encompass more than quarter of the world’s land area and in 2009 accounted for more than 40% of world’s population, 40% of the world’s foreign exchange reserves and 25% of world’s GDP. The states, which were earlier, accepted to consider as developing countries of Third world, promptly become economic giants of the new world. BRIC: Brazil, Russia, India and China – four markets everyone with the unique features, but thus unites them the potential generated by changes in political systems of these countries. As a result of these changes there was a consumer demand, which is formed by 43% of the population of the whole world. In roughly developing countries of BRIC there are five of the ten largest cities of planet where concentrated the huge amount of capital and millions of consumers who are aspiring up on social and economic ladder. The term BRIC was included into a business lexicon in 2003 after the economist of Goldman Sachs investment bank Jim O'Neill described future economic picture of the world. In his opinion, by 2050 the economic capacity of these four countries will allow them to become dominating economies, and to surpass in scales not only economy of the USA, but also economy of all of the countries of Western Europe...
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...BANKING SCIENCE AND TRAINING MAGAZINE ON BANKING SCIENCE AND TRAINING INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND PRACTICE | REASON AND IMPACT OF INCREASE IN CHINESE YUAN VALUE OF CHINA NGUYEN XUAN HONGBanking Academy | | After much pressure on Chinese Yuan (CNY), China made decision on increase in their currency in 6/2010. How will this increase impact on relevant objects? This article aims to find reason and impacte of increase CNY value of Chine on Chinese economy and other countries, including Vietnam | be carefull on exchange rate policy to avoid impact on export. According to economic researcher , adjustment on CNY value may cause instability in Chinese economy due to encouraging investment, increasing independence of economy on external factor, especially when 50% of export comes from foreign-invested enterprises in current. This is contradiction that shall be considered when selecting exchange rate. | 1. CNY exchage rate development before and after increaseValue from 2005 to the date before 21/06/2010: CNY value increased due to application of margin transaction measure, holding CNY to USD rate at CNY=6.83 from 8/2007 | Besides achievement of economic growth, which partly thanks to current exchange rate policy, China also has to deal with many challenges. Since 1998, China has spent 200 billion USD to refinance and buy doubtful debts of banks. China is dealing with instable finance but Chinese Government still | | Source: Reuters Source: Reuters Source: Reuters Source:...
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...INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD MARKET |7-13 | |5. |PROBLEMS OF THE INDUSTRY |13-15 | |6. |PROSPECT OF THE INDUSTRY |15-18 | |7. |CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION |19 | |8. |REFERENCES |20 | 1. ABSTRACT Agriculture, as the case in Bangladesh, the country made of villages, has been the backbone of economy and chief source of income for the people. Government wants to decrease poverty by getting highest productivity from agriculture and...
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...SWOT- Analysis of Automotive STRENGTHS 1. Indian Automobile Industry is globally cost competitive: It is possible because of cheap labor availability and tax holidays provided by SEZs. 2. Government support: Indian government has also put Auto among its priorities 12 with 2012 target to become 10% of our GDP. 3. Indian Automotive Industry is following global accepted quality measures at a lower cost. This makes it a perfect destination for production-outsourcing of automobiles. 4. The availability large talent pool at cheap prices. 5. Availability of cheap R&D; IITs be deemed as centers of excellence for automobile research and access to latest technology. WEAKNESS The biggest and probably the only weakness of Indian automobile Industry is its slow growth in Research and Development most companies (barring TATA and M&M) do not have adequate spending on R&D in comparison to their turnover. Maruti for instance is completely dependent upon Suzuki for any new technology all of the successful cars sold by it were developed by Suzuki; Swift, A-Star (which replaced alto in other markets as New Alto), SX4, Ritz etc. This weakness will soon become history as Indian companies are catching fast in R&D and are showing strong signs of success e.g.: M&M Scorpio Hybrid, TATA Nano. Besides R&D the other weakness is political hostility (TATA Nano Singur plant) but is only a regional problem of less developed states or pro-communist states, states like Gujarat, Maharashtra...
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...Competitive Advantages MGT/498 - Strategic Management February 9, 2014 Competitive Advantages Paper Economy today is highly competitive; increasingly competitive as more companies acknowledge that domestic landscape is shrinking. As the opportunities decrease in the domestic market, organizations are making the changes to gain a competitive advantage in the global market. In this paper, team B will discuss the advantages of Riordan Manufacturing and how there related to other organizations in the market, such as Starbucks, and Apple Inc. In addition to determining the competitive strategies of Riordan, they must improve innovation and sustainability in their business operations of both the United States and global market. Furthermore, Riordan has to establish particular strategies and determine the numerous ways in which they will accomplish sustainability of long-term organizational performance. Competitive Advantages The company Riordan has the competitive advantage of product differentiation because their producing computer fans, heart valve stems, and injected molded products, such as water bottles, etc. Their competitive advantage caters to any retail household store, office buildings, and even medical centers. Furthermore, Riordan has several locations, which can be used to implement production efficiencies, which lower costs. To identify opportunities, the organization holds a comprehension market study to gain knowledge and establish directional tactics...
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