...established in history. It stretched over many continents and had many islands. Spain expanded its territories over four centuries, starting in 1492 and ending in 1892. One of the influences from the Spanish Empire today is that the United States was founded under Spanish control. The motivating force for Spanish exploration, both on land and overseas, was the spread of Catholicism and the unearthing of natural resources and precious metals such as gold and silver by taking over other empires such as the Aztecs and Incas. The Origins of the Spanish Empire begin with the Reconquista. The Reconquista was a period of about 750 years during which many Christian Kingdoms...
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...all questions. All questions carry equal marks, i.e. 30 marks for each question. 5858 A2H11 Answer two questions from your chosen option. Option 1 SPAIN AND EUROPE 1556–1592 1 How successful was Philip II’s policy towards the Church in Spain in the period 1556–1592? [30] 2 How effectively did Philip II respond to the economic and financial problems Spain faced between 1556 and 1592? [30] 3 “Religious differences were responsible for the outbreak of war between Spain and England in 1585.” How far would you accept this verdict? [30] 5846 5858 2 [Turn over Answer two questions from your chosen option. Option 2 THE ASCENDANCY OF FRANCE IN EUROPE 1688–1713 1 “France was entirely responsible for the outbreak of the War of the League of Augsburg in 1689.” How far would you agree with this statement? [30] 2 “Marlborough’s tactics became predictable to his opponents.” To what extent would you accept this explanation for his more limited military successes against France after 1708? [30] 3 How far had the power of France in Europe been reduced by 1713? [30] 5858 3 [Turn over Answer two questions from your chosen option. Option 3 REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE 1789–1814 1 “Economic problems were solely responsible for the revolution in France in 1789.” How far would you...
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...CHAPTER 24 TEST QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Luther’s initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was a. his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church. b. the sale of indulgences. c. his time spent in England during the English Reformation. d. the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism. e. the influence of John Calvin. 2. The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was a. John Calvin. b. Erasmus. c. Voltaire. d. Martin Luther. e. Henry VIII. 3. The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the a. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire. b. threat posed by Islam. c. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. d. expense associated with translating original Greek classics. e. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter’s basilica. 4. Which one of the following was not one of Luther’s problems with the Roman Catholic church? a. the selling of indulgences b. pluralism c. absenteeism d. the immense wealth of the Catholic church e. the church’s decision to translate the Bible into vernacular languages 5. Who said, “I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one’s conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other.”? a. Martin Luther b. Jesus c. John Calvin d. Sima Qian e. Henry VIII 6. In the centuries following the fall of Rome, the only unifying...
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...How far were the policies pursued by Philip II responsible for the Revolts against his rule in the Netherlands (30 marks) The way that Philip treated the Netherlands through his policies to a large extent cause widespread revolts throughout the Netherlands, especially in the revolt of 1572 where two provinces were held successfully. Policies such as increased taxation and refusal to lessen punishments caused the revolts against his rule in the Netherlands. However, we must also take into account that were beyond Philip’s control such as the Rise of Calvinism which encouraged Iconoclasm. These policies put together and factors beyond Philip’s control fuelled the Dutch Revolts to occur. Out of all of these policies I believe the most influential factor in causing the Dutch Revolts was the duke of Alva being deployed to settle the Iconoclasm in the Netherlands. Firstly, I believe the most important the Duke of Alva’s being deployed along with 10000 troops and the role of him ultimately fuelled the hatred of the Dutch towards the Spanish rule of the Philip II. In 1567, the Duke of Alva left Spain to deal with the unrest that was occurring in the Netherlands. Really, Margaret of Parma had severely exaggerated the iconoclasm. This provoked Philip II to send the Duke of Alva and 10000 troops into the Netherlands. As a result of this, some of the leading nobles (including William of Orange) to flee into Germany and France. William of Orange was a leading noble in the Netherlands Within...
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...RISE OF THE NATION STATE State, Nation, and Nation-state The present-day layout of the world’s political map is a product of humanities endless politico-geographic accommodations and adjustments. A mosaic of more than 200 states and territories separated by boundaries makes the world looks like a jigsaw puzzle. Human territoriality refers to a country’s (or more local community’s) sense of property and attachment toward its territory, expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and defended. A state is a politically organized territory, administered by a government, and recognized by the international community. A state must also contain a permanent population, an organized economy, and a functioning internal circulation system (infrastructure). Since certain countries have internal divisions, the solution is to capitalize “State” (e.g. State of Florida, State of Uttar Pradesh India)). When used for the formally independent political units, the term country and state are interchangeable. A nation, by contrast, is a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, religion, ethnicity, and/or other shared cultural attributes. Theoretically, a nation-state is a recognized country possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single, united nation. In only a handful of countries do state territories largely coincide with the distribution of people who feel they are part of one nation. Iceland, Portugal, Denmark, and Poland are...
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...HISTORYOF ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin ATHEISM Julian Baggini AUGUSTINE HenryChadwick BARTHES Jonathan Culler THE B I B L E John Riches BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright BUDDHA Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM DamienKeown CAPITALISM James Fulcher THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CHOICETHEORY Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson CLASSICS Mary Beard and John Henderson CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY Simon Critchley COSMOLOGY Peter Coles CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Sean Murphy DADAAND SURREALISM David Hopkins DARWIN Jonathan Howard DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick DESCARTES TomSorell DRUGS Leslie Iversen TH E EARTH Martin Redfern EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY Geraldine Pinch EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN PaulLangford THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball EMOTION Dylan Evans EMPIRE Stephen Howe ENGELS Terrell Carver ETH ICS Simon Blackburn THE EUROPEAN UNION John Pinder EVOLUTION Brian and Deborah Charlesworth FASCISM Kevin Pass mo re THE FRENCH REVOLUTION William Doyle FREUD AnthonyStorr GALILEO Stillman Drake GANDHI BhikhuParekh GLOBALIZATION...
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...XXXWHAT IS THE QUESTION?XXX Europeans did not respect Native Americans, as they were known as savages, and pathetic, yet semi-meaningless footnotes to American history. However, without Indians the Pilgrims would have died in that first winter, they would have not figured out trade specification, various healing medicines, or route passages. If the Caribbean, Central and South America was unpopulated the Spaniards would have not found mines leaving tons of gold and silver un-discovered, along with the knowledge and labor of the Indians would have been almost impossible without the indians labor and knowledge of the land for the mines would have never been discovered.XXXXDOES NOT MAKE SENSE-PLEASE RE-WRITEXXXXXX. The Spanish would have stumbled...
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...so many things to take into consideration, all of which are to be further developed. The Pillars of the Earth, a historic-fictional novel situated on a specific area of the 12th century England and written by Ken Follet, is the work to be talked about. Let’s take a better look into it, with all the regard and carefulness it deserves. As a point of departing, the first literary element to be discussed about is the characters. To start, there is Jack Jackson, the son of Jacques Cherbourg and Ellen. He’s a red-headed, blue-eyed, smart, instinctive, passionate young architect, the stepson to Tom Builder. He adores Aliena as a kid and throughout his life, and dreams of building a cathedral with the different styles he has seen in France and Spain. Jack Jackson is a round character because he’s a fully developed character throughout the story and because one would feel Jack is real. We have Tom Builder, as well, who’s a tall architect, thorough worker, a concerned and somewhat ingenuous father who looks forward to the welfare of his family; loving of both Agnes, his dead wife, and Ellen, his lover. He’s a round character because on his account the storyline of the book changes. Then, there’s Ellen, a beautiful, athletic, determined, wild, unreserved, amber-eyed woman, mother to Jack Jackson. Early in her life, she was hurt by other people...
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...Asses the significance of Religion in causing Rebellion in England between 1530 to 1660 In the period between 1530 and 1660 Religion played a part in causing rebellion as well as other factors such as political, economic and class conflict issues.Religion begins with being a very significant factor in causing rebellion but becomes less important as time goes. In the pilgrimage of grace of 1536 first and foremost the rebels demanded that “the heresies of … anabaptist to be destroyed.”[1] This is when england was in the process of breaking from rome under Henry VIII and the shock of the country having its religion changed suddenly causes an immense amount of discontent It was popular opinion among the commoners that it was Henry's evil advisors the heretics Wolsey and Crammer that were behind the change and needed to be stopped.The westerner rebellion of 1549 that also had significant religious origin. The areas on Devon and Cornwall where very traditional and therefore strongly against reformation to a protestant england. They rose up in arms against the reintroduction of a new protestant prayer book that was in english as well as soughting to have Henry VII’s six articles that had been abolished by Edward VI since his crowning in 1547. On the other side of the country in the same year Kett’s rebellion had major religious causes behind it as they weren't as traditional as Cornwall and Devon had accepted the new protestant faith. They were only calling for a “more active and...
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...often known without being truly understood. In the modern era, the Crusades are seen almost as an afterthought, and used as a tool to rationalize and justify relativism in general. In fact, Islam had spread deep to the west, swallowing Spain and expanding into southern France. Much of Europe was in a state of subtle chaos. The Normans held the British Isles, and what we know as Germany today was in a constant state of resistance against any crown that managed power. Spain was pushing against its Muslim occupiers bit by bit, but its struggles would span centuries before and after all of the major crusades would be undertaken. Each of these, along with other events of the era, put considerable pressure on the ability of the Byzantine Empire to govern its own borders, a task made all the more difficult when compounded by pressures from the Seljuk Turks to east. It could be said then, that the call made by Alexius I Comnenus (or Alexios I Komnenos), the eastern emperor, for help from the Church, was all the more timely. This era was not easy for kings either. At some point up to the late 11th century, the Church had attempted to assert authority over the lands by excommunicating not only Alexius, but also King Henry IV of Germany, Philip I of France, and Norman duke Guiscard. This created schisms within the Church, which saw rival popes for a while, as well as amongst the nobility. By 1088AD, Blessed...
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...The crusade notes By: Travis Finney Date: 4-8-13 Decline of Byzantium * Muslim saliqus won an important victory at manzikert in 1071. Byzantium factions then turned on each other in civil war allowing the saliqus almost free rein in Anatolia. * The Byzantium emperor asked Pope Urban 11 to help him against the Muslim’s. Pope Urban 11 * Urban’s speech would help launch the first of several crusades. Reasons for the crusades * The Pope hoped to unite the entire eastern Mediterranean and the divided Christian faith under the banner of the Latin Church. * Italy with large navies supported the crusades for commercial gains and trading routes. * The Byzantine Empire was in severe decline and no longer could act as a butler between the Muslim east and the Catholic west. * Christian pilgrims visiting the holy sites in Jerusalem began experiencing increased harassment and danger. The First Crusade * The word “Crusade” comes from the Spanish Crusade which means “marked with the cross” * The first Crusaders met the Muslim forces and won victories at Nicaea on June 19, 1097 and Anita on June 3, 1098. * By June 7, 1099 after a three year campaign 12,000 of the original 30,000 crusaders reached Jerusalem. * On July 15, the crusaders went over the city walls and unleashed unbridled carnage. Moslem counter attack * Most of all the crusaders returned to Europe after freeing Jerusalem creating a manpower shortage. * Moslem...
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...GCE History |Contents |Page | | | | |Unit A2 1: Option 1, Anglo–Spanish Relations 1509–1609 |5 | |Unit A2 1: Option 2, Crown and Parliament in England 1600–1702 The Changing Role and |17 | |Status of Parliament | | | |37 | |Unit A2 1: Option 3, Liberalism and Nationalism 1815–1914 | | |Unit A2 1: Option 4, Nationalism and Unionism in Ireland 1800–1900 |51 | |Unit A2 1: Option 5, The Clash of Ideologies in Europe 1900–2000 |67 | Introduction CCEA has developed new GCE specifications for first teaching from September 2008. This scheme of work has been designed to support...
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...News Network, 3 Aug. 2013. Web. 01 Nov. 2015. Lewis Beale a CNN journalist wrote a news story on how George Orwell's 1984 is happening now in today's society. Beale goes on to tell on how the government is constantly monitoring citizens through social media and surveillance cameras in public areas. using fear to shape citizens into the civilians the government wants them to be. He compares today's society to the scary futuristic community Orwell imagined. Lewis tells on how today's society is willing to give up freedom and their right to privacy because of fear. That the government uses fear to spy on everyone, he gives the example of the government using terrorism as way to spy on citizens through social media. With this article being opinion based, Beale makes it clear and understandable for the reader to see his viewpoint. It has a easy to read layout with bold titles making it clear on what each paragraph is about. The Fact that the article was published on CNN, makes it...
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...Thuy Tran 10/19/15 101-0032 Outline: History of Middle Ages Introduction: Middle Ages began when Western Roman Empire collapsed. Byzantine and Islamic appeared before the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages is the middle period of three traditional division of Western history: early, the high, and the late Middle Ages. Middle Ages is an important part of Western Civilization. It through many different period of time of the Middle Ages helps Western Civilization development economy and political. Each period of Middle Ages affect to how Civilization changes and growth. Western Civilization had more strong and created many intellect men. Also, the last Pagan Europe was converted to Christianity with the Baltic people in the High Middle Ages, bringing them to Western Civilization as well. I. Byzantine and Islamic influence A. Byzantine influence In the textbook Humanities in the Western Tradition, First Edition Marvin Perry, Baruch College, City University of New York, Emeritus J. Wayne Baker, University of Akron Pamela Pfeiffer Hollinger, the University of Akron that discussion Byzantine and Islamic their cultural contribution to Western Civilization. * “The Byzantine and Islam have in common” by contributing writer that almost 700 years Byzantine and Islamic cultural fought the remains of the Roman Empire, but they also hared many cultural political and artistic that shape their societies in many ways. * Advantage: * Byzantine cultural contributions...
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...The Not-So-Wonderful World of EuroDisney: a cultural lesson by Emilio González Introduction This paper introduces some thoughts about the Disney strategy choosing the place for its European park and about the beginnings of its operations; in some way related to cultural factors. It constitutes a personal answer to a case study placed in the book "International Marketing" 13/e by Philip C. Cateora and John Graham, McGraw-Hill 2007. Factors that contributed to Euro Disney's poor performance during its first year of operation. There are several different in nature factors that joined together and contributed to a disastrous beginning of operations. Most of them were management mistakes and others, although external factors, if considered, could have result in different management decisions leading to a better start. In my view these are the most important ones: The timing. EuroDisney opened in 1992, just when two other international events had place: the Olympics games in Barcelona and the World's Fair in Seville; both in Europe and relatively close to Paris. It's obvious that been unrepeatable events, available only for a certain limited amount of time they were a strong competition. A huge amount of people choose attend to these events instead visiting EuroDisney. Suffice it to say that more than 40 million people visited the Seville Expo during the 6 months it was open (versus 9 million EuroDisney visitors accounted for 1992 all year around). To add insult to injury...
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