...what extent did Soviet culture perform a political role in the USSR in the years 1924-53? Following the death of Lenin, Stalin's totalitarian regime relied heavily on fear, however it is undeniable that Soviet culture also played a large political role in the USSR throughout the years 1924-53. Stalin believed that culture and arts should perform a social and political role, and so it can be said that Soviet culture was as much a part of social control in the Soviet Union as the Great Terror was. In the early stages of Communist rule, the Soviet authorities tolerated a large amount of diversity in revolutionary art and culture. The 1920s in Russia was considered to be a period of experimentation within the disciplines of art, music and architecture. Russian art in the 1920s often celebrated modern industrial technology, therefore it promoted the revolutionary government. However, due to Stalin's expression of his discontent with Soviet art, the 1930s saw the deconstruction of this artistic and cultural diversity. Stalin claimed that revolutionary art, when fully understood, should not express individual creativity, but instead should showcase government views. Artistic experimentation ended under Stalin's leadership during the 1930s, culture now had to serve a political purpose and promote socialism, along with its achievements (particularly the achievements of the Five-Year Plans). 1932 saw the reorganisation of Soviet literature, when it was proposed that all Soviet writers who...
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...That is correct that Stalin ordered the burning of these books in order to erase Jewish culture in the Soviet Union. Although unlike Hitler, Stalin did not target the Jews as a race, he embraced anti-Semitic stereotypes at times, such as in the infamous doctor's plot. See http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Human_Rights/plot.html We learn from our text, that "Stalin forced writers and artists to use the techniques of approved 'socialist realism' for artistic and literary expression" (235). Do you think that this is comparable to the Nazi book burnings? I think Stalin, like Mark mentioned, enforced only areas of education which benefited his plans for the government and its people. There was a big change in the way that classes of people were treated; Stalin cared much less about women than the previous leader and he aimed to increase profits through industry for the already wealthy elite and the military (Goff, 2008). During this time he promoted education which would reinforce the values of hard work and discipline, but did very little for the people who worked just as hard as others, the farmers. They were living in poverty. I think that the only difference between Stalin and Hitler here is that Stalin's goals were centered around earning more wealth and making people more productive, though at the expense of certain classes' qualities of life. Hitler sought to "extinguish" an entire race of people, based on superior beliefs of a duty to cleanse the world...
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...'Glasnost' The two most significant event in the Soviet Russia history are the Bolsheviks seizing power from the provisional government and the fall of soviet union under Gorbachev. Between this period of time the specific pattern on which leadership evolved is 'Culture'. The deep thought of social engineering brought into light by Lenin and carried out by many leaders following him. The permanent impact of this leadership was very vital on the cultural issues. While most of them wanted to strengthen the soviet regime, paved ways to the other leaders too through cultural influence. In this paper I will argue that, the use of culture throughout the period between October revolution and glasnost was to 'combine' the reformation of values ,renewal of economic system and establishment of leadership. Cultural is an essential tool to motivate the norms of behavior of the citizens. To analyze how this was done by the Bolshevik party and later on follow up leaders we need to understand the three factors associated with it. So based on this three factors I will establish logics associated with the reformation of the values using culture. Firstly, the intention of the Bolshevik party with cultural politics. The arts were a necessary component of the communist project. The Bolsheviks saw the arts as playing an important role in the creation of a truly communist society. It is clear that a progressive and 'proletarian'(1) art could educate the masses and can change their mentalities...
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...is necessary to this balance. However, non-violent repression, such as the use of state media to suppress free speech, remains useful. It pairs well with concession, as it can silence key resistance figures. Due to this, concession is the most...
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...catoonist. American animation began in the 1920s because of it potential to make profits at a time when cinema idustry was in really hight level and it was golden age of it. As it is not surprisingly Disney soon became one of the most successful animators, largely due to its merger of art with bussiness and profit(David MacFadyen, Yellow Crocodiles and Blue Oranges ). The Disney became popular and now because it aim to capture the spirit and innocence of childhood. It displayed characters running aroud, playing through colorful frames with musical accompaniment. Disney animation was also visually realistic, as it can be seen in Snow White (1937). It set a new standard for characters movement , which now cold be traced from a live actor. Also it helped to set a standard for realism in American animation. In capitalist market Disneys ability –tap into the childhood spirit made the studio so successful. Disney gave people what they wanted to see; it gave them the new imaginationfull of fairy tales which helped audience to escape the realities for at least 90 minutes. American animation especially Walt Disney cartoons produced enormous impression on Soviet people. In the summer of 1933, the history of Soviet animation chaged dramatically, when in Moscow hosted the first-ever festival of...
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...“The Portraiture of the author’s Perspective on State of his/ her current epoch through literature” Greek culture has had a profound impact on Western Civilizations. It is always and ever be the pinnacle of human ingenuity. The Greeks have bestowed upon Western culture the concepts of citizen’s rights, democracy, mathematics, physics, astronomy, etc. More importantly, the Greeks also had a highly developed spiritual life that is evident in Homer’s eclectic tale The Iliad. Through this highly developed spiritual life, the Greeks imparted many human traits to their gods and goddesses that would greatly affect their own society’s way of thinking and other civilizations. Through Iliad and the other works of many great thinkers of Greece, they have propelled Greece to become the standard in terms of excellence. The contribution of the Greeks to us is not only great but also timeless, even in our modern age, we still able to learn and relate to the poems that were composed many epoch past. In ancient Greece, poetry was considered an art of which only few knew and could impose. Those who didn't know how to write memorized the stories depicted by the poets. There was the category of poetry known as epic, which is displayed by Homer to its full extent with unequalled precision Epic was the poetry that was very extensive and lengthy with a wide vocabulary used throughout and which told stories of adventure and heroism. Poets didn't just serve as entertainment, they were also educators. Poetry...
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...Alois Hitler and Klara Hitler. The family moved a lot, including to Linz and other places. At the beginning of school Hitler did very well, but his marks continued to progress at a worse level as time went on. His father died when he was 14, his mother when he was 18. He tried twice to enter the Academy for Art in Vienna, but was rejected both times. Hitler in 1909 moved to Vienna and lived there from 1909 to 1913. There is controversy if Hitler had the necessities of basic life material while living there; some people believed he was destitute there. He moved to Munich, Germany in 1913 and was still there when the First World War had broken out in August 1914. Hitler was a moody child growing up and hostile to his father but he was close to his mother and was deeply affected at the time of her death in 1908 (Who was Adolf, 1998). Hitler enlisted in the German army and went to serve four years of front-line service during which he got wounded several times and he proved to be an able and brave soldier as a dispatch runner, winning the Iron Cross (First Class) on two occasions. He was exposed to mustard gas during the war, which people say had an affect on him later on in life. He was temporarily blinded and was hospitalized due to the exposure of the gas. It was here he learned about Germany’s surrender, which he took as betrayal. He started to serve as an intelligence agent for the military authorities, in the course of which he got to attend a party, where...
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...the country to research important cultural aspects that could influence our Marketing, Operational, Financial and HR/Organizational plans The methodology we employed was to assess the following cultural characteristics: Material Culture Technology. Germany's achievements in science and technology have been significant. Germany has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific disciplines, notably physics, mathematics, chemistry and engineering. For most of the 20th century, Germany had more Nobel Prizes in the sciences (physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine) than any other nation. Scientific research in the country is supported by industry, by the network of German universities and by scientific state institutions such as the Max Planck Society and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. The raw output of scientific research from Germany consistently ranks among the world's best. Germany’s greatest strength is its automobile industry. German carmakers focus on computer-based assistance systems that could make driving safer and more comfortable. | Economics. Since the late nineteenth century, the German economy has been shaped by industrial production, international trade, and the rise of consumer culture. Consequently, the number of people involved in agricultural production has steadily declined. At the end of the twentieth century, only 2.7 percent of the German workforce was involved in agriculture, forestry, and fishery combined...
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... |people into supporting him and his ideas for a better life. | | |Stalin was a domineering and threatening person who | | | |wielded power through fear. | | | | | | | |The USSR was a one party system but there were members |Once Hitler assumed power Germany became a one party system. Hitler | | |of his own Bolshevik Party who did not like the policies|particularly disliked the Communist Party in Germany. | |...
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...How stable were the ‘Stresemann Years’ of the Weimar Republic, 1924-29? Timeline: 1924: May: Nationalist vote increases in Reichstag elections August: Reichstag accepts the Dawes Plan 1925: February: Death of President Ebert April: Hindenburg elected President October: Locarno Treaties signed 1926: September: Germany admitted the League of Nations 1927: August: Commercial Treaty signed – between France and Germany 1928: May: Number of socialist votes in Reichstag election increase 1929: September: Allies begin military evacuation of the Rhineland October: Stresemann dies December: Referendum upholds decision to adopt Young Plan. Relative Political Stability * This period of the Weimar = absence of attempts to threaten republic * However – no political stability = parliamentary system failed to develop * Main reason for no development: Coalition government = not enough support to tackle issues that faced democracy (blame with political parties) * Some parties still acted as interest groups representing own sectional group rather than national parties government (due to their inexperience in forming govt) * Due to PR – parties need to be cooperative [eg. DVP’s association with business interest made them refuse coalition with SPD in 1926] – therefore frequent political paralysis * Inability to cooperate = inability to tackle social/economic problems * Therefore not really politically stable Chancellor’s of the Weimar...
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...4.6 million people (as of 2005). The time zone is +3 GMT and +8 from the east coast of the United States. The government of St. Petersburg includes a governor, a city administration and a single-chamber legislative body, the City Legislative Assembly. In 2006, the governorship became an appointed position. The current governor, Valentina Matviyenko, was elected to the position in 2003, and then appointed by the President of the Russian Federation in 2006. The main airport servicing St. Petersburg is Pulkovo International Airport. If traveling by train, St Petersburg has five railway terminals – Baltiysky, Finlyandsky, Ladozhsky, Moskovsky and Vitebsky – within its borders. St. Petersburg features an extensive public transportation system consisting of an underground metro, trams and buses. The underground metro system, the most efficient of the options, opened in 1955 and features five color-coded lines. The fare for the underground transport system is always the same, no matter the distance traveled, and can be paid by token or metro pass. 2. Recent foreign investment: In 2009, the top five countries investing in St. Petersburg (categorized by percentage of total investment volume) were Belarus (15.8 percent), Switzerland (14.7 percent), Germany (10.1 percent), Cyprus (10.1 percent) and Great Britain (9.5 percent). Investment from the United States accounted for 3% of total investment volume. During the first quarter of 2010, foreign investment...
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...I-Introduction: The term "realism" was first used to formulate the philosophical doctrine that "universals exist outside of the mind" (Freyberg-Inan, 1). Yet, in political theory, "realism" represents a school of thought that analyzes the political process as it is or as it is disclosed by historical forces " ... that the able political practitioner takes into account ... and incorporates ... into his political conceptions and his political acts "(Ibid, 1-2). In the field of international relations, realism became the dominant analytical paradigm mostly after the start of the Second World War, when it displaced idealist doctrines, promising "to provide more accurate information, more powerful, and more relevant answers" to the roots or causes of peace and war (Brecher& Harvey, 54). At the same time, many features of the current realist paradigm can be traced back to the time of Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. Among contemporary thinkers recognized as major writers and contributors to the realist tradition are Hans Morgenthau, Edward Carr and Kenneth Waltz (Freyberg-Inan, 8). What are then the basic tenets or common features of a realist thinker? Machiavelli would acknowledge that to be a realist one has to look at history as "a sequence of cause and effect whose course can be analysed and understood by intellectual effort, but not directed by imagination" (Carr, 64). Hobbes would persist in the same train of thought and insist that to be a realist thinker...
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...（1） In 1945, just after World War II, the alliance between the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union ended. An intense rivalry between communist and non-communist nations led to the Cold War. It's called the Cold War because it never led to armed or "hot" conflict. At the end of World War II, at the Yalta Conference, Germany was divided into four occupied zones controlled by Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Berlin was also divided into four sections. Lack of a mutual agreement on German re-unification was a important background of the Cold War. And on March 5, 1946, Winston Churchill, gave his "iron curtain" speech while at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, which marked the start of the Cold War. The cold war did not end until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. During this period, the United States and the USSR confronted each other in politics, economy, ideology, and so on. And they nearly divided this world into two camps, socialist camp and capitalist camp, what made the conflict on ideology especially sharp. Every incident in the world could not happened without reasons, and the original cause may happened quite long ago. So there are long term causes and short causes of the Cold War. One of the short term causes is that the US President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Josef Stalin. At the Potsdam Conference starting in late July 1945, serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and...
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...on 20th April, 1889, in the small Austrian town of Braunau near the German border. Both Hitler's parents had come from poor peasant families. His father Alois Hitler, the illegitimate son of a housemaid, was an intelligent and ambitious man and later became a senior customs official. Klara Hitler was Alois' third wife. Alois was twenty-three years older than Klara and already had two children from his previous marriages. Klara and Alois had five children but only Adolf and a younger sister, Paula, survived to become adults. Alois, who was fifty-one when Adolf was born, was extremely keen for his son to do well in life. Alois did have another son by an earlier marriage but he had been a big disappointment to him and eventually ended up in prison for theft. Alois was a strict father and savagely beat his son if he did not do as he was told. Hitler did extremely well at primary school and it appeared he had a bright academic future in front of him. He was also popular with other pupils and was much admired for his leadership qualities. He was also a deeply religious child and for a while considered the possibility of becoming a monk. Competition was much tougher in the larger secondary school and his reaction to not being top of the class was to stop trying. His father was furious as he had high hopes that Hitler would follow his example and join the Austrian civil service when he left school. However, Hitler was a stubborn child and attempts by his parents and teachers to change...
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...STALIN, THE GREAT PURGE, AND RUSSIAN HISTORY: A NEW LOOK AT THE ~EW by MARSHALL SHATZ Paper No. 305 1984 CLASS' STALIN, THE GREAT PURGE, AND RUSSIAN HISTORY: A NEW LOOK AT THE 'NEW CLASS' ~ MARSHALL SHATZ Paper No. 305 1984 Marshall S. Shatz received his B.A. from Harvard College and his M.A., Certificate of the Russian Institute, and Ph.D. from Columbia University. He edited The Essential Works of Anarchism (New York: Bantam Books, 1971; Quadrangle Books, 1972) and is the author of Soviet Dissent in Historical ¥erspective (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980). He is Professor of History, University of Massachusetts at Boston. 1 STALIN; THE GREAT PURGE; AND RUSSIAN HIsroRY: A NEW IOOK AT '!HE • NEW CLASS' Though nearly fifty years in the past; Stalin •s Great Purge of the 1930s still loans as one of the nost enigmatic events of the twentieth century. Whether we think of the Great Purge as a IOOre or less continuous process fran the assassination of Kirov in 1934 to Ezhov's replacement by Beria as head of the secret police at the em of 1938; or limit it to the EzhoVshchina of 1937 and 1938; When the terror reached its peak; operation is astounding. the sheer nagnitude of the The nuniber of arrests; deportations; imprisonments; and lives lost in these years is impossible to measure; and attempts to do so have varied wildly. Even the lOi/est estimates; however; are staggering.l It ...
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