...Assess the contribution of Functionalism and New Right theories and research to our understanding of society today. (33 marks) Functionalism, devised by Durkheim and Parsons, is a structural theory focusing on the needs of the whole social system and how these shape society’s main features (e.g. social institutions, humans’ behavioural patterns). It is a consensus theory, seeing society as based on value consensus (agreement) between its inhabitants about their values, goals and rules. The New Right is a conservative, political perspective that shares similarities with Functionalism (e.g. believing some people are more naturally talented than others) but contradicts it in arguing that the state should have less involvement in society (e.g. by cutting welfare). Durkheim saw modern industrial society as based on a complex division of labour which promotes differences between groups, weakening social solidarity. He argued that the resultant freedom to the individual must be regulated by society to prevent extreme egoism from destroying all social bonds. Resultantly, he saw society as external and independent to individuals, being made up of ‘social facts’ that constrain and shape people’s behaviour to meet society’s functional prerequisites (needs). Durkheim further believed that if any one thing (‘social fact’) exists, it has a function which will help meet society’s needs, the key ones of which are goals (met through political institutions, e.g. parliament), adaptation (meeting...
Words: 1668 - Pages: 7
...How do I . . . Write a Reflection? Why reflective writing? Reflection offers you the opportunity to consider how your personal experiences and observations shape your thinking and your acceptance of new ideas. Professors often ask students to write reading reflections. They do this to encourage you to explore your own ideas about a text, to express your opinion rather than summarise the opinions of others. Reflective writing can help you to improve your analytical skills because it requires you to express what you think, and more significantly, how and why you think that way. In addition, reflective analysis asks you to acknowledge that your thoughts are shaped by your assumptions and preconceived ideas; in doing so, you can appreciate the ideas of others, notice how their assumptions and preconceived ideas may have shaped their thoughts, and perhaps recognize how your ideas support or oppose what you read. Types of Reflection Experiential Reflection: Popular in professional programs, like business, nursing, forensics and education, reflection is an important part of making connections between theory and practice. When you are asked to reflect upon experience in a placement, you do not only describe your experience, but you evaluate it based on ideas from class. You can assess a theory or approach based on your observations and practice and evaluate your own knowledge and skills within your professional field. This opportunity to take the time to think ...
Words: 1227 - Pages: 5
...Cyberattacks As society begins to move out of an age of pen and paper and begins to move towards a virtual age where data is stored in digital data center, the security of the valuable information is at a much greater risk. This new collection of massive amounts of data, whether it be government secrets, credit card information, social security numbers, or social media accounts could possible be another target for hackers. With all these types of information online, Hackers or Cyberterrorists can affect certain things by initiating a cyber attack. But what is a Cyberattack? It is an “attack on computer based systems to sabotage, destroy or to spy on others, through such means as viruses, hacking, denial-of-service attacks.” [Jannson] For example, one method is DDoS, which would make the victim’s machine inaccessible to them. If these Cyberattacks are politically motivated, then the conflict is named Cyberwarfare. It is well known that confidential or personal data of any type in the wrong hands could have catastrophic effects on whoever the victim shall be, whether it be a single person, family, company, corporation or even the government. But what happens in an instance where the government is being targeted by Cyberterrorists or Hacktivists, (a.k.a social activists that hack) are their actions considered Acts of War? There are multiple sides to this argument, both having very strong points and back up the support their main argument. A popular argument is that cyberattacks...
Words: 1841 - Pages: 8
...needs of the enterprise and its stakeholders today while sustaining the resources, both human and natural that will be needed in the future” (KPMG, 2011). Those strategies to fulfill sustainable criteria are the elements of Corporate Social Responsibility. But as Friedman mentioned, the goal of an organization is to increase its profits. Could this be a win-win-situation for organizations and the environment? Or is the assumption correct, that this obvious contrast could only satisfy one party? If so, wouldn’t be the use of CSR be more a marketing instrument than a way of improving the world? 2. Explaining CSR Corporate Social Responsibility is basically one aspect of the appropriate and needed role companies play in todays` society. The European Commission for Corporate Social Responsibility provides us with the following definition of CSR: "A concept whereby companies integrate social and...
Words: 2398 - Pages: 10
...Your name Professor’s name Class Information 06 May 2013 Final Argumentative Essay Zombie Children: The Over-diagnosis of ADHD in children Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral syndrome predominantly occurring in children (CDC 1). It is one of the most common childhood disorders. This condition is characterized by lack of attention, fidgeting, lack of organization, or squirming when seated. Children with ADHD often have difficulty paying attention to details and are easily distracted by other events happening at the same time; they find it difficult to complete their schoolwork; they put off anything that requires a lot of thought; they are prone to making careless mistakes, and are disorganized; they may seem as if they are listening when spoken to and often fail to follow through with tasks. The symptoms usually become evident in preschool or when entering into elementary school but can continue into adolescence and adulthood. There is no fixed test that can give an accurate diagnosis that a child has ADHD; therefore, over diagnosis has become difficult to avoid. Approximately, 9.5% (5.4 million) children, between four and seventeen years of age, are diagnosed with ADHD (CDC). This translates to three percent to seven percent of school aged children being diagnosed with ADHD. The rate that ADHD has been diagnosed has increased an average of three percent per year between the years 1997 and 2006 and an average of five and a half percent...
Words: 2154 - Pages: 9
...or consequentialism, as just what its term “consequentialism” means. This paradigm is developed [originally] by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John S. Mill (1806-1873). Judges one’s action based on the maximums of the good in the world. In this approach, the manager evaluates how the decision will affect [directly] the employee(s) and others. The managers identify the potential positive and potential negative consequences. If it will results “to the greatest good and for the greatest number,” the manager using the utilitarian approach is feasibly will make dubious decision. Utilitarian ideology is that it is ethical if the result will only give the “greatest advantages and benefits, and to the greatest number of people.” The theory seems to point out a situation in which it seems to provide the wrong answer to an ethical dilemma. I think of Dr. Kevorkian a good example using this approach. As this approach contemplates both bad and good, utilitarian’s rationale in this situation was to stop the pain for the suffering patient and maybe stop the financial hardships for the family too. This approach will solve the pain and resolve financial issues. This is fine and dandy, but it may backfire to our society. The family and physicians may start pressuring terminally ill- patients just to “pull the plug” [hypothetically] to have more hospital bed-space and end the financial obligations. [I am sure Hitler thought this way too.] Universalism...
Words: 2438 - Pages: 10
...Culture may have its sources in different aspects of human life, as: language, nationality, education, profession, group, religion, family, social class, corporate culture. All these elements influence every member of a society and thus, culture is learnt and transmitted to others. Differences between people within any given nation or culture are much greater than differences between groups. Polish people and British, although have a lot of common in terms of historical inheritance, they vary in many aspects of social life and these differences naturally affect the behaviour and culture. Much of the differences in culture have to do with superstitions. Many of today’s traditions and superstitions date back thousands of years. It is surprising how many of these were originally to ward off evil spirits, as well to enhance good luck, fertility and prosperity. For example, bielief that black cat crossing your path can affect your luck goes far back in time. In Poland, it is considered unlucky to see the black cat crossing the road and it is probably because of the fact that the black cat was supposed to be a witch in disguise, or some kind of spy or helper for her. It may therefore have been imagined to possess the same magical abilty to cause harm. Conversly, in England the black cat is considered to be something lucky. There is a story about King Charles the first of England who owned a black cat and whom he valued very much. He treasured the cat so much that he had...
Words: 2573 - Pages: 11
...fragrance choice has been largely overlooked. The prevalent view is that fragrances mask an individual’s body odor and improve its pleasantness. In two experiments, we found positive effects of perfume on body odor perception. Importantly, however, this was modulated by significant interactions with individual odor donors. Fragrances thus appear to interact with body odor, creating an individually-specific odor mixture. In a third experiment, the odor mixture of an individual’s body odor and their preferred perfume was perceived as more pleasant than a blend of the same body odor with a randomly-allocated perfume, even when there was no difference in pleasantness between the perfumes. This indicates that fragrance use extends beyond simple masking effects and that people choose perfumes that interact well with their own odor. Our results provide an explanation for the highly individual nature of perfume choice. ´ ´ Citation: Lenochova P, Vohnoutova P, Roberts SC, Oberzaucher E, Grammer K, et al. (2012) Psychology of Fragrance Use: Perception of Individual Odor and Perfume Blends Reveals a Mechanism for Idiosyncratic Effects on Fragrance Choice. PLoS ONE 7(3): e33810. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033810 Editor: Hiroaki Matsunami, Duke University, United States of America Received April 14,...
Words: 7433 - Pages: 30
...emotion that characterizes No-Face, the use of a mask as a characterization tool can be understood. This feature gives the character a poker face making him nearly impossible to read. His lack of voice and expression portrays No-Face as a character with no purpose and no self. Professor Doris Bargen writes about the aspect of the mask in her journal called Twin Blossoms on a Single Branch: The Cycle of Retribution in Onnamen, "symbolically, masking can hide or disguise the self; it can also be...
Words: 1744 - Pages: 7
...Sin Nombre, loosely translated as “without name”, is an independent film released in 2009 under the skillful direction of Cary Fukunaga. Fukunaga, a film graduate from New York University, also attended a French university and carries a bachelor’s degree in history from the University of California at Santa Cruz. During his studies and New York University, he made a short film titled Victoria Para Chino, a film about a group of immigrants who died in a refrigerated trailer when immigrating to America; The inspiration behind Sin Nombre came from that short film. In his first major production, Fukunaga continued his interest in the topic of immigration, and came up with the creation of Sin Nombre. The film follows both a young gangster of the Mara Salvatrucha gang, Casper, and young girl from Honduras, Sayra, on their difficult journey to America. Fukunaga’s overall reason for the film was to express the hardships Central American people face on their journey to America, in hopes that people could see immigration from a different light. The film is directed mainly towards citizens of America, Central America, and Mexico although it can spread to any area with controversial opinions of immigration. The constraints of the film include time, as the film lasted just 96 minutes, rating, the limited budget of an independent film, the dangerous filming locations in Central America and Mexico, and language— the film is spoken completely in spanish with english subtitles. These constraints...
Words: 2120 - Pages: 9
...Organizational communication 1 Organizational communication Organizational communication is a subfield of the larger discipline of communication studies. Organizational communication, as a field, is the consideration, analysis, and criticism of the role of communication in organizational contexts. History of Organizational Communication The field traces its lineage through business information, business communication, and early mass communication studies published in the 1930s through the 1950s. Until then, organizational communication as a discipline consisted of a few professors within speech departments who had a particular interest in speaking and writing in business settings. The current field is well established with its own theories and empirical concerns distinct from other communication subfields and other approaches to organizations. Several seminal publications stand out as works broadening the scope and recognizing the importance of communication in the organizing process, and in using the term "organizational communication". Nobel Laureate Herbert Simon wrote in 1947 about "organization communications systems", saying communication is "absolutely essential to organizations".[1] W. Charles Redding played a prominent role in the establishment of organizational communication as a discipline. In the 1950s, organizational communication focused largely on the role of communication in improving organizational life and organizational output. In the 1980s, the field...
Words: 5506 - Pages: 23
...promotion 2.4.1 Content 2.4.2 Delivery channels 2.4.3 Deceptive Advertising and Ethics 2.5 The use of ethics as a marketing tactic 2.6 Neuromarketing ethics 2.7 Marketing strategy 2.8 Further issues in marketing ethics 3 Regulation and enforcement 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Fundamental issues in the ethics of marketing[edit] Frameworks of analysis for marketing Possible frameworks[edit] Value-oriented framework, analyzing ethical problems on the basis of the values which they infringe (e.g. honesty, autonomy, privacy, transparency). An example of such an approach is the AMA Statement of Ethics.[1] Stakeholder-oriented framework, analyzing ethical problems on the basis of whom they affect (e.g. consumers, competitors, society as a whole). Process-oriented framework, analyzing ethical problems in terms of the categories used by marketing specialists (e.g. research, price, promotion, placement). None of these frameworks allows, by itself, a convenient and complete categorization of the great variety of issues in marketing ethics Power-based analysis[edit] Contrary to popular impressions, not all marketing is adversarial, and not all marketing is stacked in favour of the marketer. In marketing, the relationship between producer/consumer or buyer/seller can be adversarial or...
Words: 3041 - Pages: 13
...that popular music has on memory performance. It was proposed that popular music would adversely affect both studying and memory recall. Forty introductory psychology students participated in the study. Subjects were given a list of fifty words to study in 6 ½ minutes, with music either being present or absent. This was termed the learning stage. In this study, four conditions were tested. In all 4 conditions, subjects were assigned to either a “music” pre-period or a “non-music” pre-period and a “music” post-period or a “non-music” post-period. After they had studied the words, subjects were given another 6 ½ minutes to recall the words either with or without music present. This period was called the recall stage. The researchers hypothesized that music would have a detrimental effect on performance, these expected results were not found. Findings from this study suggested that students who study while listening to popular music performed at the same level as those without music present in either condition. Results indicated that women excelled in recall when the testing condition did not have music present in comparison to men. Effects of popular music on memorization tasks The purpose of this study was to find whether popular music would have a positive or negative effect on memory tasks. There are many different perspectives on how background music and noise affects performance. The current body of research reports mixed results with some studies reporting positive...
Words: 2466 - Pages: 10
...is that, big data interferes with human’s privacy, ethics, and any unauthorized third party can access the personal data for evil purposes or their benefits. The definition of the big data takes the “3V” form; High-volume, high-variety and high-velocity information that demand the innovative forms of processing, cost-effective for improved insight and decision making. This technological definition does not encompass the societal aspect and. Therefore, it can be argued to be one-sided definition. To incorporate the societal aspect, the definition needs to be viewed in a broader manner so that the aspect of data analytics can come in. In this regard, the two terms can work together so that a meaning of full terms big data/ data analytics can denote the cloud collection and storage of the information (including personal data) in large data sets and in which interferences and predictions can be made. Ethical Impacts One of the adverse implications of the big data is the corruption of the ethical values in the society. The big data have corrupted human values that the society once held dearly such as privacy, identity, free choice,...
Words: 4196 - Pages: 17
...Abstract . 3M Corporation History of the 3M Corporation What started off as a small company in the Lake Superior Town of Two Harbors, Minnesota in the year 1902 – 3M has grown into a worldwide corporation with companies in over 60 countries. Things seemed bright in June 1902, when Two Harbors attorney John Dwan drew up articles of incorporation and added his $1,000 to that of other charter board members, meat market owner Hermon Cable, Dr. J. Danley Budd, the city’s leading physician, and Duluth and Iron Range Railroad executives William McGonagle and Henry Bryan (3M Corporation, 2015). The five men set out looking for the next new product. They wanted to mine a certain type of mineral deposit (Corundum) to use as an adhesive for grinding-wheels. Corundum was in demand as the premier abrasive for grinding wheels, sandpaper and other items to polish, shape, sharpen and decorate items produced by America’s increasingly industrialized economy. This new source of corundum was greeted jubilantly; the only other North American source was in Ontario. The problem – one that surfaced after the company had incurred a large start-up debt – was that the corundum was not there on Lake Superior’s Minnesota north shore. What was there was anorthosite, which is useless as an abrasive (Bishop, 2005). So within a couple of years of its founding, 3M had tons of mineral for sale, no customers and was all but bankrupt. When mining turned out to be of little use and a failed attempt with mineral...
Words: 2949 - Pages: 12
