...Introduction into the history of Communications Technology Much of technology today started firstly as military mechanisms. Wars put a colossal demand upon a nation’s resources. These resources include everything from materials to military personnel. As soldiers are deployed off to battle, the people left behind must keep the nation’s infrastructure from collapsing. This puts engineers and scientist under tremendous pressure to develop the systems necessary to combat the opposition effectively in warfare. Examples of such are Alan Turing and Wernher von Braun. Alan Turing was the first to suggest of using a computer to do things that were too hard for a person to do. During World War II Alan Turing worked on breaking German ciphers. This was achieved by using cryptanalysis to break the Enigma code which was later used to decipher all German signals. Wernher von Braun He was one of the developers of the V-2 rocket, these where the first rockets to penetrate space. He also developed the Saturn V rocket which took Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to the moon in 1969. In a way wars tend to have beneficial effects on economic and technological development. In general, wars tend to accelerate technological development to adapt tools necessary to solve specific military needs. Later, these military tools may evolve into non-military devices. Examples of such mechanisms are: The Radar The radar was initially designed my Sir Robert...
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...of data communications? A) digitization, growth of data gathering, an era of delegation, the Internet as a common tool, and pervasive computing B) analog signals, growth of data communications, an era of deregulation, the Internet as a common tool, and pervasive computing C) digitization, growth of data communications, an era of deregulation, the Internet as a common tool, and pervasive computing D) digitization, growth of data communications, an era of deregulation, the evolution of Voice-over-IP (VoIP) as a common tool, and pervasive computing Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 2) In what year did computer technology begin to transform our social, economic, and governmental infrastructures? A) 1960s, when Internet became a core in our technology B) 1950s, when ARPA research was formed C) 1980s, when the Internet was introduced D) 1990s, when the Internet was enhanced Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 3) The technology used in the 1960s called ________ was/were very large and expensive and used proprietary architectures that did not support cross-platform communications. A) Department of Defense PCs B) the Internet C) personal computers D) mainframes Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 4) The term ________ generally refers to a technology or product that is copyrighted and not available for use without some type of fee or payment to its owner. A) Internet technology B) RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology C) Proprietary D) IEEE (Institute...
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...Michael C. Harris Ms. Brooks SS3150 April 2, 2015 Chapter Problem Internet: Problem Statement | Desirable Scenario | Could not exchange data and information with the people over great distances in 1960s | Undesirable Scenario | Telephone or other communication devices during 1960s did not provide means to exchange data and information over a distance | Problem | None of the technology existed in 1960s to provide platform for exchanging data and information over a distance | Solution | Establishment on ARPANET and eventually the NSF (semi public organization), which lead to success of Internet | Table 61: Problem Statement on Internet Holistic Thinking Perspective HTPs on Internet | Big Picture | * The Internet was an U.S government initiative and established the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was established in 1957 to respond to the perceived scientific and technological advantage the then-Soviet Union displayed in launching the Sputnik satellite * ARPA, along with the newly created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), was to regain technical superiority for the United States. * About this same time, a RAND researcher by the name of Paul Baran was working on a classified U.S. Air Force contract, whose purpose was to identify ways to strengthen the Nation's telecommunication infrastructure so that it could survive a nuclear strike. Part of his solution was to develop distributed telecommunication networks. * Till 1960s...
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...interested in what the future of implementing this technology may hold. Satellites also are important for communication, which does organize and save lives. Identify and describe a future information technology that you believe will create a paradigm shift. Identify and describe the domain in which the shift will occur. Explain the technology, how it works, and how it is different from what we have today. Give at least five (5) reasons why the technology will create a shift. Satellites It’s important to note how satellites work, the history behind its creation, and finally how satellites are used past to present. There are different types of satellites which are devised for a specific task; examples are astronomy satellites, atmospheric satellites, communication satellites, navigation satellites, reconnaissance satellites, remote sensing satellites, and search and rescue satellites. Emerging satellites that are most relevant to law enforcement and Homeland security use communication, navigation, and sometimes recon satellites; so those are the only satellites which will be discussed. Anik E is an example of a communication satellite, Navstar for a navigation satellite, and Big Bird for a recon satellite. Satellites are an emerging technology in terms of the fields I am interested in and work in and it has just scratched the surface on how it can improve the overall department of today, and the future. “On October 4, 1957, the USSR put into orbit a tiny sphere with...
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...Why the United States is losing the Information War Matt Apel CMR 592 Howard Kleinberg Introduction Cyber Warfare and cyber security have been on the rise for several years now. However, when these topics are discussed amongst government officials, business owners, and civilians the focus has been assaults on personal privacy, hacking into government computers systems, and denial of services. Rarely, is the focus on how armed groups and terrorist organizations are using Information Operations (social media and propaganda) to affect political, economic, and social systems all over the world. Information Operations is defined as, The integrated employment of the core capabilities of electronic warfare, computer network operations, psychological operations, military deception and operations security, in concert with specified supporting and related capabilities, to influence, disrupt, corrupt or usurp adversarial human and automated decision making while protecting our own. Also called IO (Air University 2006). Former Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) member Rand Waltzman states, “I recently concluded a $50 million program, Social Media in Strategic Communication, which led to the release of more than 200 publications and to the creation of a science of social media. What we learned is that “bullsh..t” is a weapon that is being used worldwide to fundamentally attack the medium of the press, and that the issue of freedom of the press is, in fact, a diversion....
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...new ways and means to control and reduce ‘time and space’ in order to meet the global challenges we are faced with. We see that in the 21st century technology is another term used to represent our modern life style, thinking and behaviour. Technology is also used by people to improve their surroundings, and it involves having to have some sort of knowledge in order to use certain machines and tools to do so. Furthermore technology is used to control the world in which we live, and more specifically people use it to improve their ability to do work and improve products. This whole idea as to how we view technology is seen as the technological determinism approach. It has also been said that technology cannot work on its own, but rather it is found to work hand in hand with the environment in which we live (Lian, 2007). Therefore in my essay I will be looking at various types of technology from a technological determinist and cultural materialist perspective, and then looking at how these two approaches compare or differ from one another. This would also lead me to seeing if the cultural materialist approach does see society as being free agents and actually adapting technology to fit the culture. 1. The main ideas of technological determinism and the theoretical implications of it Technological determinism has to do with the belief that technology shapes social change. A social scientist named Veblen first came up with this concept in the 1920s, and he believed that changes...
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...WEB DEVELOPMENT Brief History of the Internet Origins of the Internet The first recorded description of the social interactions that could be enabled through networking was a series of memos written by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August 1962 discussing his "Galactic Network" concept. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. In spirit, the concept was very much like the Internet of today. Licklider was the first head of the computer research program at DARPA,4 starting in October 1962. While at DARPA he convinced his successors at DARPA, Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts, of the importance of this networking concept. Leonard Kleinrock at MIT published the first paper on packet switching theory in July 1961 and the first book on the subject in 1964. Kleinrock convinced Roberts of the theoretical feasibility of communications using packets rather than circuits, which was a major step along the path towards computer networking. The other key step was to make the computers talk together. To explore this, in 1965 working with Thomas Merrill, Roberts connected the TX-2 computer in Mass. to the Q-32 in California with a low speed dial-up telephone line creating the first (however small) wide-area computer network ever built. The result of this experiment was the realization that the time-shared computers could work well together, running programs and retrieving...
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...Running Head: Internet Internet: Our New World Abstract During the last years the use of the Internet has been very controversial theme, bringing different points of view. Some agree that its use is more advantageous than disadvantageous while others think differently. This paper shows the birth of the Internet, its founders, its pioneers, some advantages and disadvantages, and its future. This research also makes some suggestions for a better protection and functioning of the Internet. Internet Our New World “The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers)” (Internet definition," 2010). Today, Internet Service Providers companies like AOL, Insight, Comcast, AT&T, among others have created the infrastructure to facilitate the Internet access to everyone in the U.S. Physically the Internet connection is the connection from one or more computers to several special computers called servers. These servers allow people to display web pages from a browser and access other services that offer these special computers. Technically, the Internet is composed by a set of protocols called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol). The Internet applications which affect our daily life in important ways since its creation include...
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...(sometime written as e-learning) has various definitions. E-learning is basically boils down to learning that is facilitated and supported via information and communications technology (ICT). The American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) defines e-learning as a broad set of applications and processes which include web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classrooms, and digital. Much of this is delivered via the Internet, intranets, audio- and videotape, satellite broadcast, interactive TV, and CD-ROM. The definition of e-learning varies depending on the organization and how it is used but basically it is involves electronic means of communication, education, and training. Many terms have been used to define e-learning in the past. For example web-based training, computer-based training or web-based learning, and online learning are a few synonymous terms that have over the last few years been labeled as e-learning. Each of this implies a “just-in-time” instructional and learning approach. Regardless of the definition you chose to use, designers, developers, and implementers make or break the instructional courses and tools. E-learning is simply a medium for delivering learning and like any other medium, it has its advantages and disadvantages. E-learning covers a wide array of activities from supported learning, to blended or hybrid learning (the combination of traditional and e-learning practices), to learning that occurs 100% online. Sound e-learning is founded...
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...To what extent has Putin’s Russia become a Dictatorship? Mussolini once said that ‘Democracy is beautiful in theory; in practice it is fallacy’ (ERepublik, 2009) and to some extent, this could be seen as true. However, how is it that a dictatorship can be truly defined? In the English dictionary (Oxford Collins Dictionary, 2003), a dictatorship is defined as ‘a government by a dictator or dictators’ however, whilst this does hold some truth, in the context of this question, this definition is far too simple, vague, and it does not help in any way to explain the extent to which Russia has become a dictatorship under Vladimir Putin since this only could really apply to a ‘yes, no’ question, which would abruptly end this investigation. But there are several questions that can be asked which will help in answering this query. In the context of Putin’s Russia and dictatorship we can inquire as to whether Russia has become a dictatorship under Putin, and if so why; is it politically correct to call it a dictatorship when compared to other countries such as Belarus and Zimbabwe, which are instated and well-known dictatorships; and another question we can ask ourselves is whether it is actually right for us, as westerners, to call it a dictatorship when it could be our own westernised and capitalised views affecting the way we see other political non-capitalist regimes, causing us to call Russia as such. To help answer these questions, several issues and subtopics will be addressed...
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...Overview of the Implementation Status of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space in African Countries J-A. van Wyk Department of Political Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), P O Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa e-mail: vwykjak@unisa.ac.za Abstract. This paper presents an overview of the five major UN Treaties on Outer Space. Each of these Treaties are briefly discussed and assessed with particular emphasis on aspects relevant to Africa. Very few African countries have ratified these Treaties, as well as enacted domestic space legislation. The paper concludes with an assessment of Africa’s involvement in multilateral space fora such as OOSA and UNCOPUOS. It also offers recommendations to improve African countries’ ratification and compliance with these Treaties. Sommaire. Cet article est une introduction aux cinq traités majeurs de l’ONU, en matière d’espace extra-atmosphérique. Chacun des traités est brièvement discuté et évalué en insistant sur les aspects importants pour l’Afrique. Tres peu d’Etats africains ont ratifié ces traités, ainsi que mis sur pied une législation en matière d’espace. L’article se termine par une évaluation de l’engagement de l’Afrique dans des forums multilatéraux voués à l’espace tels que l’ OOSA et l’ UNCOPUOS. Des recommendations sont également suggérées pour l’amélioration de la ratification et le respect par les Etats africains de ces traités. International Space Law: Context and Text fact that no state can claim...
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...Summary of The World Is Flat by Thomas L. Friedman LENGTH: 4976 words HEADLINE: It's a Flat World, After All BYLINE: By Thomas L. Friedman. Thomas L. Friedman is the author of ''The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century,'' to be published this week by Farrar, Straus & Giroux and from which this article is adapted. His column appears on the Op-Ed page of The Times, and his television documentary ''Does Europe Hate Us?'' will be shown on the Discovery Channel on April 7 at 8 p.m. BODY: In 1492 Christopher Columbus set sail for India, going west. He had the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. He never did find India, but he called the people he met ''Indians'' and came home and reported to his king and queen: ''The world is round.'' I set off for India 512 years later. I knew just which direction I was going. I went east. I had Lufthansa business class, and I came home and reported only to my wife and only in a whisper: ''The world is flat.'' And therein lies a tale of technology and geoeconomics that is fundamentally reshaping our lives -- much, much more quickly than many people realize. It all happened while we were sleeping, or rather while we were focused on 9/11, the dot-com bust and Enron -- which even prompted some to wonder whether globalization was over. Actually, just the opposite was true, which is why it's time to wake up and prepare ourselves for this flat world, because others already are, and there is no time to waste. I wish I could say I saw...
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...IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE (A STUDY OF STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA) By ANJUGU JESSICA NDAKU MC/2009/386 DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES CARITAS UNIVERSITY AMORJI – NIKE ENUGU AUGUST, 2013 TITLE PAGE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE (A STUDY OF STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA) By ANJUGU JESSICA NDAKU MC/2009/386 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI – NIKE, ENUGU. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCES (B.Sc.) DEGRESS IN MASS COMMUNICATION, AUGUST, 2013 Declaration I, Anjugu Ndaku .J. hereby declare that this research work was written by me and has not been submitted or received anywhere for the purpose of acquiring a degree in Mass Communication. -------------------------------------------------------ANJUGU NDAKU J --------------------------------------------DATE Certification Page I certify that this study was carried out by Anjugu Ndaku .J. It was approved by the Department of Mass Communication, Caritas University, Amorji – Nike, Enugu as meeting the requirement for the Award of Bachelor of Science, B.Sc. (Hons) Mass Communication. ------------------------------------------------------Dr. (Mrs.) Acholonu (Project Supervisor) --------------------------------------Date --------------------------------------------------------Dr. (Mrs.) Acholonu...
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...to more than 19.5 million subscribers who pay a monthly fee of $12.95 (Sirius). The service is mainly offered through new car sales with companies including Ford, Chrysler, and BMW among others penetrating 55% into the US market which accounts for 40% of their annual sales based on the 2009 annual report. Retailers like Wal-Mart, Best Buy and Radio Shack sell similar Sirius units for home and boat use. “Recently, Sirius has expanded to include music and comedy channels to mobile phone users; and music channels and select non-music channels over the Internet; a suite of data services; services that offer graphic information; and various real-time weather services, as well as operates a television service, which provides content designed primarily for children in the backseat of vehicles” (Sirius). These expansions are critical to the long term success of Sirius Satellite Radio which claims to be the station you can listen to what you want, when you want, wherever you are. As the premier subscription based satellite radio provider in the US Sirius XM must now compete with Internet and terrestrial radios, both are either free or low-cost services. Sirius XM concentrated their efforts and targeted the automobile industry, prior to the economic...
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...------------------------------------------------- Lessons learnt from unintended consequences of innovations in technology ------------------------------------------------- Individual Assignment: MT5014 Systems Approach to Technology and Innovation Ravi Raman – A0008484A Abstract There have been many great innovations over the course of human history and they had many unintended consequences to the human society and to the technology in general. The study of unintended consequence has been quite limited in the current day. This paper is a study of unintended consequences of the key technological innovation from 18th century to early 20th century. This paper details the technological innovation from holistic thinking perspective and critically analysis the unintended consequences of the innovations. * Table of Contents 1. Introduction 4 1.1 What is an unintended consequence? (Karl-Erik Sveiby Pernilla Gripenberg, 2009) 4 1.2 Kinds of unintended consequences (Andrews, 2005) 5 2 Nuclear Energy 7 2.1 Concept Map 7 2.1.1 Nuclear Fission Reaction 7 2.1.2 Nuclear Energy development history 7 2.2 Problem 8 2.3 Holistic Thinking Perspective 8 2.4 Technology Innovation 10 2.5 Managing Innovation & Moving to Market 11 2.6 Complexity Management 12 2.7 Quantitative 12 3 Internal Combustion Engine - Automobile industry till early 20th Century 14 3.1 Concept Map 14 3.1.1 History of Internal Combustible Engine 14 3.2 Problem 15 3...
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