...The ramjet engine has socially affected the world as its being used in over twenty various aircrafts to date and improving aerial safety. A ramjet engine is at times also referred to as a flying stovepipe jet and athodyd. Ramjets are a form of air breathing jet engines, which use the forward motion to pressurize the taken in air without the use of an axial compressor. Ramjets can be used in small-scale flight innovations for high-speed usage such as in weaponry especially in missiles. Ramjets have been successfully used in helicopter rotors as tip jets. The usage of ramjets in modern aircrafts such as fighter jets have changed the way the jets are built as ramjets are the lightest air breathing jets. This allows fighter jets to be built for...
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...as a means of additional thrust from conception, design, and advances. The afterburner advantages and disadvantages will also be discussed. Sir Isaac Newton’s law states “energy can neither be created or destroyed, only transferred from one form to another.” Afterburners used on jet turbine engines use the energy contained in fuel and the atmosphere more efficiently. Only about 25% of air entering a jet turbine engine is used for combustion. The remaining 75% is used for cooling the extremely hot portions of the engines. The afterburner is designed to harness the energy transferred from combustion into exhaust, and turn it into additional thrust energy for the airplane. Afterburners are extremely fuel inefficient using 50% more fuel consumption in some cases. So afterburners are used sparingly by military and civilian aircraft alike. However, afterburners are also necessary especially for pilots landing or taking off from short runways. The afterburners on jet aircraft use the remaining air that was not used for combustion and ignites it as it leaves the engine. This air is extremely hot and contains a large amount of oxygen. With fuel sprayed into what can be described as basically a ramair jet on the back of the turbofan or turbojet engine and an igniter. The remaining air is burned adding additional thrust power to the engine. A company called Solar Turbine Inc. because of their experience in fabrication stainless steel parts for aircraft engine was awarded a contract by...
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...development of the jet engine The principles of the jet engine date back to the first century, it was not until August 1939 when an aircraft designed by Dr. Ernst Heinkel, the He-178 became the first aircraft to fly with a jet engine developed by the German engineer Hans von Ohain. At the same time, Ohain was developing his engine, British engineer Frank Whittle was also developing a jet engine independently and without the knowledge of Ohain's work. Whittle stymied by lack of funding and resources, persevered and in May 1941 the Whittle W.1 engine flew in the Gloster E.28/39 (Boyne, 2014, para. 21). American development of the jet engines American research in the jet engine for aircraft use began in the 1930's,...
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...have chosen the airplane and its history as the technology that will serve as the subject of this assignment. First, I will explain what an airplane is. Next, I will explain how an airplane works. Finally, I will give a brief history of the airplane. So what is an airplane? I'm joking! Everyone in the world knows what an airplane is unless they've lived in a stone age society their whole life. Even so, I'll begin by defining exactly what an airplane is and how they work. An airplane is a powered, fixed-wing vessel that travels through the air (Airplane, n.d.). The airplane has wings that provide the force of lift in order for the airplane to overcome the force of gravity and climb off the ground and stay airborne. In order for the wings to do their job of providing lift, the airplane must be propelled forward so that the wings can get sufficient airflow to generate the necessary force and overcome the force of drag. The propulsion methods usually employed are through use of engine driven propellers or jet engines. These provide the force of thrust to move the aircraft forward. Many variations exist as to the configuration of these methods to generate propulsion. Some common configurations are propellers in a forward pull location, a rearward push location, wing mounted, or a push-pull arrangement. Jet engines are typically mounted either on the wings or aft on the fuselage of the...
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...DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRCRAFT ENGINE AIR INLET Air intake (inlet) — For subsonic aircraft, the inlet is a duct which is required to ensure smooth airflow into the engine despite air approaching the inlet from directions other than straight ahead. This occurs on the ground from cross winds and in flight with aircraft pitch and yaw motions. The duct length is minimized to reduce drag and weight.[1] Air enters the compressor at about half the speed of sound so at flight speeds lower than this the flow will accelerate along the inlet and at higher flight speeds it will slow down. Thus the internal profile of the inlet has to accommodate both accelerating and diffusing flow without undue losses. For supersonic aircraft, the inlet has features such as cones and ramps to produce the most efficient series of shockwaves which form when supersonic flow slows down. The air slows down from the flight speed to subsonic velocity through the shockwaves, then to about half the speed of sound at the compressor through the subsonic part of the inlet. The particular system of shockwaves is chosen, with regard to many constraints such as cost and operational needs, to minimize losses which in turn maximizes the pressure recovery at the compressor. An intake, or especially for aircraft inlet, is an air intake for an engine. Because the modern internal combustion engine is in essence a powerful air pump, like the exhaust system on an engine, the intake must be carefully engineered and tuned...
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...Operating principles of reciprocating and turbine engines Robert Zimmerman Embry Riddle Operating principles of reciprocating and turbine engines. Many airplanes are equipped with reciprocating engines. This is due to their reciprocating or back and forth movement of the pistons. Two kinds of these motors are. 1. by cylinder arrangement with respect to the crankshaft—radial, in-line, v-type or opposed, or 2. By the method of cooling—liquid or air-cooled. The main advantage of a radial engine is the favorable power-to-weight ratio. V-type engines usually have more horsepower than in-line engines. The horizontally-opposed engine is the most popular engine on smaller aircraft. Opposed engines always have a even number of cylinders. Most are air cooled and have a high power-to-weight ratio due to a light crankcase. The main parts of a reciprocating engine include the cylinders, crankcase, and accessory housing. The intake/exhaust valves, spark plugs, and pistons are located in the cylinders. The crankshaft and connecting rods are located in the crankcase. The magnetos are normally located on the engine accessory housing. Operating Principles Federal Aviation Administration. (2013, July 1) found the basic principle for reciprocating engines involves the conversion of chemical energy, in the form of fuel, into mechanical energy. This occurs within the cylinders of the engine through a process known as the four-stroke operating cycle. These strokes...
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...advanced aircraft in the world, the F-35 Lightning II Fighter jet. Despite their vast differences, these aircrafts have some things in common; they are run by major components and aerodynamics that make flying possible. The major components of an airplane and their functions are what make an aircraft fly into the air. An aircraft has five major components: fuselage, wings, landing gears, empennage, and power plants. The many complex parts of an aircraft and schematics are all responsible for making the aircraft design. In an effort to understand the design, it is imperative to break down the most common basic components to reflect how they work together to make an aircraft fly into the air. The fuselage is the part of an aircraft that is designed to carry cargo, equipment, people etc. Each major component is attached to the fuselage. The most common shape of a fuselage is a cylinder like tube that was designed to decrease drag and produce a little lift. The fuselage material is made of steel/aluminum. The different shapes are welded together to create the strength and bond it needs to hold together. The shaped pieces are called trusses ("Aircraft structure -," 2006). The fuselage also contains a cockpit which is the control room of the aircraft. All action and commands happen in that section of the plane. The wings of an aircraft are attached to each side of the fuselage. They were designed to produce lift so the aircraft is able to fly and support the aircraft...
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...The Physics of Flight A brief look at Newton’s Laws of Motion and Bernoulli’s Principle of Pressure Celia Lowman 12/5/2013 The Physics of Flight A brief look at Newton’s Laws of Motion and Bernoulli’s Principle of Pressure Celia Lowman 12/5/2013 When I was a child I was obsessed with miniature wooden and paper airplanes, I was always gluing Popsicle sticks and clothes pins together or making my mother mad by using all the printer paper on new airplane designs. The thing that fascinated me was that I could never fully grasp what made them glide in the air the way that they do but never fly. In my mind the small plane should have flown better than a 100,000 lb. metal object. It wasn’t until I was older and had my first physical science class that I really started to get a grasp on what was really going on to make something that large liftoff and continue to fly. There are two names that stand out when speaking about the physics of flight: Sir Isaac Newton and Daniel Bernoulli. Without them there would be far less understanding of the forces of flight and the physics behind the art of flying. Sir Issac Newton was a mathematician and physicist who transformed the scientific world in 1666 with the development of the theories of gravitation at the young age of 23. Twenty years later in 1686, Newton published Principia Mathematics Philosophiae...
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...Research Have you ever wondered how an airplane flies? That happens because of four different factors. This paper explains airplane wings, lift, and stalls during flight. Since the science far experiment is what forces affect the airplane wings during a stall. Using different articles from online resources, flight, lift, and stalls were explained in numerous ways. Thrust, Drag, Weight and Lift are the four factors that allow an airplane to take flight. Dunbar (2003) explains these in depth. Thrust is a force that moves an aircraft in the direction of the motion. It is created with a propeller, jet engine, or rocket. Air is pulled in and then pushed out in an opposite direction. One example is a household fan. Drag is the force that acts opposite to the direction of motion. It tends to slow an object. Drag is caused by friction and differences in air...
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...CONTENTS |Topic |Page | |Newton's 1st Law: the Law of Inertia |2 | |Newton's 2nd Law: the Law of Proportionality |3 | |Newton's 3rd Law: the Law of Interaction |4-5 | |STUDENT WORKSHEET: Conversion…Force |6 | |STUDENT WORKSHEET: Conversion…Weight |7 | |STUDENT WORKSHEET: Conversion…Length |8 | |STUDENT WORKSHEET: Acceleration |9 | |STUDENT WORKSHEET: Force and Acceleration |10 | |STUDENT WORKSHEET: Force and Acceleration Exercises |11 | |STUDENT WORKSHEET: Fighting Gravity! |12 | National Science Standards: Science as Inquiry Physical Science Position...
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...(3 hours dual cross country, 5 hours instrument training). 12 hours PIC (5 hours PIC cross country, including a 150 nm route with 2 stops) Flight Test: ______ % Night Rating Must hold a Private Pilot Licence Training: ______ hours of flight training consisting of: 5 more hours of instrument training 10 hours night (5 dual 2 hours cross country, 5 Solo, 10 takeoffs and landings) No Flight Test or Written Test VFR Over-The- Top (VFR OTT) Must hold a Private Pilot Licence Training: Minimum of 15 hours dual instrument time Multi-Engine Rating Training: No minimum hours required Flight Test Required Instrument Rating Group 1: _______; Group 2 ___________ Written and flight test required Training: 40 hours instrument time required (1 dual cross country 100 nm) Minimum 50 hour cross-country PIC AIRFRAMES AND PARTS OF AN AIRPLANE Basic Definitions Airframe: Structure of an aircraft without engines, power plants or instruments Fuselage: the body of the aircraft to which other components are attached, used to accommodate crew, passengers and cargo Wing: Device employed to develop lift on an airplane Ailerons: Surfaces hinged...
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...How Planes Stay Up In the Air I remember a picnic with Becky, my girlfriend, at Maidu Park five years ago. We lied on the lush green turf and held hands as we watched the clouds drift by. We were captivated and intrigued by the definitions in the clouds as we matched them to shapes of animals and other objects. She pointed towards a blanket of clouds on the right and said, “There! That one looks like a dragon.” Right at that moment, a plane flew right above us as it cut through clouds. She quickly sat up and followed the plane with her head. Her eyes widened and her eyebrows shot up as she burst out, “Wow! How do you think it stays up in the sky like that?” As any mischievous thirteen year old would, I simply the magic dust and invisible angels carried the plane on their backs. She laughed and called me stupid for not knowing the answer. However, now as a college student embarking towards my future, I made my personal goal to be a pilot and learn about planes. I got accepted to Embry Riddle, an aeronautical school in Arizona, straight out of high school. Although the fear of planes falling out of sky held me back; so I decided study at Sierra College until I’m ready. Sean palmer, a sophomore at Sierra College, flys planes for a hobby. He pointed out that, “Flying a plane is not like driving a car, it’s far more complicated, but at the same time fun… I fly almost every week, but it’s little expensive to rent planes. So, I’m saving up for my own Cessna 120 for almost two years...
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...TO BE by Angelo Antonio Fresco Term Paper Submitted to the Extended Campus in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of ASCI 611 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Worldwide Online June 2010 ABSTRACT Researcher: Angelo Antonio Fresco Title: The Boeing 787: Flying as it was meant to be Institution: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Degree: Master of Aeronautical Science Year: 2010 Meant to be aviations next Sonic Cruiser, airline customers and Boeing has unveiled a new airliner for the 21st century, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Some of the safety systems the 787 will feature will be: ultra modern safety advances in cockpit automation, dramatic improvements in engine reliability, a new and more accurate global positioning system, new integrated surveillance systems, the latest version of nose-mounted weather radar, and a fuel tank inerting system. The 787 will use 20 percent less fuel than today's airplanes of comparable size and provide passengers with innovations that include a new interior environment with cleaner air, larger windows, more stowage space, improved lighting and other passenger-preferred conveniences that no other airliner can offer today. Introduction of the 787 The Boeing 787 traces back its roots to the Boeing Sonic Cruiser, a fast subsonic aircraft first introduced by the Boeing Company in 2001. The main selling point of the Sonic Cruiser was a high subsonic speed that could reduce...
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...Executive Summary The following report will determine the strategic position of Rolls-Royce and the environmental impact of a new technology upon that strategic position. The report will analyse and evaluate the role and impact of short to medium range single aisle narrow body aircraft on the strategic position of Rolls-Royce. The report will focus on the civil aerospace business of Rolls-Royce and will use Rolls-Royce Inchinnan as a base model. The Boeing 737 series and Airbus A320 are the most popular aircraft ever produced with a 737 landing in the world every five seconds. The 737 in particular will reach the end of its service life within the next ten years. Southwest airlines are requesting an overdue replacement with most airframes living thirty years, the original 737 was released in 1967. The effect of the next generation 737, released in 1998, retiring will leave a considerable gap to be filled. Rolls-Royce does not power the Boeing 737which is monopolised by Pratt and Whitney and General Electric. Should Rolls-Royce attain a share of this market it will become the largest contract ever undertaken by Rolls-Royce. The new aircraft is currently under development and is expected to form the latest of aerospace technology such as composite structures, geared turbofans or open rotor designs. All of the large aerospace manufacturers are currently vying for involvement in the programme for should the new edition emanate the previous, the returns will be substantial...
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...ABSTRACT The intent of this proposal argument is to show that manned aircraft should be utilized in combat and multi-role missions over Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The major differences between manned and unmanned aircraft will be explored. The issues of cost, payload capacity, situational awareness and effectiveness, their role in combat conditions, and the pilot’s decision making capabilities in both aircraft will all be covered in the proposal. In addition, the history and how each type of aircraft came about will be discussed in order to show the experience level and usefulness of manned and unmanned aircraft. Many of the current ideas the military has about what should be the course of action when it comes to manned and unmanned aircraft will be included. Any good or bad consequences of the current proposals will also be discussed. Finally, the future for manned and unmanned aircraft will be reviewed. INTRODUCTION The United States Navy’s manned aircraft are more effective in aerial combat and multi-role missions than Unmanned Arial Vehicles or UAV drones. Exclusively utilizing unmanned aircraft in place of manned fighter and attack aircraft could lead to military failures in combat situations. Pilots controlling the Unmanned Arial Vehicle or UAV drones from remote locations are incapable of making split second decisions or having the awareness that pilots in the cockpit on location possess. Over the past 80 years, the U.S. Navy has trained some of the most elite...
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