...102/103 Lab 4: Enzymes Experiment 1: Effect of Enzyme Concentration Table 1: Effect of Enzyme Concentration on the Production of Gas Tube | Amount of yeast | Balloon circumference (cm) After 1 minute | Balloon circumference (cm) After 3 minutes | Balloon circumference (cm) After 5 minutes | Final Circumference (cm) | Time Required to Complete | 1 | 0.05 g | 15.5 cm | 17.2 cm | 20.5 cm | 21.9 cm | 11 mins | 2 | 0.005 g | 13.8 cm | 15.1 cm | 19.6 cm | 20.1 cm | 12 mins | 3 | 0.0005 g | 8.8 cm | 10.5 cm | 13.1 cm | 13.1 cm | 9 mins | Questions 1. What is the enzyme in this experiment? What is the substrate? Yeast is the enzyme. Sugar as the substrate. 2. Did you notice a difference in the rate of reaction in the tubes with different concentrations of enzymes? Why or why not? It is yes, since there is change in balloon size. More the concentration of the enzyme more will be the consumption of substrate. That indicates the rate of reaction is more. 3. What was the effect of using less enzyme on your experiment? There is less size of the balloon for less enzyme concentration. There is less production in the gas. 4. Do you expect more enzyme activity if the substrate concentration is increased or decreased? Draw a graph to illustrate this relationship. If you increase the substrate concentration the rate will also increase up to a certain point. Where after it will remain the same even with further substrate increases...
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...Rate of Reaction of Catalase Abstract Properties of Enzymes focused on the variations of reaction rates amongst enzymes subjected to various circumstances such as temperature, pH levels, different concentrations of substrate, salt concentrations, Metal Copper Sulfate and lastly, the presence of an Enzyme Inhibitor. The assigned section of this laboratory for our efforts was the effect of temperature variations on enzyme reactions. To perform the experiment, we used a spectrophotometer to monitor the baseline catalase activity when they are placed in these two temperatures. In this way, absorbance can be measured over time to monitor catalase activity of the main baseline reaction. Our results showed that temperatures at higher degrees led to being inactive, whereas those at lower degrees lowered the reaction time. This comes to show that each enzyme can have a different optimal temperature and this experiment helped us to understand how reaction rate can be affected by temperature change. Introduction Thousands of complex biological processes are constantly taking place within our bodies. We require material transport, energy synthesis, and the manufacturing of various proteins, hormones, and other molecules (Source 1). Almost all of these everyday processes rely on the function of enzymes to take place. Enzymes are specifically grouped according to their function, and this information can often provide us with clues regarding what type of reaction that enzyme will catalyze...
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...Chapter 3 Enzymes Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) explain that enzymes are globular proteins that catalyse metabolic reactions; (b) explain the mode of action of enzymes in terms of an active site, enzyme/substrate complex, lowering of activation energy and enzyme specificity; (c) [PA] follow the progress of an enzyme-catalysed reaction by measuring rates of formation of products (for example, using catalase) or rates of disappearance of substrate (for example, using amylase); (d) [PA] investigate and explain the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration on the rate of enzymecatalysed reactions; (e) explain the effects of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors on the rate of enzyme activity; (f) use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems. Enzymes are globular protein which act as catalysts • Enzymes are protein molecules defined as biological catalysts which speed up a chemical reaction and remain unchanged at the end of reaction. • Enzyme names end in –ase E.g. amylase, ATPase • Enzyme are globular proteins. Enzymes are globular protein which act as catalysts • Enzyme molecules are coiled into a precise threedimensional shape, which hydrophilic R groups (side-chains) on the outside of the molecule ensuring that they are soluble. Enzymes are globular protein which act as catalysts • Enzyme molecules have active site. • The active site of an enzyme is a region...
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...Title How Different Environmental Variables Affect Enzyme Activity Purpose The purpose of this lab is to see if changing the temperature, pH, or concentration of enzymes effects catalase activity. Background Enzymes are in every living thing. Enzymes are catalysts they speed up chemical reactions by reducing the amount of energy needed to perform them. Without them most chemical reactions would happen much too slow for life to exist. Enzymes are very special and each is designed to do one specific thing. One type of enzyme per type of chemical reaction that needs to be catalyzed. There are multiple steps to and enzyme catalyzing a reaction. First, the enzyme floats around and collides with substrates. Substrates the reactants in a chemical reaction. These substrates fit perfectly into the active site of the enzyme, the enzyme then catalyzes the chemical reaction that it is designed for, and this causes the enzyme to momentarily change shape. This new shape is called the “induced fit”. The enzyme then releases the products. The enzyme reverts back to its normal shape once it releases the products and is not permanently changed by the reaction. It then floats around and does it again and again and again. Most enzymes end in the suffix –ase. Temperature is a measure of heat. It is the disorderly movement of molecules. This movement also creates energy. When an object is hot its molecules are moving a lot more and a lot faster than in an object that is cold...
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...Title: Enzyme Introduction The main reason for conducting this experiment is to establish the various factors that affect enzymes and reaction rates. Various experiments have been conducted to help gain a wide range of the factors that affect enzyme controlled reactions. Enzymes are affected by very many factors. It was the main aim of this experiment to establish these factors and the manner in which they affect them. This experiment also seeks to establish the manner in which some enzymes like Catalase affect the rates of reactions (Cohnheim 2009). Methods To establish the factors that affect enzymes, the procedures for the experiments to be carried out had to be almost perfect. For this reason the apparatus to be used had to be cleaned thoroughly just before commencing the experiment. To avoid differentiated results, similar kinds of apparatus were used all through the experiment. In this case glass test tubes were used. Also measuring apparatuses used were of the same size and volume. In this case four experiments were carried out. The first experiment is to establish the manner in which the enzyme Catalase affects reaction rates. The procedure of this experiment is as follows; using a pencil, label tree test tubes as test tube 1, 2 & 3. On these test tubes, label two marks using the pencil. These are at the 1cm mark and at the 5 cm mark. For the first test tube, pour in Catalase enzyme up to the first mark and add Hydrogen Peroxide up to the...
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...Title: The effect of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the rate of reaction of catalase from potato Focus question: How will the concentration of the substrate hydrogen peroxide affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase. Apparatus/Materials: Goggles, Lab coat, Potato, Core, 100mL beaker, Hose and stopper, Different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (3.0%, 6.0% and 9.0%), Gas collecting tube Variables: Dependent variable: (1) rate of oxygen production Independent variable: (1) Concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (3.0%, 6.0% and 9.0%) Controlled variable: (1) The size and mass of the potato slices (2) The amount of time each experiment was left (3) The volume of hydrogen peroxide placed in the cylinder (4) The size of the test tubes (5) Temperature was left constant at room temperature (optimum temperature for catalase) Procedure: 1. The lab coat and googles were put on 2. A potato was sliced into two equal pieces using a core 3. The potato slices was placed into a test tube 4. The gas collection tube was completely filled with water and placed into a 100mL beaker which was also filled with water. 5. The hose in the ‘stopper and hose’ was placed in the gas collection tube 6. 10 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide was added and the stopper was immediately attached to the test tube as seen in the diagram below 7. The amount of oxygen produced was measured every minute for five minutes 8. Observations...
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...UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 4: Enzymes INSTRUCTIONS: * On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 4 Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule (under Syllabus). * To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answering the questions. * Save your Lab 4 Answer Sheet in the following format: LastName_Lab4 (e.g., Smith_Lab4). * You should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf) file for best compatibility. Pre-Lab Questions 1. How could you test to see if an enzyme was completely saturated during an experiment? - Add more substrate and record the rate. If the rate of the reaction is constant, all the enzymes are saturated. 2. List three conditions that would alter the activity of an enzyme. Be specific with your explanation. * Temperature – Cold temperature will cause the enzyme to work slow, hot temperature will cause the enzyme to increase the movement making it less stable. * PH – Difference in range in the PH scale can alter the shape of the enzyme’s active site * Concentration Of Substrate – Less or more of enzymes to substrates ratio will affect the rate of collisions between the two affecting the number of reactions. 3. Take a look around...
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...1025C Laboratory Exercise 3: Characteristics of Enzymes Introduction What are Enzymes? Enzymes are very large and complex proteins that that function as catalysts. They are synthesized by the cell to perform very specific functions. Each type of enzyme has a very specific shape (conformation) which provides its specific function. The shape of an enzyme molecule is determined and maintained by many weak intermolecular interactions between many different parts of the molecule. A catalyst is a material that donates energy to reactants in order to reduce their activation energy. In other words, they allow reactions to occur with less energy input (i.e. more quickly or at lower temperatures). The very specific shape of enzymes allows them to “fit” into a reaction and reduce the energy necessary for the reaction to occur. If their shape is changed, their ability to function as a catalyst is reduced or eliminated. As biological catalysts, enzymes are important because they speed up the rate of the reaction they catalyze that would otherwise be too slow to support life. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity The rate at which an enzyme works is influenced by several factors including temperature and pH. Enzymes are most effective as catalysts under optimum physical and chemical conditions; as conditions change away from optimum, enzyme activity decreases (Figure 1.). Changes in various environmental factors, such as temperature or pH, may affect proteins by altering their shape; with loss of...
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...Experiment 9 – Pre-lab Homework Enzyme Kinetics of LDH This pre-lab homework assignment is due at the beginning of your lab session. You are provided with the following portion of a protocol: • Determine concentration of enzyme stock solution, if unknown, by taking an A280 nm reading of a 1:100 dilution (in water). Use a total volume of 1 ml in the cuvette. • Dilute some of the enzyme stock with buffer A to make a 4 mg/ml solution. • Serially dilute the 4 mg/ml solution with buffer A to make working solutions of 400 µg/ml and 40 µg/ml. • Prepare 30 µl of each working solution for every sample The PI of the lab gives you a tube of enzyme and tells you the following before disappearing into the office to write more grant proposals: ➢ There is 50 µl of enzyme stock solution. The enzyme is expensive to purify, so follow the protocol exactly, using as little of the stock solution as possible. ➢ The concentration of the stock solution is currently not known, but a 1 mg/ml concentration of the pure enzyme has an A280 nm of 2.0. ➢ You’ll be performing the assay on 12 samples. ➢ Make enough of each working solution so that you have at least 400 ul to work with when you do the assay (to cover any waste and/or inefficiencies in pippetting). Using the spectrophotometer to read the absorbance at 280 nm, you get a reading of 0.784. 1. (2 pts) What is the concentration of the solution in the cuvette? What is the concentration of the stock solution? (Show...
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...explaining the two body systems I will be explaining energy production, process of cellular respiration, the role of enzymes within these body systems, the way that these systems absorb food and the products of digestion. The Cardiovascular System The heart pumps the blood around the body through the blood vessels which is made of mostly veins and capillaries. The blood carries the dissolved oxygen around the bodily cells, whilst carrying the dissolved oxygen the blood removes the waste and the other products from respiration. The body’s blood pressure has to be maintained. The blood distributes heat around the body along with hormones, nutrients, salts, enzymes and urea. The cardiovascular system transports simple molecules and materials to the liver and the body cells via the blood stream. This happens through the hearts pumping actions. The Respiratory System The respiratory system always refreshes oxygen within the lungs, it gets rid of the waste products like carbon dioxide and water, and this is done throughout actions like breathing. The dissolved oxygen passes through the alveolar walls into the bloodstream; this is then transported into the cells. Body cells are persistently being made into raw materials such as glucose and other nutrients like dissolved oxygen. This happens so the process of catabolism can take place, this is when chemicals reactions breaking down the molecules to release energy. Glucose oxidisation also takes place and this is when energy...
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...exercises. The College Board does not necessarily expect that you have completed that lab, but rather that you have investigated the objectives of the lab. You may be asked to “design an experiment to determine….” You don’t necessarily need to create a new lab; if you have done an activity that would answer the question, simply describe it. For a good response, you should include the following. 1. State a hypothesis [as an “if…..(conditions), then….(results)” statement] Be sure your hypothesis is testable. 2. Identify the variable factor. 3. Identify the control. Be certain to explain the control for the experiment. 4. Hold all other variables constant. 5. Manipulate the variable. 6. State how you would measure the results. 7. Discuss the expected results. Relate the results to your hypothesis. 8. Include steps to replicate or verify. You may be asked to graph data. Be sure to use a graph that is appropriate for you data. Bar graphs are used when data points are discrete (not related to one another), while line graphs are used with the data are continuous. If there is a data point at zero, be certain to extend your line to 0, but do not extend the line to 0 if there is no data point at zero. Other points to keep in mind: 1. Label a graph with a descriptive title. 2. Label the x- and y-axes. (Know which variable is dependent and which is independent.) 3. Keep all measurement units constant. ...
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...Molecules, Biodiversity, Food and Health Biological Molecules Biological Molecules (a) describe how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules, and relate this, and other properties of water, to the roles of water in living organisms; Water is a polar molecule. This is because the oxygen atom pulls the shared electrons towards it, meaning that water is slightly negatively charged at the oxygen and positively charged at the hydrogen ends, so they can form hydrogen bonds with each other. This are continuing breaking and reforming, so the molecules can move around. Property of water Solvent Importance Metabolic processes in all organisms rely on chemicals being able to react together in solution Examples 70-95% of cytoplasm is water. Dissolved chemicals take part in processes such as respiration and photosynthesis in living organisms Liquid The movement of materials around organisms, both in cells and on a large scale in multicellular organisms requires a liquid transport medium Water molecules stick to each other creating surface tension at the water surface. Cohesion also makes long, thin water columns very strong and difficult to break Blood in animals and the vascular tissue in plants use water as a liquid transport medium Cohesion Freezing Water freezes, forming ice on the surface. Water beneath the surface becomes insulated and less likely to freeze Thermal stability Large bodies of water have fairly...
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...AS Biology Unit 1 page 1 AQA AS Biology Unit 1 Contents Specification Biological Molecules Chemical bonds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Biochemical Tests Enzymes Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Cell Fractionation Microscopy The Cell Membrane Movement across Cell Membranes Exchange The Gas Exchange System Lung Diseases The Heart Coronary Heart Disease The Digestive System Cholera Lifestyle and Disease Defence against Disease Immunisation Monoclonal Antibodies 1 – Mathematical Requirements 2– The Unit 1 Exam 2 4 6 8 10 16 17 24 28 30 31 35 37 44 46 50 54 58 60 67 68 72 80 81 83 86 Cells Human Physiology Disease Appendices These notes may be used freely by A level biology students and teachers, and they may be copied and edited. Please do not use these materials for commercial purposes. I would be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH July 2011 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM/7/11 AS Biology Unit 1 page 2 Biology Unit 1 Specification Biochemistry Biological Molecules Biological molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins are often polymers and are based on a small number of chemical elements. • Proteins have a variety of functions within all living organisms. The general structure of an amino acid. Condensation and the formation of peptide bonds linking together amino acids to form polypeptides. The relationship...
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...to undergo my major project at S. P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur. I am overwhelmed with rejoice to take this opportunity to evince my profound sense of reverence and gratitude to my esteemed supervisor respective Dr. Ajit Kumar, for giving his regular advice and excellent suggestion which have helped us for completing the study. His regular assistance and guidance really helped me to bring formidable task in successful manner. Sincere thanks to Dr. Sonali Jana and Dr. Neha Upreti for their cooperation. I express heartiest and sincere thanks to S. P. Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur for providing all necessary facilities without which I could not have completed my study. Ravi Pareek (B.Tech- Biotechnology) ABBREVATIONS:CAT – Catalase CSH - Coordinated Sorghum Hybrid CSV – Coordinated Sorghum Variety DNA - Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid GSH – Glutathione HgCl2 – Mercuric Chloride hrs. -...
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...Communication, Homeostasis & Energy Communication & Homeostasis Outline the need for communication systems within multicellular organisms, with reference to the need to respond to changes in the internal and external environment and to co-ordinate the activities of different organs. Organisms need to respond to external stimuli, e.g. temperature, oxygen concentration and levels of sunlight. These may be over time, e.g. winter fur to summer fur, or quickly, e.g. changing size of pupils. Internal environments change too- the build up of carbon dioxide as a result of respiration changes the pH of the tissue fluid, and therefore inhibits enzyme activity. Multicellular organisms need to coordinate different organs, so this requires a good communication system which will: • Cover the whole body • Enable cells to communicate with each other • Enable specific communication • Enable rapid communication • Enable both short and long-term responses. State that cells need to communicate with each other by a process called cell signalling. State that neuronal and hormonal systems are examples of cell signalling. Define the terms negative feedback, positive feedback and homeostasis. Negative feedback- A process in which any change in a parameter brings about the reversal of that change so that the parameter is kept fairly constant. Positive feedback- A process in which any change in a parameter brings about an increase in that change Homeostasis- The maintenance of a constant...
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