...Ali Adan Prof. Holcom History 20th Century World History September 27, 2015 Topic Assignment The Ottoman Empire was the largest and most successful empire during the civilization. It had very powerful army that had different believe and came from different countries. During this period of time, the Ottoman Empire were far ahead of other empires in terms of science, production, military and culture. According to historian half of Ottoman Army were Muslim and the other half were Jewish and Christian. This empire spread in Europe, Asia and Africa. In my research assignment I am going to focus on how did Ottoman Empire start? its main religion, what kind of law of law they used? The Janissaries and the fall of the Ottoman Empire was it...
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...substantial amount of power. They adopted the Islamic settled life, their religion, their government and their way of taxation. However, many of the other tribes didn’t appreciate how the Seljuk was able to easily adapt, they felt as though the Seljuk had forgotten where they came from. These tribes didn’t want the Islamic way of life they wanted their old way of life, so they began to conquer land for Islam but they would keep all the riches for themselves....
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...World War I, the Ottoman Empire had shrunk in population and dominance as a result of formerly colonized territory being lost to European control. It was once an extensive empire consisting of multiple racial and ethnic groups, situated in what is now Istanbul. In spite of being only a fragment of what it once was, the Ottoman Empire still had power over Arab lands south of Turkey by 1914. The Arabs occupying areas in the Middle East had negatively feelings towards the Ottoman rule over what was meant to be Arab land and to reclaim the regions south of Turkey, a revolt against the Ottoman Empire was formulated and the British wished to assist the Arabs in succeeding in their intentions. The governor of Mecca, Sharif...
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...From Here | | Wednesday, March 7, 2012 Research Paper on Ottoman Empire Research Paper on Ottoman Empire The Age of Reforms - Ottoman Empire The Ottomans first appeared on the historical arena at the end of the thirteenth century. According to the royal myth, the dynasty stretches much further back, certainly, but it was only under the leadership of Osman that this little group of warriors succeeded in moving out from its base in northwestern Anatolia and start conquering other territories. Their first important victories took place in the Balkans, and these conquests let them to return to western Anatolia flush with money and men. In the middle of the fifteenth century they had already got power over Byzantine capital Constantinople. This great city capture in 1453 laid the foundation for the imperial phase of Ottoman history. __________________________________________________________ We Can Write Custom Research Papers on Ottoman Empire for You! __________________________________________________________ During the next century they pushed confidently eastward and then southward. First they defeated Turkish principalities in Anatolia that remained and after that, in 1516 and 1517, they conquered the heart of the Islamic world--Syria, Egypt and Palestine. With these recent conquests they could responsibly claim the established leadership of the Islamic world. The greatest territorial extent the Empire reached under the reign of Suleyman (1520-1566) that conquered...
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...American knowledge and ideals on the Ottoman, Russian, Qing, and Tokugawa states in the nineteenth century. Why would these states be both attracted to and repelled by these influences? The Tokugawa, Ottoman, Russian, and Qing states were slower with acquiring technological advancements than Western Europe and America, which made it quite complex while competing with others. The Tokugawa, Ottoman, Russian, and Qing societies (states) developed flexible cultures that were unable to compete with America or Western Europe. 46. Not surprisingly, losses in wars often are more important than victories. How were the Ottoman, Russian, Qing, and Tokugawa states affected...
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...World War I was caused by competitions for power and resources by the empires, and the conclusion of the war resulted in the destruction of the empires, particularly the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary Empire. The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire allowed many Middle East countries to be self-governed, while the West such as Great Britain and France had more interest in Europe than in the Middle East enabled the former to play a dominant role of colonization in the region. This seeded confrontation between two different civilizations, resulting in chaos later and to a large extent helping shape the Middle East in today's world. This paper attempts to examine this history arguing how the Ottoman Empire declined and eventually dissolved at the end of WWI. It shows that the internal problems of the Empire, such as its backward political and economic system, failed to compete with the increasing influence of the Western European countries, whose government was more efficient and more industrialized than the former, in the Middle East. The paper starts with a discussion of the contemporary situation in the Empire, and then deals with the problems that led to the conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers over the Middle East during WWI. It finally analyzes how the defeat of the Ottomans and the increasing British and French dominance in the Middle East laid the ground for today's conflicts in the region between the Arabic states and the Jewish nation, which...
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...wrong. The Gallipoli campaign was a battle fought in the former Ottoman Empire, today known as Turkey with countries including Great Britain, Ottoman Empire, India, France, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia participating in it. Great Britain’s plan, a suggestion by the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, was to threaten Germany’s ally in World War I, the Ottoman Empire and get them out of the war. The hope was that while the Germans were already contending with Russian and French forces on two fronts, creating a third front would weaken the Germans. The execution however, did not go as planned as there were location errors, planning and tactical errors, mistakes...
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...three major Islamic Empires called the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughul. These Empires were alike in many ways, being Muslim. The Ottomans and Mughul’s viewed Iranians as cultural superiors. The Ottoman were inter-communal meaning they desired to have harmony between religious groups. This great empire is known as having one of the longest reigns, not breaking for 36 generations, was ruled by Suleyman the Magnificent. He was a fierce leader known for his brutality but effective ways. The form of government he used was abolished in 1923 and replaced by a republican form of government in Turkey. Suleyman was called “Kanuni” meaning lawful. The government was well staffed and organized. Everything was clear as to what was expected, leaving no confusion. The Ottoman’s were not liked by the rest of the world because of their unlimited resources making them a superpower. Anything was within their reach to help them grow into a strong successful empire. Suleyman oversaw huge structures to be built in the capital city. This helped to employ many. However most of his focus was towards conquests and military campaigns during his time as ruler. The most significant culturally and religiously influencing empire was the Safavid. From 1290 to 1918 most of the population ruled consisted of Persian, also eventually influencing the language used as well. Instead of focusing on the Military, like the Ottoman ruler Suleyman, Abbas was more interested in building a strong empire and growth. He devoted...
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..."How do you explain the relatively rapid rise and expansion of Islam from its Arabian craddle to territories thus far dominated by powerful states and cultures throughout Asia, North Africa, and Southern Europe? What do you think contributed to the relatively rapid success of Islamic expansion in these parts of the world from the middle of the seventh century on? For more than fourteen centuries ago, Islam has started by prophet Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula, and since that time, Islam has faced so many difficulties either with spreading the religion or fighting against the enemies who were against the religion, but because of the unity of the Muslim community during that time, Muslim people were able to avoid defeat at the hands of the enemy. After the death of prophet Muhammad in 632AD, Islam spread widely around the Arabian Peninsula during the caliphs’ leadership and during the Islamic empires. The expansion of Islam would not have succeeded with its prophet, Muhammed, who was able win some support for his spiritual and political status within Arabia in the early seventh century. There were so many conflicts between Quraysh and Muslims, and in 630, the Quraysh broke an earlier treaty that had been established. After the broke of the treaty, prophet Muhammed march upon Mecca with 10.000 men and take the city without any fighting. In less than one century after the death of prophet Muhammed, Muslims ruled more of the earth than the Roman Empire had at its peak....
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...Essay #1: Outline the reforms initiated in the Ottoman Empire by Selim III and how they were related to the reforms followed during the reign of Mahmud II? The reign of Selim III was a period of time of state-sponsored reforms. Some of the most important reforms was military reforms in which the Ottoman Empire tried to transform their armed forces in the image of many of the European countries. This was because when Selim became the sultan, the Ottoman Empire was fighting another losing war with Austria and Russia. For the sultan and his advisers, the lessons from the war was, if the military doesn’t improve the Ottoman Empire will crumble. Thus Selim III started a “series of reforms designed to reorganize the existing armed forces along European lines”. However one group was suspicious of the reforms, the Janissaries. The Janissaries were the most efficient military unit in the empire. The Janissaries were a slave army that numbered around 40,000 troops. They are known for their discipline, morale, and professionalism. And during times of peace they were used to maintain domestic law and order. So to appease the Janissaries and convince them to accept the new methods, Selim raised their salaries and rebuilt their barracks. However, that just made them more suspicious, and they “successfully resisted his moves toward reform”. Frustrated by this, the sultan tried to sidestep them by creating a new military unit called the Nazam-i Jedid to replace the Janissaries. They were trained...
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... mercantilism (p. 468) Quiz #2 1. caravel (p. 384) 2. conquistadors (p. 394) 3. Columbian Exchange (p. 431) 4. maritime (p. 402) 5. manumission . (p.467) 6. coerced labor systems (p.475) 7. plantation cash crop (p.470) 8. tariffs (p.469) 9. indigenous (p.393) 10. encomiendas (p. 439) 11. serfs (p.529) 12. mestizo (pp. 442 – 45) Historical Thinking Skills: Periodization, Causation, Contextualization Timeline Exercise: Annotate the timeline with two facts about the important effects of each event Unit 3: 1450–1750 (Early Modern) 1453 Ottomans captured Constantinople; end of Byzantine 1450s Gutenberg’s Printing Press; Portuguese expand trade in West Africa: Benin, Kongo 1483 Babur conquered northern India, and founded the Mughal Empire 1492 Reconquista completed; Columbus claimed Americas for Spain 1498 Vasco da Gama attacked Calicut 1517 Martin Luther posted 95 theses...
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...F=0 In reviewing for the examination, focus your study on the following general topics: 1) 1.Examine the centralizing efforts in countries like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power? 1. 2) Examine the career of Martin Luther. 1:What were the foundations of his Reformation? 2: What legacy did he leave Europe? (Bentley & Zeigler, Chap. 23) A: 1: POLITICAL INTRIGUES, COMBINED WITH THE CHURCH’S GROWING WEALTH AND POWER, ALSO FOSTERED GREED AND CORRUPTION, WHICH UNDERMINED THE CHURCH’S SPIRITUAL AUTHORITY AND MADE IT VALNERABLE TO CRITISISM. 2: IT LED TO THE CHURCH REFORM ALONG TO LUTHERS TEACHINGS, WHICH MANY CITIES PASSED LAWS PROHIBITING ROMAN CATHOLIC OBSERVANCES AND REQUIRING RELIGIOUS SERVICES TO FOLLOW PROTESTANT DOCTRINE AND PROCEDURE. 3) Learn about the Scientific Revolution and 1:why the early discoveries of the Scientific Revolution met with such resistance? 2: In what ways did these discoveries destroy an old worldview and create a new one? (Class notes and Bentley & Zeigler, Chap. 23) 1: Copernicus’s ideas not only challenged prevailing scientific theories but also threatened cherishedreligious beliefs. His theory implied that the earth was just another planet and that human beings did not occupy the central position in the universe. To some it...
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...example is the three doges, Pietro II Orselo, Enrico Dandolo and Pietro Ziani. Together they subdued piracy in the region, captured the Byzantine capital of Constantinople and established important trade routes for Venice. All these led to the rise of Venice as it helped the trade industry flourish and also gained recognition from major powers. Reforms in government: The Venetians adapted their system of government to meet the demands of the people and the growing city-state. An example is the creation of the Great Council. The Great Council consisted of nobles and was able to elect members to all councils in the government. It also settled disputes between members of different councils. This ensured the efficient running of the Venetian government as capable people were allowed a say on Venice’s policies. Another example is preventing the concentration of power in the government. The Nominating Committee was added to the election process to nominate capable candidates for positions. Nobles were not allowed to campaign for support in the election. This ensured that all positions of responsibility were filled up by capable who could run Venice properly. These led to the rise of Venice. Trade developments: Venice generated most of its income and fame through its trade industry. Its strategic position in the Adriatic Sea made it an important port for many trade routes. Thus trade developments were important for Venice to prosper. An example is their attitude towards trade...
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...Labeled as the Great War, World War I was the first War in which all of the major Powers of Europe took part in. This conflict led to the destruction of two of Europe's oldest Empires, namely Russia and Austria-Hungary and brought about terrible hardships to countries which in turn led to the rise of fascism and socialism. This historic event in human history started on the 28th of July, 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia as a result of the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne. Unlike the Great Powers, specifically France, Russia and Germany who joined World War I as a result of the alliances they had in place, what lured Bulgaria and Italy to take up arms was the promise of new territories if victorious. Unfortunately this greed would lead to both nations suffering as a result of their participation in War. Italy, although victorious in the end, had to endure economic hardships and Bulgaria ended up with even less territory compared to when they joined the War. Bulgaria officially entered World War I on the 14th of October, 1915 by declaring war on Serbia, thereby joining the fight on the Central Power's side. Although Bulgaria and Serbia - once members of the Balkan League, fought side by side during the first Balkan War, which resulted in the end of Ottoman Rule in Europe, Bulgarians were dissatisfied about how the former Ottoman Territories, the most coveted one being Macedonia, were divided. This led to a...
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...unite it with Serbia. The assassination led to the first World War. This terrible conflict latsed over 4 years, involved over 30 nations, and claimed more than 20,000,000 lives, both miltary and civilian. It cost billions of dollars, destroyed Europe, crumbled empires, and sowed seeds of World War 2. There were also others causes that led up to World War 1. Over time, countries in Europe made mutual defense agreements that would pull them into battle. If one country was attacked, allied countries were bound to defend them. Before World War 1, the following alliances existed: Russia and Serbia, Germany and Austria-Hungary (The Dual Alliance 1879), France and Russia (Franco-Russian Alliance 1891), Britain and France and Belgium, and Japan and Britain. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia (July 28, 1914), Russia got involved to defend Serbia. Germany seeing Russia mobilizing, declared war on Russia (August 1, 1914). France was then drawn in against Germany and AustriaHungary (August 3, 1914). Germany attacked France through Belgium pulling Britain into war (August 4, 1914). This eventually split the continent into two hostile sides. The Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, later joined by Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire), and the Allies (Great Britain, France, Russia, later joined by Japan, Italy, and the United...
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