...How to Read and Review a Scientific Journal Article: Writing Summaries and Critiques Definition of Genre Summaries and critiques are two ways to write a review of a scientific journal article. Both types of writing ask you first to read and understand an article from the primary literature about your topic. The summary involves briefly but accurately stating the key points of the article for a reader who has not read the original article. The critique begins by summarizing the article and then analyzes and evaluates the author’s research. Summaries and critiques help you learn to synthesize information from different sources and are usually limited to two pages maximum. Actions to Take 1. Skim the article without taking notes: Read the abstract. The abstract will tell you the major findings of the article and why they matter. Read first for the “big picture.” Note any terms or techniques you need to define. Jot down any questions or parts you don’t understand. If you are unfamiliar with any of the key concepts in the article, look them up in a textbook. 2. Re-read the article more carefully: Pay close attention to the “Materials and Methods” (please note that in some journals this section is at the very end of the paper) and “Results” sections. Ask yourself questions about the study, such as: o Was the study repeated? o What was the sample size? Is this representative of the larger population? o What variables were held constant? Was there...
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...of Altitude, oxygen and Lung cancer and Kamen P. Simeonov and Daniel S. Himmelstein author of the scholarly article “Lung Cancer incidence decrease with elevation….” Uses different rhetorical techniques such as hedge wording, direct quoting verses in – text references and IMRAD to appeal to two different audiences. “Introducing students to disciplinary genres: the role of the general composition course” by Patricia Linton, Robert Madigan and Susan Johnson analyzed the rhetorical disciplinary of different genres of writing. They discuss how the use of structure, reference and language can change depending on a type of genre and target audience. The popular journal is often written by journalists or professional writers for a general audience. The scholarly articles are written by and for faculty, researchers or scholars. George Johnson article written in the New York Times give readers...
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...paper describing the scientific method and the fundamentals of |Mon, 11/18/2013 |10 | |Research Paper |research. Address each of the following in your paper: |11:59 PM MST | | | | | | | | |Define the scientific method. How does it relate to human services research? | | | | | | | | | |What are the steps in the process of scientific inquiry? Why must each of these steps be | | | | |included to support the scientific method? Provide a human services research example of the | | | | |scientific method and identify each step within your example. | | | | | | | | | |Define quantitative research and qualitative research. Explain how they differ and relate...
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...Memorandum The first article I read from Businessweek was At P&G, the Innovation Wells Runs Dry which focused on how at P&G the focus has turned from being the innovators of new products to reformulating there products. The OB topic that I felt related to this article the most was the Decision-Making Approach because P&G is in a decision making time in the company. P&G are compromising between how they want to further there company and are choosing to improve their products rather than creating new ones. In decision-making approach companies choose alternatives that meet only their minimum criteria for success rather than seeking an optimal solution. The second article I read from Businessweek was The 8 Million Garage with a View. In this article I feel the OB topics that related to this article were scientific leadership and Human relations Approach. The reason I feel Scientific leadership is related to the article is because the people living in the house were mostly Harvard and MIT grads. They all worked together to create new products and programs which in my opinion shows Human Relations approach the mixture of different people living in the house and there different ideas led to innovations and new products. The third article I read was Barclays Gets a Quite Leader for a Change. This article had ethical choices because the old CEO was not making very good decisions for the company so they choose a more reserved and quite CEO even though he had no...
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...John Bean’s article, “Reading Rhetorically”, presents the different strategies of reading rhetorically and the reason why it is important to read rhetorically as an academic. As a rhetorical reader, you must be able to understand the content of the text along with understanding the author’s perspective as a writer. From an exert alone you should be able to make several assumptions about the context of the writing. An idea of the audience the piece was written for should be deductible, along with the language of the author. How the argument is presented and what the authors stance is, makes up the language the author is using in their writing. Reading rhetorically allows people to analyze and conclude several aspects of a writing piece that...
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...Applying the Basic Priniciples of Science and Methods of Scientific Inquiry Observation: The plants that are on the left side of the flowerbed are growing better than the flowers on the right side of the flowerbed. There is a dog that constantly pees on the left side of the flowerbed. The left side of the flowerbed receives more sunlight than the right side. Problem: The plants on the right side of the flowerbed are not growing as well as the flowers on the left side of the flowerbed Hypothesis One: Because the left side of the flowerbed receives more sun light, the flowers grow better on that side. Hypothesis Two: The flowers on the left side grow better than the right side because of the sunlight and dog pee combination. Experiment: Collect samples of the soil from both sides of the flowerbed. Test the soil for nutrients. Note the amount of time the flowers on each side of the flowerbed receives sunlight. Water the flowerbed as usual. Note how often the dog pees on the flowerbed. Place some of the flowers that are on the right side of the flowerbed in another container using the same soil they are growing in and put on the left side of the flowerbed so that they receive the same amount of sunlight as the plants that are growing well. Observation of Experiment: The results from the soil sample testing for nutrients revealed that there are elevated levels of nitrogen in the...
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...required reading, Writing the Empirical Journal Article, covers how to write an empirical article after conducting scientific research. An empirical article is defined by Georgia State University as, an article that reports on research conducted by the author or authors, based on observations or experiments (GSU, 2016). One of the first topics discussed was which article should you write; the article you planned to write when you designed your experiment or the article that makes the most sense now you have all the findings. The answer to that question, according to the required reading, is the second option. One of the most important criteria for a sound scientific article is accuracy and clarity in your writing. Accuracy is important in ensuring that the results and findings are clear and that you do not publish incorrect data. Clarity is for the reader’s sake, allowing them to become educated on the subject on the article and to understand the results. According to Daryl Bem, author of Writing the Empirical Journal Article, clarity in a scientific article is achieved in two ways; first good organization and standardized format, and second writing simply and directly (Bem, nd). One of the requirements for the standardized format is, according to the American Psychological Association, writing in APA format (American Psychological Association, 1984). The topic of writing simply and directly takes us to the next point of the article, for whom you should write. No matter the subject...
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...INTRODUCTION The article “Marketing: philosophy of science and “epistobabble warfare” is a commentary by the author Michel Rod published as a qualitative research in an International Journal, Vol. 12 Iss. 2, pp. 120- 129. Throughout the article Rod articulated his viewpoints on the variety of philosophies involved in legitimizing the science of marketing research and sought to establish his own perspective of what he actually believes marketing research should accomplish. This was stated in his thesis statement that: “Rather than argue one particular perspective, it is this paper’s central thesis that no one philosophical perspective does or should have a monopoly on what makes a useful contribution to our understanding of marketing phenomena. “ Consequently, what Rod proposes is that rather than trying to establish an allegiance to any one particular philosophy one should be free to research, understand and articulate all the questions and results that can ‘contribute meaningful information to the study of marketing phenomena’. In other words, whilst Rod understands that a philosophy might be needed to establish foundations of ontology and epistemology to determine the methodology (POEM): - * Type of questions or problem one attempts to answer in their research * The manner in which these questions should be posed…. * The best methodological approach to shed some light on the particular question(s) being posed or the phenomenon of interest being investigated...
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...1. A media piece I found for the scientific method is a song that is used in science classrooms. It’s a very basic song that goes step by step about the scientific method that a student in grade school or high school could understand. It goes through the steps of the scientific method in probably the simplest way possible. Although it is very basic it still gets across the necessary parts that are needed to create a hypothesis and designing an experiment. It helped me to understand the scientific method better because it was simpler than anything that I had read so far. It was very easy to understand and just gave me another way to learn the scientific method. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eA86dYxrg4Q 2. To understand the basic chemistry concepts that are involved in biology I found an article that is used as a resource for teachers. It explains that in order to understand biology you also need to understand some basic chemistry. The article states that, “Biology is about living things - organisms. All living organisms are made of chemicals.” The article goes on to describe specific individual concepts needed in the basic understanding of chemistry such as atoms, molecules and different types of bonds. The article makes it easier to see how involved chemistry is when dealing with biology concepts. Laying out basic parts of chemistry and describing its role in biology makes it less confusing and makes it easier to grasp each concept without getting overwhelmed. ...
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...This article discussed some common misconceptions about concussions while describing the author’s experience with a concussion. First off, the textbook and the article disagree on the very definition of a concussion. The book states that a “jarring blow to the head” must take place in order for a head injury to be classified as a concussion (Watson & Breedlove, 2015), while the article specifically mentions that your head does not have to be smacked in order to have a concussion. Another critical difference between the textbook and the article is the compositions differing perspectives on the relationship between athletes and concussions. The article briefly mentioned how football athletes’ usual speedy recovery from concussions translates into the general population, insinuating that football players’ high retention rates negatively affect the general population....
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...University of Phoenix Material What Is Life? Read each statement. Write a 100-word summary explaining how that media piece supports that statement and include reference citations. 1. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—related to the scientific method, creating hypotheses, or designing experiments. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how the scientific method is used to create hypotheses and experiments. [pic] 2. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that recognizes the fundamental concepts of chemistry in biology. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how fundamental concepts of chemistry affect biology. [pic] 3. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that describes the energy metabolism of cells. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand the energy metabolism of cells. [pic] 4. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that compares structures and functions of different cell types. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better compare structures and functions of different cell types. [pic] 5. Discuss what life means to you after completing questions 1–4. ...
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...HOW TO WRITE AN EFFECTIVE RESEARCH PAPER • Getting ready with data • First draft • Structure of a scientific paper • Selecting a journal • Submission • Revision and galley proof Disclaimer: The suggestions and remarks in this presentation are based on personal research experience. Research practices and approaches vary. Exercise your own judgment regarding the suitability of the content. –P. Kamat Getting ready with data Gather all important data, analyses, plots and tables Organize results so that they follow a logical sequence (this may or may not be in the order of experiments conducted) Consolidate data plots and create figures for the manuscript (Limit the number of total figures (6-8 is usually a good number). Include additional data, multimedia in the Supporting Information.) Discuss the data with your advisor and note down important points Important: KNOW the focus of your paper It takes a wise man to know whether he has found a ROPE or LOST A MULE. - Anonymous quote ? First draft Identify two or three important findings emerging from the experiments. Make them the central theme of the article. Note good and bad writing styles in the literature. Some are simple and easy to follow, some are just too complex. Note the readership of the journal that you are considering to publish your work Prepare figures, schemes and tables in a professional manner (Pay attention to quantification of data accuracy, significant digits, error bars...
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... In this paper I will be discussing my thoughts in regards to communication in the scientific field and whether I feel communication is necessary in every field. I will also be discussing the type of organization I would like to work for and how having strong communication skills will help me within that field. Does Communication Matter In the article “A tool kit for the real world” Alison Motluk talks about communication and “making yourself understood.” She uses the example of scientist and how they are capable of presenting material to large groups of people but when it comes to communicating with people outside of the scientific world they struggle to convey their messages. I found this article quite amusing as I believe it is not just in science, but in the medical world, technology, public schools, corporate America; and in life in general, people just don’t know how to effectively communicate. In the public school sector for example, being the mother of three young children I find myself frustrated with communication in our school system. Not only are my children not being taught how to communicate, they are not even being taught how to write. Their assignments are all done on the computer, they no longer have text books to read from, it’s all done on line and if you were to ask them to write something in script, they would have no idea how to do it or even read it. The communications I receive from our schools are few and far between. I often find...
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...Science for All Americans Name: Ellen Clinton Read this article Science for All Americans (web article) before you come to lab. Answer the following questions about the Science for All Americans article: 1. What are some of the assumptions scientists make about understanding the world and universe? They assume all things happening in the world and universe are in accordance with each other, i.e., happening in patterns that, with the help of tools to increase human senses, can be discovered through careful, deliberate study. They also believe the universe is a single entity in which the basic rule apply throughout to every atom 2. Science is a process for producing knowledge. What is this process dependent on? It is dependent upon the careful study and observation of the world and universe, and then creating theories that can be tested and possibly disproven from these observations. Without the possibility of disproving theories, the process of producing knowledge would come to a complete and utter halt. 3. Most “scientific knowledge is durable”. What does this mean? It means it will stand the test of time. Although science is subject to change, the knowledge that we have now has to be disproven, and therefore, is “durable.” 4. Can all questions humans ask be answered scientifically (i.e., using scientific investigation? No. Many questions humans ask deal with the supernatural, i.e. miracles, the existence of ghosts. Science can neither prove these types of...
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...Discover magazine appears to be a scientific magazine comparable to Popular Science or Wired. Discover magazine does have information pertaining to the scientific community, but it is more than just single subject topics like electronics or biology. Discover magazine entices and educates its readers on latest technologies and breakthroughs within the entire scientific community not just one aspect of it. The scientific community is broad term used to describe those that are interested in one of the hundreds of scientific fields such as astronomy, computers, or health care to name a few. The magazine is geared toward all those interested in the scientific community with articles on subjects such as astronomy, chemistry, biology, technology, medicine, and more. Discover magazine contains articles that explain how these new scientific breakthroughs pertain to one on a day to day basis and how they will impact the future of the world. In a single issue of Discover magazine you are likely to read about topics such as medicine, asteroids, global warming, and animals. They colorful colors and photographs on the cover and in the magazine would lead one to believe that Discover magazine is a typical grocery store check-out lane item, however upon closer inspection one would note that it contains articles written by those that have advance degrees in science and Nobel Prize winners. In the October 2015 issue of Discover magazine there is a lengthy article about the benefits of medicinal...
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