...Clinical Notes The Visible Human Project p. 7 Homeostasis and Disease p. 13 An Introduction to Studying the Human Body This textbook will serve as an introduction to the inner workings of your body, providing information about both its structure and its function. Many of the students who use this book are preparing for careers in health-related fields—but regardless of your career choice, you will find the information within these pages relevant to your future. You do, after all, live in a human body! Being human, you most likely have a seemingly insatiable curiosity—and few subjects arouse so much curiosity as our own bodies. The study of anatomy and physiology will provide answers to many questions regarding the functioning of your body in both health and disease. Although we will be focusing on the human body, the principles we will learn apply to other living things as well. Our world contains an enormous diversity of living organisms that vary widely in appearance and lifestyle. One aim of biology—the science of life—is to discover the unity and the patterns that underlie this diversity, and thereby shed light on what we have in common with other living things. Animals can be classified according to their shared characteristics, and birds, fish, and humans are members of a group called the vertebrates, characterized by a segmented vertebral column. The shared characteristics and organizational patterns provide useful clues about how these animals have evolved over time...
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...A Laboratory Manual for Human Anatomy And Physiology First year Diploma in Pharmacy (PH) Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT CELL,MSBTE,MUMBAI. LABORATORY MANUAL DEVELOPMENT FOR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY Particulars Education Technology Consultant Project Institution Shri. D.M.Makone, Team for design Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir's, Institute of Industrial And Pharmaceutical Technology, Panchavati,Nashik-422 003 November-2005 - May 2006 Principal,Shri.Vilas M.Aurangabadkar I.I.P.T. Panchavati,Nashik - 422 003 Shri. Bhaurao K.BacchavI.I.P.T., Panchavati, Nashik - 422 003 1. Shri. Bhaurao K.Bacchav I.I.P.T.,Panchavati,Nashik 2. Shri. Avinash R. Bhutada Shri.D.F.Lodha, Pharmacy College, Chandwad 3. Shri. Nadeem A. Logade, AIT's Institute of Pharmacy, Malegaon. Project Period Chief Project Coordinator Project Coordinator Subject Experts © 2006, Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, 49, Kherwadi, Aliyawar Jung Road, Bandra (East), Mumbai-400 051 Maharashtra State, India. No part of this Laboratory Manual be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from MSBTE Mumbai. MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Certificate This is to certify that, Mr./Ms./Mrs. Roll No. of First Year Diploma in pharmacy (Institute) has Completed the term work satisfactorily in Human Anatomy and Physiology PR. ( 0809) for the academic year 200 to 200 as prescribed in the curriculum. Place...
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...Let’s talk anatomy Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them. It is all around us, it is basically us. The human anatomy deals with basically all the parts of humans, dealing with molecules to bones to the way we function, but that can also get misinterpreted for Physiology which is the study of body functions and how the body parts work, which in this case it is something different. Anatomy and Physiology are two concepts that are related to each other, as stated before anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationship among them, while Physiology is the study of body functions and how body parts work together. Now, with all of that being said Anatomy differs from physiology in many ways, the study of anatomy usually focuses on the shape, size, and where they are usually located at. In my perspective anatomy is more like dissection of the body, you can easily cut up the body and with your very own eyes see what the body is, or in more scientific forms using a microscope for a more detailed view. A person can easily see what they are encountering on a body and what system is connected to what. In physiology its rather more vigorous mostly involving different types of properties (chemical, physical or electrical) that make the body function. Beginning from the process of how our heart rate is regulated to more difficult systems involving different visual perceptions. Physiology is usually involved with the work of living...
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...Judge the Ends, Not the Means Shawn Ferreira ENGL 1010 Professor Rachel Carter 22 March 2010 Judge the Ends, Not the Means Eduard Pernkopf’s Atlas de Tropographische Anatomie des Menschen or Atlas of Topographic and Applied Human Anatomy, as it translates to English, is described as one of the most exquisitely detailed and beautifully illustrated anatomy atlases ever printed. It is also considered to be the epitome of anatomy atlases, setting the bar to which all other atlases should try to live up to. There are many other anatomy atlases out there including Frank H. Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, Johannes W. Rohen’s Color Atlas of Anatomy: A Photographic Study of the Human Body and many more but those are a few of the most popular; yet none of them seem to be quite as extraordinarily done as Pernkopf’s. However, almost no one, save for a some specialists, uses it anymore and it has been out of print for the past twenty years. The reason for this is that Eduard Pernkopf was an ardent member of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party) or as they are most often referred to, the Nazi Party. Lately a controversy has sprung up concerning the propriety of using this atlas because, while the identities of the cadavers used for the paintings are unknown, it has been speculated that the bodies were those of victims murdered and tortured by the Nazis and possibly even victims of the...
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...there might be an association between autism and MMR vaccine are recurring. Wakefield’s ideas have also been labeled as fraud with intent to commit deliberate fraud. Wakefield’s studies have also been withdrawn and we can see further that he is later denied the right to practice medicine in England. This is evident in the various articles. In the article by Michael Wilrich (2011), “how the pox incident changed vaccination rules,” we see that Dr. Wakefield’s report in the medical journal, The lancet, which suggested on the possibility between the MMR and vaccination, was discredited and debunked. According to Wilrich, (2009), “The Lancet withdrew the study in 2010. Later in 2011, the study was labeled a deliberate fraud (Wilrich, 2011). In the article, anatomy of scare, Begley, (2009), Dr. Wakefield is still adamant about the relationship between the vaccine and autism. Suggesting that the vaccine damaged the intestines allowing harmful proteins to leak into the blood system where they caused neurons damage. Wakefield was adamant, “it is a resolved.” In the articles much is talked about on the relationship between vaccine and autism but it has not been scientifically proven to substantiate the claims. Parents are weary of the threat posed by use of the vaccine and are afraid of the vaccine. In anatomy of scare, Paul Offit claims, “it is that they have been unable to find evidence to validate parents concern (Begley, 2009).” The parents are furious of the act to...
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...Case Study 1 Joseph’s Story Joseph’s story B. Assuming Joseph’s heart has stopped, what cellular processes and membrane functions are going to be affected by the loss of oxygen, blood glucose, and waste removal? The heart must pump blood throughout the body and carry oxygen and glucose to all the organs of the body to maintain life or homeostasis. Without blood flow and the ability to produce ATP the blood will thick, making it harder to flow. The body and the cell’s within the body will die (www.ptdirect.com, 2015). C. Which intracellular organelle have membranes as part of their structure? How would the breakdown of the membranes of these structures affect the function of Joseph’s heart? All intracellular organelles have membranes, (www.Nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-membranes-14052567). Cytosol consist of ATP that transfers nutrients to the cardiac muscle and throughout the body (Anatomy and Physiology third edition, pg. 76). Without ATP being carried to the cardiac heart muscle through the cytosol it cannot receive proteins and nutrients. The function of the heart if affected and the cell membranes are damaged and can die. D. Two important pieces of information- the instructions Joseph’s body needs to repair itself and his predisposition for vascular disease- are both contained within the cells on which structures? Joseph has a family history for cardiovascular disease. The predisposition is within the power house of the cell called mitochondrial DNA (Anatomy and...
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...the body and health care. The majority of medical knowledge and research was under the influence and followed the expressed ideas of the Church. As the hold of the Church on society began to disintegrate, medicine was able to move from medieval practices influenced by religious belief into modern medicine, based upon observation and evidence. Causes of disease and illness were now understood and scientists were able to start searching for cures because restrictions that prevented modern medical theories from being discovered were lifted. Paracelsus discovered that agents outside the body caused illness. The study of the human anatomy was now practiced and became an essential part of medical knowledge, giving way towards new modern advancements such as blood transfusions and surgeries. Da Vinci conducted many autopsies and constructed detailed drawings of the human anatomy, which had never been studied earlier. Medical knowledge was no longer different and divided into sects but was now centralized under the modern scientific teachings taught to doctors in universities everywhere. As the culture of the Middle Ages moved away from the Church and religion so did scientific knowledge, and without this change medicine would never have been able to shift from the ideas following religious belief into observation and experimentation. Medicine during the medieval period was an evolving mixture of scientific and religious knowledge. At the dawn of the Middle Ages, around the 5th...
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...observing or cutting into a dead animal for the purposes of learning anatomy or physiology. In other words,Myth vs. Reality. There are also many other questions that students and others may have about dissection. There are many arguments as to whether it is necessary for the student's education or inhumane. Therefore, this act should stop completely. Through my research I have found that it is both necessary for learning and it can be inhumane. At which, another choice or alternative should always be available for the student who is not willing to dissect and at no expense to their grade.Many advances in medicine and in the understanding of how organisms function have been the direct result of animal dissection. Aristotle who revealed anatomical differences amoung animals by dissecting them performed some of the earliest recorded studies involving animals. In the United States dissections were common in colleges as early as the late 1800s. Myth vs. Reality Nevertheless, rebellion has been growing in the science laboratories of the nation's schools as a growing number of students refuse to dissect.Dissection is a way of separating or dividing into parts or pieces. Dissection is being called the way of discovery in understanding human anatomy, know and form, and human physiology, known as a function. Dissection of animal and human dead bodies produces a vast pool of knowledge, not only of the gross anatomy muscles, organs, skeletal structure or whatever, but has led to understanding...
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...usually medical students study anatomy, which deals with the study of composition of human body. Understanding of human anatomy requires indepth knowledge about human body organs, tissues, cells, which requires teaching based on cadaver dissection. Cadavers and donated bodies remain a principal teaching tool for anatomists and medical educators teaching gross anatomy. Hands on experience on dead body helps learn various medical concepts and nature of human body. There is ever increasing demand of cadavers for anatomy dissection. Apart from educational uses, dead body donation may also include specific organ donations which could be required for saving life of severaly injured or diseased living beings as well. Even then people are reluctant to donate their bodies after death due to various reasons. This research is made in order to know these factors which results in opposition to dead body donation. Study also suggests ways to actually increase awareness in our society about dead body donation. In this study report we present a survey (attached in Annex- A) regarding potential whole-body donors in china. 100 random people (age range 18-75 years) answered a questionnaire, giving information about themselves, their reasons for donation, attitudes towards the dead body, funeral preferences, religious issues and medical giving and receiving. In addition to altruism, motives included the wish to avoid funeral ceremonies, to avoid waste, and in a few cases, to evade the expense of...
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...Course Description This is the first half of the Anatomy and Physiology for majors, based upon “Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology” by Frederic H. Martini textbook (ninth edition), you will study the basics of cells, tissues and some organs as integumentary system, skeletal system, muscle system and Nervous system. It is indispensable and Mandatory for the class to have Course Compass My Lab/Mastering as a tool provided with your book package at Miami Dade College Bookstore. Use the following course ID: cendon57714 Please make sure that you read everything in this handout because this is our contract and agreement with the rules of this class The above course links to the following Learning Outcomes: * Communicate effectively using listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. * Solve problems using critical thinking and scientific reasoning. * Use computers and emerging technologies effectively. * Describe how natural systems function and recognize the impact of humans on the environment. | This course does not have pre-requisites, but it is very important to have background in Chemistry and Biology. | | Corequisite(s) BSC 2085 lab | Course Competencies: Competency 1: The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to understand the meaning of these two terms by: 1.1 Defining anatomy and physiology, and explaining how they are related. 1...
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...The Seven Organizational Approaches Too Studying the Human Body and How and When They Are Used In Health CareThe Seven Organizational Approaches Too Studying the Human Body and How and When They Are Used In Health Care HCA/220 SHEILA PIERSON By: Christie Brewer Anatomical directional terms are like the directions on a compass rose of a map. Like the directions, North, South, East and West, they can be used to describe the locations of structures in relation to other structures or locations in the body. This is particularly useful when studying anatomy as it provides a common method of communication that helps to avoid confusion when identifying structures. Anatomical directional terms can also be applied to the planes of the body. Body planes are used to describe specific sections or regions of the body. Below are examples of some commonly used anatomical directional terms and planes of the body. A body cavity is a hollow space. It can be defined as the space that remains after the organs inside it are removed, but this definition does not do justice to the variety and functions of body cavities. Humans have four body cavities. The first is a dorsal body cavity that encloses the brain and spinal cord. Second is the thoracic cavity that encloses the heart and lungs Third the abdominal cavity that encloses most of the digestive organs and kidneys. The Fourth is pelvic cavity that encloses the bladder and reproductive organs. The cranial cavity cushions and protects the...
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...BIO 253 Anatomy and Physiology 2012-2013 Syllabus Template Mount Olive College Your professor, their email, phone number and office hours are available on the Moodle site for the course. Division Chair: Mickael Cariveau, Ph.D. Division Chair email and phone: MCariveau@moc.edu; 919-658-7680 Course Description (4 sh): This course is directed toward providing pre-clinical concepts for nursing and other allied health professional students that includes a study of body organization, cytology, and histology, acid/base and fluid/electrolyte balance and all body systems including Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, gastrointestinal, endocrine, reproductive, blood, lymphatic, cardiovascular, respiratory and renal. Basic principles of pathophysiology and pharmacology will be introduced. Demonstration and hands-on laboratory activities will be based on concepts of clinical physical assessment. Required Text: Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 10th Edition, E. N. Marieb Student Learning Outcomes (stated in objective, measurable terms. What will students know or be able to do when they complete the course?) Student Learning Outcomes Upon successful completion of this course, students should be able to: Means of Assessment This outcome will be indicated by successful: 1. Understand the structure of the human body and it functions as it relates to nursing and other allied health professions. 2. Discuss the physiology of the major organ systems and how they relate to nursing...
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...Endocrine System Unit |Title: Endocrine System | |Subject/Course: Anatomy and Physiology | | | | | |Topic: Endocrine System | |Grade: 11/12 | |Designer(s): Browning | | | | ...
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...LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty...
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...REG NO. 08/BA/IN/022 DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SUBMITTED TO DR. MRS. DEPARTMENT OF FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF UYO, UYO AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA. FEBRUARY, 2012 1. INTRODUCTION All human societies have medical beliefs that provide explanations for birth, death, and disease. Throughout history, illness has been attributed to witchcraft, demons, astral influence, or the will of the gods. These ideas still retain some power, with faith healing and shrines still used in some places, although the rise of scientific medicine over the past millennium has altered or replaced mysticism in most cases. The ancient Egyptians had a system of medicine that was very advanced for its time and influenced later medical traditions. The Egyptians and Babylonians both introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, and medical examination. The Hippocratic Oath, still taken by doctors today, was written in Greece in the 5th century BCE, Horstmanshoff et al (2004:7). In the medieval era, surgical practices inherited from the ancient masters were improved and then systematized in Rogerius's The Practice of Surgery. During the Renaissance, understanding of anatomy improved, and the invention of the microscope would later lead to the germ theory of disease. These advancements, along with developments in chemistry, genetics, and lab technology (such as the x-ray) led to modern medicine, O'Leary (1939:65). 2. PREHISTORIC...
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