...Why did European culture reject rationalism in the 19th century in favor of Romanticism? Culture exists inseparably from human life and reflects all the movements, reforms and changes that happen with people. The end of the eighteenth century witnessed many changes in life of European countries, particularly Industrial Revolution and French Revolution. Certainly, trends in European culture altered together with the changes in people’s outlook and way of life. In the very beginning of the nineteenth century, people changed their perception of the reality. This transfer from Classicism to Romanticism was indisputably the continuation of the processes that dominated in the society of that time. People were tired of the inviolable order that reigned in their life. Almost all countries were monarchies. It meant that life of people was limited and subjected to the kings’ rule. People were oppressed and did not have their needs satisfied. These were the main causes of the French Revolution in 1789 and the Industrial Revolution in England. The aim of people to be free in their opportunities and to raise the living standard drove them in their struggle. Thus, all these events show that people wanted to escape from the established order and, perhaps, to abstract from the daily routine and to pay more attention to their feelings and inner world. The Age of Enlightenment that ruled in the eighteenth century was also called the Age of Reason. The reason was considered the basis...
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...The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening affected American colonists society. The Age of Enlightenment stressed the energy of human motivation to shape the world, to better instruct men and ladies. The Great Awakening bound areas together, and furthermore acknowledgment of religious resistance. These two developments of the eighteenth century significantly affected American culture and how individuals think prior and then afterward these events. The Enlightenment changed individuals' view on national issues, religion, and human instinct, and The Great Awakening acknowledged religious resilience. As a matter of first importance, the Age of Enlightenment primarily impacted taught individuals in the American states. Despite the fact...
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...Why was Socrates regarded as a man of virtue? Why was Socrates regarded as a man of virtue? Socrates: Man of Virtue (470-399 B.C.E.) Socrates proposed the theory of value in which there are two sorts of good: virtue and happiness. Both are unconditional goods. But happiness is a "self-generated" good in that it "derives its value strictly from its inherent properties;" whereas virtue is an "other-generated" good in that it derives its value from happiness, precisely from its conduciveness to happiness. Virtue is an instinct in all humanity which can be aroused through self-examination. This universal truth is accessible to everyone who thinks and question. Socrates assumes that any person with whom he talks has the resource to answer his question correctly, that is, that no specialist knowledge is required. Socrates thought that knowledge is virtue, and virtue leads to happiness. It makes sense to think that moral people know what morality is. If you know right from wrong, then you might be able to choose to do what you know to be right. It also makes some sense to suspect that our beliefs about right and wrong influence our decisions. If we believe its right to help a drowning child, then it would be fairly shocking to decide not to do so—and it would less surprising when we decide to help the child. It is quite a shocking statement to say that virtue always leads to happiness. Criminals commit crimes that hurt others to help themselves. To think that their crimes would...
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...Scottish Enlightenment The Scottish Enlightenment was a period in the 18th century often described as Scotland’s ‘Golden Age’. It was an intellectual movement that ranged across the fields of philosophy, chemistry, geology, architecture, poetry, technology, economics, sociology, medicine and history. Sharing the humanist and rationalist outlook of the European Enlightenment of the same time period, the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment asserted the fundamental importance of human reason combined with a rejection of any authority that could not be justified by reason. They held to an optimistic belief in the ability of humanity to effect changes for the better in society and nature, guided only by reason. This latter feature gave the Scottish Enlightenment its special flavour, distinguishing it from its continental European counterpart. In Scotland, the Enlightenment was characterised by a thoroughgoing empiricism and practicality where the chief virtues were improvement, virtue, and practical benefit for the individual and society as a whole. The Enlightenment culture was based on close readings of new books, and intense discussions which took place at intellectual gathering places in Edinburgh as The Select Society and, later, The Poker Club as well as within Scotland’s ancient universities such as St Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen. In these places great thinkers sought to understand the natural world and the human mind like Sam Smith and David Hume The Scottish...
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...literature. He was the contemporary of Steele, Addison, Defoe and other English enlightens of the early period; however he stood apart from them. The greatest satirist in the history of English of the bourgeois life came to the negation of the bourgeois society. Swift's art had a great effect on the further development of English and European literature. The main features of his artistic method, such as hyperbole, grotesque, generalization, irony, were widely used by the English novelist, the dramatists, by the French writers, by the Russian writers and others. Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin, Ireland, on November 30, 1667. He studied theology at Trinity College at the age of fourteen and graduated in 1688. He became the secretary of Sir William Temple, an English politician and member of the Whig party, at the age of 21. At Moor Park, Sir William’s estate, Swift made friend with Hester Johnson, the daughter of one of Temple’s servants. His letters to her, written in 1710 – 1713, were later published in the form of a book under the title of Journal to Stella, the name he poetically called Hester. In 1692, Swift took his Master of Arts Degree at Oxford University. In 1694, he had begun to write satires on the political and religious corruption surrounding him, working on A Tale of a Tub, which supports the position of the Anglican Church against its critics on the left and the right, and The Battle of the Books, which argues for the supremacy of the classics against modern thought...
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...Russell Ellis Simerly III AP European History Chapter 17—The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth Century Thought Chapter Overview: The Enlightenment is a movement of people and ideas that fostered the expansion of literate sectors of European society and that economic improvement and political reform were both possible and desirable. Contemporary western political and economic thought is a product of Enlightenment thinking; therefore, some historians believe the process of Enlightenment continues today. Inspired by the scientific revolution and prepared to challenge traditional intellectual and theological authority, Enlightenment writers believed that human beings can comprehend the operation of physical nature and mold it to achieve material and moral improvement, economic growth, and administrative reform. Enlightenment intellectuals advocated agricultural improvement, commercial society, expanding consumption, and the application of innovative rational methods to traditional social and economic practices. The spirit of innovation and improvement came to characterize modern Europe and Western society. Politically, the Enlightenment had a direct impact on some rulers--in eastern and central Europe—whose policies came to be known as enlightened absolutism. Section One: Formative Influences of the Enlightenment Section Overview Chief factors that fostered the ideas of the Enlightenment The Newtonian worldview the political stability and commercial...
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...Jason Greenberg Period 4 Understanding Cultures: Age of Reason The Age of Reason, also referred to as the Age of Enlightenment, spanned the mid-17th century to around the time of the French Revolution in 1789. Throughout this period, several major events occurred. The end of the Thirty Years’ War marked the beginning of the Age of Reason. In 1668, the Glorious Revolution overthrew King James II, implementing the first constitutional monarchy in England. The American Revolution also took place during this era, from 1755 to 1783. The French Revolution signified the end of the Age of Reason in 1789, with the French people gaining a constitutional monarchy in the process. The relationship between God and man during this chapter in global history...
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...Introduction (Answer each question in three sentences.): What was the “Enlightenment”? What sort of things occurred during this time period? The “Enlightenment” was a movement that would transform an era of misery and exploitation (the European middle ages) to one of change and intellect. In this period people began to challenge authority, look towards new ideas, and aim for bettering their current lives rather than waiting for the afterlife. The “Enlightenment” not only brought new ways of thinking about government, social values and personal rights, but was the driving force behind action for change and rebellion against authorities. During the Industrial Revolution, for example, the impoverished workers educated themselves in order to be...
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...market. The roots of the theory of capital as we knew it today evolved during the 18th and 19th centuries and were formed primarily in the context of the industrial revolution and European imperialism. (Capitalism: Wikipedia) There are various theories about the history and emergence of capitalism. One of these, which has proven to be controversial, is the view that there are three periods of capitalism known as early, middle, and late periods. Other theories of the historic evolution of capitalism assert that capitalism is a social aspect that cannot be bound by any particular time period. " Some philosophers consider capitalism not a time-bound practice or a historical era at all, but the recognition of some timeless elements of the human condition." (Emergence of early capitalism) The common consensus however is that the history of capitalism began with the...
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...|distinguish between the scientists Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Harvey and their works | | |compare the political theories of Hobbes and Locke | | |explain how science and philosophy influenced one another during the Enlightenment | | |explain the term enlightened despot, using the model of Frederick II of Prussia | | |Click here for the course glossary | | |Click here for a Timeline of The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution | | |This lesson discusses European society between 1600 and 1800--an era marked by the power of ideas and rational | | |thinking. The term Scientific Revolution is used to describe the growing acceptance and influence of the scientific| | |method and the belief that reason and inquiry can explain and even change the world. The term Enlightenment is | | |perhaps a more accurate name for this period because it incorporates a variety of intellectual movements that today| | |we do not consider sciences: philosophy, theology, economics, history, and political theory. | | |The word scientist did...
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...cartoons which we witness every day in newspapers and magazines. These types of cartoons criticize some recent actions of political figures in a comical way. The Daily Show, The Colbert Report, and The Larry Sanders Show are all examples of television satires. “If this is going to be a Christian nation that doesn’t help the poor, either we must pretend that Jesus was just as selfish as we are, or we’ve got to acknowledge that he commanded us to love the poor and serve the needy without condition and then admit that we just don’t want to do it. “(Colbert, The Colbert Report) In the eighteenth century, a dominant intellectual movement happened. This was called the Enlightenment period, also known as the age of reason. While the Enlightenment was a broad international movement, many of its leading thinkers were French. The Enlightenment thinkers are known collectively as philosophes, the French word for philosophers. In fact, the...
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...CHAPTER III: EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ENGLISH LITERATURE LITERATURE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT (18th century) The 17th century was one of the most stormy periods of English history. The growing contradictions between the new class, the bourgeoisie, and the old forces of feudalism brought about the English Bourgeois Revolution in the 1640s. As a result of the revolution the king was dethroned and beheaded and England was proclaimed a republic. Though very soon monarchy was restored, the position of the bourgeoisie had changed. The 18th century saw Great Britain rapidly growing into a capitalist country. It was an age of intensive industrial development. New mills and manufactures appeared one after another. Small towns grew into large cities. The industrial revolution began: new machinery was invented that turned Britain into the first capitalist power of the world. While in France the bourgeoisie was just beginning its struggle against feudalism, the English bourgeoisie had already become one of the ruling classes. The 18th century was also remarkable for the development of science and culture. Isaac Newton’s discoveries in the field of physics, Adam Smith’s economic theories, the philosophical ideas of Hobbes, Locke and others enriched the materialistic thought and implanted in people’s minds belief in great powers of man’s intellect. It was in this period that English painting began to develop too: portraiture reached its peak in the works of William Hogarth,...
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...events in people’s lives * 2) Human Causation suggests that events in people’s lives are a result of the outcome of human involvement, i.e., God either does not exist or does not involve himself in the affairs of humans. * 3) Chronologically suggests no causation of any kind. Events take place divorced from each other, i.e., there is no cause and effect. * * * * How do we know if an event really took place? * Here is the criterion often used to determine if an event really took place. Note: If this criterion is not met it does not mean that the historical claim is false. * * 1) Multiple Attestation rests on the premise that, the more independent testimonies to a tradition there are, the greater is the probability that it is authentic i.e., more than one independent source refers to the same person, place or thing. 2) Contradiction is when a source mentions a person, place or thing in a way that serves not to benefit the author in any way Sept. 7 What is a fact? 1. Something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed: Genetic engineering is now a fact. That Chaucer was a real person is an undisputed fact. 2. A real occurrence; an event: had to prove the facts of the case. 3. Something believed to be true or real: a document laced with mistaken facts. 1. Movement to Poland -Poland was home to the largest Jewish population in Europe and served as a centre for Jewish culture. -A diverse population of Jews from...
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...countries to still be remembered. The Chinese government have tried again and again to destroy this rich religion. Throughout the world, tibet is seen as a place where Buddhism is so important that it is not only their religion, but also the essence of their identity. The Dalai Lama is their most important figure as a religious and spiritual leader. Due to the circumstances in which he came to his position, as well as to his personal character, the current Dalai Lama has radically changed the meaning of his religious and political leadership. In the Buddhist faith, every being in the world is trapped in a cycle of rebirth, where each time they forget their past lives. To end this circle, you have to achieve enlightenment. Bodhisattvas are those who are able to achieve enlightenment, but they postpone it in order to teach other people their knowledge to help them reach nirvana....
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...opinion. 1A. Buddhism began in northeastern India and is based on the teachings of Gautama. Buddhism is different from many other faiths because it is not centered on the relationship between humanity and God. Buddhists do not believe in a personal creator God. Siddhartha had found the path to Enlightenment. Siddhartha was born around the year 560 b.c.e. Nepal. He was born into a royal family and for many years lived within the palace walls away from the sufferings of life; sufferings such as sickness, age, and death and he did not know what these sufferings were. One day, after growing-up, marrying and having a child, Siddhartha went outside the royal palace and saw, each for the first time, an aged person, a sick person, a deceased body and finally a peaceful monk. He was worried by what he saw. He learned that sickness, age, and death were the inevitable fate of human beings a fate no-one could avoid. Siddhartha had seen that peaceful monk, and he decided this was a sign that he should leave his protected royal life and live as a beggar. Siddhartha’s travels showed him much more of the suffering of the world. He searched for a way to escape the inevitability of death, old age and pain first by studying with religious men. This didn't provide him...
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