...Gladys Gambong 4 HRM-A MORALITY OF HUMAN ACTS Human act proceeds from the deliberate free will of man. To be considered human act he/she must possess being a conscious agent who is aware of what he is doing and its consequences. He must performed as agent who is acting freely by his own decisions and power to decide willfully to perform the act. Having freedom makes man a moral subject because when he acts deliberately, man means the father of his acts. Human acts is an acts that are freely chosen in consequence of a judgment of conscience, it can be morally either good or evil and it is an exercise of will and intellect, a deliberate choice of the human person. Each act has its morality determined by the three major determinants of the morality of human acts of morality. Morality of human acts depends on the object chosen, the motive or the intention and the circumstances of the action. The object, the intention, and the circumstances make up the sources of the morality of human acts. The morality of human acts depends on three sources: the object chosen, either a true or apparent good; the intention of the subject who acts, that is, the purpose for which the subject performs the act and the circumstances of the act, which include its consequences. Every moral act consists of three elements: the objective act (what we do), the subjective goal or intention (why we do the act), and the concrete situation or circumstances in which we perform the act. For me, what struck...
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...Norms of Morality Prof. Fernandino J. Pancho Definition •Norms of morality ◦is the criteria of judgment about the sorts of person we ought to be and the sorts of action we ought to perform. ◦the quality of things manifesting their conformity or non-coformity with the norm or criteria. (that which conforms is good or moral, that which do not conform is evil or immoral) ◦The subjective norm of morality – Conscience ◦The objective norm of morality – Law (natural) •Both natural law and conscience are rooted on Eternal Law, the ultimate norm, thus, there is only one norm. Loading... Conscience •The subjective/proximate norm of morality. ◦It is proximate because it is what directly confronts an action as good or bad. •Function: to examine/investigate, to judge, to pass punishment on our moral actions. ◦It approves & commends; reproaches & condemns; forbids & commands; accuses & absolves. •Synderesis – it is the quality by which man naturally perceives the truth of the self-evident principles of the moral order. Conscience - definition •Derived from the Latin words “con” plus “scientia” which means “with knowledge” of what is right or wrong or “trial of oneslf” both in accusation and in defense. •It is the “inner or little voice of God in man” crying out man’s moral obligations and telling him what to do and what to avoid in the moral order. •It is an act of the practical judgment of reason deciding upon an individual...
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...Views on Controversial Issues in Religion Can Morality Exist Without Religion? | | Rajoo Kamal-Wilnoff (10781867)Sociology 321.3, Section X01Professor Bryan PukMay 28, 2014 | “Never let your sense of morals get in the way of doing what’s right.” – Isaac Asimov | Can We Be Good Without God? Can we be good without God? The question has been a controversial one throughout history and a variety of positions are apparent regarding the relationship between religion and morality. Theists undoubtedly find in God a source of moral strength and resolve which enables them to live lives that are better than those that they would live without Him, but it would seem arrogant and ignorant to claim that those who do not share a belief in God do not often live good moral lives. Should the question really be about the objectivity of moral values, and whether said moral values are simply social conventions, or mere expressions of personal preference? Are they valid independently of our apprehension of them, and if so, what is their foundation? Moreover, if morality is just a human convention, then why should we act morally, especially when it conflicts with self-interest? Are we in some way held accountable for our moral decisions and actions? This paper explores the ontological claim that the morality does not require religion, religious motivation or guidance to exist, based on the opposing views presented in two essays “Religion, Morality and Conscience” (1996), by John Arthur, professor...
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...Missionaries of Africa. 2 DECLARATION I………………………………………………………..have read the rules of Uganda Martyrs University on plagiarism and hereby state that this work is my own. It has not been submitted anywhere else for any qualification. I have acknowledged the secondary sources used in this work. NAME OF STUDENT…………………………………………………………. SIGNATURE…………………………………………………………………… DATE: …………………………………………………………………………… SUPERVISOR………………………………………………………………….. SIGNATURE…………………………………………………………………… DATE: ………………………………………………………………………….. 3 ABSTRACT The importance of a philosophical study dealing with moral issues, especially the principle of autonomy is indisputably great. It is a common agreement that morality is located within the scope of duty. Kant corroborates this held agreement by stating the categorical imperative which every human is obliged to act upon. He conceived this categorical imperative as the moral law which all those who claim to be moral beings have to live on. However, he also affirmed that only autonomous beings can be moral. Moreover, Autonomy seems to be opposed to any idea of law. It is important to note that Kant conceived autonomy as auto-legislation, auto-determination of the moral subject while the categorical imperative requires a total submission of the same subject. What is categorical imperative? What is moral autonomy? How can a person be autonomous and...
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...Can we be good without God? There is no doubt that some valuable moral insights have been spread by religion. Religion seems to be a good place to start thinking of morality, but we cannot rely on God to tell us what is right morally and what is wrong. We should recognize that morality is based on human needs and interests, and not on God’s commands because they cannot be regarded as imposing moral obligations unless we already possess a sense of right and wrong independent of his commands. The claim that we need God to provide morality does not withstand analysis because it is the circumstances under which we live that influence the content of our norms, not divine commands. Morality is a human institution serving human needs, and the norms of the common morality will persist as long as there are humans around. (Lindsay.) God’s moral nature is expressed to us in the form of divine commands which compose our moral duties or obligations and holds all persons morally accountable for their actions .But on the atheistic view there is no divine lawgiver. But...
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...MORALITY AND THE LAW; The Validity Question By Nfon Mark PLAN Introduction -A general overview of Morality and the Law -Definition of Morality and the law -Principles of Morality -The validity question Body -principles of Morality in details -The principle of Truth -The principle of Courage -The principle of Compassion -The principle of Love - The principle of Forgiveness - A general overview of other principles of morality II Reasons for and against the law taking validity from Morality. -Reasons why the law most take its validity from Morality -Reasons against the Law taking validity from Morality. -conclusion with a personal view Morality and the law; the validity question The notions of Morality and the Law are as old as the biblical story of creation, where God created man and gave him rights, duties and laws to follow (Genesis 1). According to the oxford dictionary, morals is ‘concerned with or derived from a code of behavior that is considered right or acceptable in a particular society. (Www.Oxforddictionaries.com). morality is the degree to which something is right and good. The moral goodness and badness...
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...the aforementioned phrases. However, what are they classified as? Do these expressions deal with morality, ethics, or both? Although these terms are often confused, morality and ethics are very distinct. On the surface this terminology may seem analogous, but their definitions are quite dissimilar. Morality and ethics are major components when examining the decision making of corporations. Despite having different meanings, morality and ethics are interrelated words that play a major part in business organizations. Morality The term morality deals with an individual or groups interpretation of what is right and wrong. In fact, it can be defined as the standards that a group or individual has about what is good and evil or right and wrong (Velasquez, 2006). Morals for the most part, are fairly unwavering within a group. The vast majority of people would agree that it is wrong or immoral to murder, steal, lie, or cheat. These are examples of moral standards. Moral standards are described as the types of behaviors or actions believed to be morally good or bad (Velasquez, 2006). There is also what is known as nonmoral standards. These principles judge what is good or bad in a nonmoral way such as good grammar or proper etiquette (Velasquez, 2006). In addition to understanding the meaning of morality, it is important to understand where these standards come from. Morality comes from many different influences in a person’s life. These standards are usually absorbed as...
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...than decisions under natural phenomenon. (Practical reason vs. Rational reason) Morality First Proposition of Morality: The relationship between duty and inclination: inclination has more personal connection and motivations which make the decisions and actions more introspective, which is why we need a strong will. Decisions can be moral if people do not perform actions under what they are told but truly become introspective about what they have in mind. Second Proposition of Morality: Duty lacks personal responsibility and thus, it cannot be understood as having followed by material principle. Third Proposition of Morality: Similar to the above: duty does not have a full account of respect, therefore does not require personal commitment into thinking under morality Mill: Basic definition and Ideas: Mentions satisfaction level, yet happiness are ultimately due to pride and dignity. Happiness cannot be measured under any quantity terms and each type of happiness is different. Happiness is the absence of pain and pleasure and unhappiness is deprivation of pain and pleasure. He also believes that people should enjoy in order being truly satisfied.. Morality: All the good things under the system of morality, Mill states, should be under personal interest. He says that the system of priority is designed to intent to pleasure the individual alone. Mill > Kant: In order to attain morality, happiness should cooperate with duty and good will Examples: Family revenge ...
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...metaphysics to study the world around us using science and knowledge. Epistemology is the study of how we gather knowledge and how it is trusted. Ethics is the framework by which people make decisions of right and wrong. Ethics also deals with individual, social, and cultural moralities. The Reflections of Life’s Existence Introduction Why do we care about the meaning of life? Do we need to ponder questions about our existence in order to be happy? Scientists and philosophers have pondered these questions and tried to find answers to concerns about free will and do we have a soul. They also have deliberated about how reason effects our decisions and if ethics plays a role in how humans interact. Do people with higher morals make for happier people? Metaphysics: What is real and how do we know the correct reality? Metaphysics is the study of reality and how we understand the world around us explained using science and reason. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP) explains (n.d.) Aristotle believed that we perceive our world around us with our eyes. We are visual creatures. That is why sight is so important and the argument of materialism and spiritualism still exists. Humans use the material elements around us to explain and relate to each other. We consider physical attributes and their relationships to one another. Is the physical world more or less real than the spiritual or psychological world? That is the conflict amongst philosophers. There...
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...“Is morality relative or are there objective moral truths?” Is Morality Subjective or Objective? Every day, we make decisions that affect our lives and others. Sometimes, those decisions are bigger than other times. Those decisions are sometimes made because the choice is to do something right or wrong. We say that a moral person will make the right decision and the immoral person will make the wrong decision. An example of this is that if I was raised in a culture that says killing is wrong. I am a Naga from Northeast India. Just over 100 years ago, we Nagas were headhunters. Killing was more than tolerated – it was expected. Men would raid other villages nearby and kill other men, bringing back heads. Even children’s heads were special trophies. This sounds very bad, even to me, but if I was born over 100 years ago, I would be okay with it. So is killing others right or wrong? Even in enlightened cultures, wars happen and people kill each other. These questions always come up when people talk about morality. In any debate, the arguments tend to take two extreme sides, which means there is not much middle ground left for the discussions. The slippery slope fallacy is often used to talk about morality. According to Richard Nordquist at about.com, the slippery slope fallacy is “A fallacy in which a course of action is objected to on the grounds that once taken it will lead to additional actions until some undesirable consequence results” (para. 1). In other words, we say something...
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... | | | Saadia Farhat PHIL 116 Professor Miceli May 1, 2010 Is God required as the basis for Ethical Justification? As I started to outline this paper and trying to separate my feelings and thoughts on the subject, as I wanted to write an impartial paper, I discovered many interesting facts. I believed there were two sides: Side A believing in God and with the platform that faith is needed to guide humans and provide proper morality, and Side B believing that God is not needed in the equations as we are masters of our destiny. Sounds simple right the faithful versus the atheist, I found out I was wrong. It seems there were more sides than I had anticipated. There are those who believe in God and we must follow his rules on morality that was set upon us. On the same coin there are those who are faithful but believe God gave us the choice on what we think is right and wrong, and we must choose to them there were no prewritten...
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...COURSE NOTES TOPIC 1: Fundamentals of Values, Ethics and Morality LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: Define values List the sources of value Identify the roles of values in decision-making Identify the definition of ethics Identify the nature of ethical reasoning Identify the concept of ethical standards and judgement Define morality Identify the various phases of Kohlberg's theory of moral development Identify the differences between ethics and morality Identify the similarities between ethics and morality Identify the basic unification of ethics, values and morality NATURE OF VALUES 1.1.1 Definition A small company has just employed Rizal as a marketing executive. As a fresh graduate, Rizal feels enthusiastic about the job and is determined to be a good worker. On the first day of work, new employees were briefed on how work is done. At that point, Rizal realized that some of the company's marketing strategies somewhat deceived the customers. This is just one example of ethical issues in business that we will look at in this course. Values, ethics, and morality are three concepts used in discussing 'Business Ethics and Values'. We will see how they should be applied in businesses. However, in this section, we will discuss values first. Values are defined as fundamental principles or enduring beliefs about the most desirable conditions and purposes of human life. Values determine our actions and behavior, and they...
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...The Use of Morality within Society Plato’s Myth of the Cave is and eye opening piece of literature. Within the passage, Plato attacks the presets of society by addressing the lack of observation and questioning. He uses the analogy of the cave to point out the close mindedness of the world around him. Unavoidably, while one questions society the issue of morality will arise. Morality, as a whole, is a complex concept that is based on the ideal of right and wrong. By applying Plato’s principle of questioning, the need society has for morality is made clear and can be understood. Aspects of society, such as religion, control what people perceive. For example, a religion can change a population's perception on an action by deeming it immoral. However it is not just religion that can do so, it can also be something as small as a teacher stating to a class “Questioning authority is bad. And it should not be done”. Plato states, “They can only see what is directly in front of them, since they are prevented by the chains from turning their heads” (Plato). In other words, Plato is remarking on the...
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...interpretation of the play, and the author’s perception of death and the treatment of death. Paragraph 14: Conclusion This paper indentifies the perception of death and the treatment of death of the anonymously written play, Everyman. This play, written in the 15th century, is used as a spiritual message to man from God. The message of death in Everyman is associated with the search of the reasoning of life. Everyman is a morality play. In fact, Everyman is considered the greatest morality play yet. A morality play is an allegorical drama where the plays’ characters personified moral qualities and abstractions. The author directly focuses on the important questions of love, friendship, life, death, and retribution. Everyman, who is the main character in the play, has to reap the consequences for all his deeds and actions under the face of Death. Death is sent to Earth, by the call of God, to judge Everyman. Death is another main character used in the play. Death is also the allegorical character is the play. How so? Death appears as a human being. The theme of death in Everyman makes the audience pay special attention to the importance of the different scenarios described throughout the play. Death, in the play, becomes the reminder for Everyman that he has to pay for all good and bad deeds that he has committed within his lifetime. By the grace of God, Everyman has the chance to reevaluate his life, and correct his wrong doings. Death, adamantly,...
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...of philosphy that deals with human behaviors. There are many different theories that have existed throughout history. An ethical theory must consider and take into account what makes the “right” dicisions different from the “wrong” decision. Ethical behavior has been defined by a lot of different people and organization of the history of the world, but still some actions are argued as to whether or not they are ethical or even moral. Plato’s view of ethics was that it had to do with the arrangement of the human soul. He believe that every human sould consisted of three parts, the rational, spiritual, and passionate. For a person to commit ethical behavior Plato believed that the soul must be properly organized. This meant that the reason must command, organized, and focus the other two parts of the soul. If this was done, then one sought general good and not flights of fancy. Religions such as Christianity have come up with theories about ethics as well. Christians have theorized that “human souls desire the good, found only in God.” This good is supposed to be “unchanging, perminant, and always satisfying. The goods of this world, such as food, drink or wealth, are only partially satisfying, since these are always changing and human physiology always demands them. God, however, as the final end of all things, is the end of human souls as well. The soul that "rests" in God is the soul that wants nothing other than God. Therefore human action is to manifest the spiritual...
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