...Psychology Psychology in simple terms is the studies the minds of human beings and their behaviors. It is difficult to capture about psychology in a brief definition, but topics such as personality development, emotions, motivations and social behavior represents briefly, what psychology explains. It widely entails other scientific discipline and provides appropriate knowledge to solve problems (Pastorino, & Doyle-Portillo, 2011). For example, applications of psychology include mental health treatment, performance enhancement, ergonomics and many other areas affecting daily life of an individual. The different concepts that help to explain psychology include motivation, behaviorism and cognition. How psychological motivation influences Human life. Psychology studies what motivation means to human beings. It explains how secondary motivation to human life and how it influences their behaviors. This intends that human behavior change in different ways and at different circumstances. Motivation is considered an important factor on how people respond to different cases (Elliot, 2008). For example, in an organization where individuals have learned the organization culture and has worked for many years, it is through motivation that they will perform much better than before. It is motivation that encourages a person’s behavior towards their actions. Therefore, psychology major focuses on human behavior based on what can motivate them to act much better. The study of...
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... ID AKTARUZZAMAN 2010-1-183 NUR-A- ALAM 2010-1-184 ALI AKBAR 2010-1-185 TAREQ IQBAL 2010-1-186 to mr. ahsan habib leading L eading is considered as the third basic managerial function. It is the set of processes used to get members of organization to work together to advance the interests of the organization. Leading involves directing, influencing & motivating employees to perform tasks. The people who can influence the behavior of others without having to rely on force, those are accepted by others as leaders. So a manager is necessarily a leader, but a leader may not be a manager. Leadership: The word leadership comes from the word “LEAD” which means to guide, to conduct or to direct. In general, Leadership is the ability to influence others. Leadership is the process of directing the subordinates to accomplish the organizational goal in a way that the group members are driven to perform according to their highest capability. According to Newstorm,’Leadership is the process of encouraging & helping others to work enthusiastically towards objectives.’ H.Rooky says, ‘Leadership is the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly...
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...Bibliographic of Reference John P. Meyer and Thomas E. Becker. Employee Commitment and Motivation: A Conceptual Analysis and Integrative Model University of Western Ontario and University of Delaware Chri 2. Introduction The article is about presenting an integrated model about employees' commitment and motivation. According to the article, commitment and motivation are distinguishable, albeit related, concepts. More specifically, it suggest that commitment is one component of motivation and, by integrating theories of commitment and motivation, it gain a better understanding of the two processes themselves and of workplace behavior. This article is conceptual based which is largely based on presenting the reasoning of different theories. Employee Commitment and Motivation: A Conceptual Analysis and Integrative Model uses various theories about motivation and commitment. 3. Brief Summary This article tried to assert commitment is one part of motivation and, by integrating theories of commitment and motivation, For example, because commitment often involves psychological attachment to social foci, incorporating commitment as an independent aspect of motivation should allow enhanced understanding of behaviors that have broader social implications. The article begin its attempt at integration by providing a broad overview of theory and research pertaining to workplace motivation and commitment. Both are complex concepts, and therefore a comprehensive analysis is beyond...
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...Sources of Motivation Motivational Process in Human Psychology Sources of Motivation Motivation also known as drive or incentive is a primary parameter that initiates human behavior. Humans are social animals; their need to be accepted and find groups to identify with is inescapable. The three main motives for behaviors are motives, biological needs, and the need for stimuli. In addition, there are both internal and intrinsic motivations and external or extrinsic motivations. Intrinsic motivation comes from within a person’s schema of self-image, biological need or emotional needs. Extrinsic motivation comes from a need to seek approval from outside oneself, such as in a course grade at college, or approval from one’s employer. The reasons a person maintains or initiates a behavior or action can be instrumental to identifying individual potential within a person. Motivation can be either positive or negative; positive motivation is inspirational such as that found in a church sermon, a truly effective leader or keynote speaker, pep rally or something similar. Negative motivation is fear based, such as the motivation to go to work to make the rent payment or to keep a car from getting repossessed (fear of poverty motivation). This is in contrast to motivation to improve a condition; behaviors that are negatively motivated are inspired to keep a situation from getting worse rather than improving the situation. Whether a behavior stems from positive...
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... |Skinner | |Define Motivation |Motivation arises from the desire to satisfy the |Motivation stems from the way behavior is rewarded- | | |basic needs, defined by Maslow as a hierarchy, moving|good behavior rewarded, bad behavior reprimanded | | |from physiological to self-actualization. | | |How Motivation Changes |Moves from basic to more advanced, from emotional |Work from simple to complex steps; | |For Elementary Versus |needs to more intellectual needs, the ability to |performance/feedback motivation and actualization | |Secondary Students |capture concepts that are more detailed, less static,|changes; amount of reward changes; kind and quality | | |and to analyze problems that have open-ended answers |of reward changes | |Similarities |Set of needs must be met, and to move to next level |Behavior affected by consequences; theory of operant | |/Differences |reward occurs; melding of layers of needs; primary |conditioning always manipulation of | | |human focus is establishing inner needs |reward/punishment; humans desire belonging, feedback | | | ...
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...Motivation is the force that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes us to take action, whether to grab a snack to reduce hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional or cognitive in nature. Researchers have developed a number of different theories to explain motivation. Each individual theory tends to be rather limited in scope. However, by looking at the key ideas behind each theory, you can gain a better understanding of motivation as a whole. Instinct Theory of Motivation Poncho/Digital Vision/Getty Images According to instinct theories, people are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so. An example of this in the animal world is seasonal migration. These animals do not learn to do this, it is instead an inborn pattern of behavior. William James created a list of human instincts that included such things as attachment, play, shame, anger, fear, shyness, modesty and love. The main problem with this theory is that it did not really explain behavior, it just described it. By the 1920s, instinct theories were pushed aside in favor of other motivational theories, but contemporary evolutionary psychologists still study the influence of genetics and heredity on human behavior. Incentive Theory of Motivation The incentive theory suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards. For example...
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...1.1. Leadership and Management Concept 2 1.2. Theories of management and leadership 3 1.3.Challenges of Leadership and Management Practices 6 2.1. Theories of Motivation 8 2.2. Role of Leadership and Management in employee motivation 10 2.3. Performance Management Technique as organizational processes 11 3.1. Development of Team by Bruce Tuckman 13 3.2. Role of leader in team development 14 3.3. Role and usefulness of team in an organization 16 References: 18 1.1. Leadership and Management Concept Leadership can be defined as the influence of an individual whom denoted as “leader”, upon the subordinates, for the achievement of organizational goal. Here, the leader should bear the quality to understand the situation and act upon so, and the action should be influential, motivational and goal oriented. Moreover, agreeing with the concept, leadership derives two aspects: (i) the leader who exerts influence and (ii) the individuals who are influenced. Thus, the success of Leadership depends upon the proper management of these two dynamics to a large extent. Likewise, Leadership should also posses different other qualities for better management of followers and lead the organization to its targeted goal. “The influential ability of a leader to effect the behavior of his followers to indirectly follow particular path as pre-defined by the leader” (Barnard, 1948) “Leadership can be defined as the mutual relationship between a leader and followers, strengthened...
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...Work-place Motivation: A Book Review on Drive Jessica Gutierrez Fresno Pacific University Work-place Motivation: A Book Review on Drive In Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us; author Daniel Pink introduces two types of motivators that he refers to as “Human operating systems”. Times have changed, and business models are changing as well. When our computer software begins to fail, we look for upgrades and ways to improve it. Similarly, we need to upgrade our human operating systems when our current method has not kept up with the ever-changing business world. The concept of reward and punishment to encourage employees to be more productive, is an outdated way of managing people. In order to create a better work environment and increase productivity, we need to upgrade our idea of motivation to include autonomy, mastery, and purpose. Herzberg, a pioneer in motivation theory, determined that there are two factors that motivate employees; high-order needs and low-order needs. Those high-order needs are met by intrinsic motivation, such as fulfilling our personal needs and growth. Those needs include achievements, recognition, promotions, work itself, and responsibility. He refers to low-order needs as hygienic factors; those needs cannot motivate employees but can minimize dissatisfaction in the work-place. Hygienic factors include, pay, company guidelines, quality of supervision, working conditions, relationships with co-workers, and job security (Damij...
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...EFFECTIVE TEAMWORK AND MOTIVATION 1 Effective Teamwork and Motivation Teboney D. Torrence Strayer University Business 520 Leadership and Organizational Behavior Dr. Keith A. Graves November 14, 2014 EFFECTIVE TEAMWORK AND MOTIVATION 2 Introduction Ford Motor Company, General Motors, and Nike, all of these companies have a common goal. That goal is to produce a valuable product that consumers will buy. In order to do that each of these companies must have an effective and capable workforce. A company is only as good as its weakest link. If employees perform well, then the products that they produce will reflect that. The question for any CEO of a manufacturing firm must ask themselves is how they can motivate employees to perform to the best of their ability in order to produce an effective product. After working with a small group of people and running our own “mock” company, we evaluated together the best way to successfully motivate employees in a work environment. This paper will seek to evaluate these methods and the possible outcomes of each. A Plan to Motivate Employees What is exactly that motivates employees? Is it money, benefits packages, prestige, or power? To effectively answer what would motivate a human employee, it is important to understand human behavior. Effective motivational plans first understand the human before implementing methods...
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...Motivation is a theoretical construct, used to explain behavior. It is the scientific word used to represent the reasons for our actions, our desires, our needs, etc. Motives are hypothetical constructs, used to explain why people do what they do. A motive is what prompts a person to act in a certain way or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior.[1] For example, when someone eats food to satisfy the need of hunger, or when a student does his/her work in school because they want a good grade. Both show a similar connection between what we do and why we do it. According to Maehr and Meyer, "Motivation is a word that is part of the popular culture as few other psychological concepts are".[2] Wikipedia readers will have a motive (or motives) for reading an article, even if such motives are complex and difficult to pinpoint. At the other end of the range of complexity, hunger is frequently the motive for seeking out and consuming food.Types of theories and models[edit] Motivation theories can be classified on a number of basis. Natural vs. Rational based on whether the underlying theory of human Cognition is based on natural forces (drives, needs, desires) or some kind of rationality (instrumentality, meaningfulness, self-identity). Content vs. Process based on whether the focus is on the content ("what") motivates vs process ("how") motivation takes place. Monist and pluralistic motivational theories[edit] A class of theories about why people do things seeks...
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...Organizational behavior is a broad part of an organization that examines how individuals perform in organizations. Managers can use concepts and practices of organizational behavior to develop management guidelines for successfully working with and influencing workers to achieve organization objectives. The area of organizational behavior has advanced from the scientific study of management during the industrial era, administrative theories of the manager’s role, principles of bureaucracy, and human relations studies of employees’ needs (Scott, 1992). Organizational behavior investigates the effect that individual, groups and structure have on conduct within an organization, and apply such knowledge towards improving an organization’s effectiveness. It studies three determinates of behavior in an organization: individuals, groups, and structure. Furthermore, organizational behavior relates the knowledge gained about individuals, groups, and the effect of structure on behavior in order to make the organizations work more effectively. (Robbins, S. & Judge, T., 2009) According to Denhardt, Denhardt, & Aristigueta individual behavior was not a significant concern for management until the 1930s. From the view of early management theorists, people were mainly viewed as extensions of their tools and machines. It was assumed that if employees were unhappy at work then it was imperative to motivate them by money in order for them to contribute to the organization. It was also...
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... it is a privilege to present a plan that seeks to increase the three most important factors in any company: Motivation, satisfaction, and performance of each member. Discussed in previous opportunities, human capital in any organization is the most important asset in achieving company objectives. The role as managers and leaders is to understand that we are working with people who have their own way of thinking and behaving. For this reason this time we are given (one year) we must use our energy, creativity, knowledge, and experience to enhance the three factors mentioned above. Our plan must be clear to understand, transparent in their actions and to establish clearly the role of each team member. The way we approach each of the different attitudes, emotions, values and personalities allow us to improve and identify the mechanisms that we use to create a productive work environment. Team Performance and Effectiveness Teamwork is essential to the performance of a team and is necessary for most development programs as it needs multiple skills to manage any development project (Biswas, 2008). When a team is formed several factors must be considered in order to determine if a team is able to succeed. They are personality, values, attitudes, and emotions. Personality Personality traits are individual characteristics that describe a person’s behavior. The characteristics are a result of heredity or environment that influences satisfaction and well-being at...
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...College School of Graduate Studies Human Resource Management MOTIVATION Abeneazer Wondwossen SGS/0370/2006B Motivation is the driving force that causes the flux from desire to will in life. For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation has been shown to have roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas. Motivation may be rooted in a basic impulse to optimize well-being, minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure. It can also originate from specific physical needs such as eating, sleeping or resting, and sex. Motivation is an inner drive to behave or act in a certain manner. These inner conditions such as wishes, desires and goals, activate to move in a particular direction in behavior. ------------------------------------------------- Types of theories and models Motivational theories A class of theories about why people do things seeks to reduce the number of factors down to one and explain all behavior through that one factor. For example, economics has been criticized for using self-interest as a mono-motivational theory. Mono-motivational theories are often criticized for being too reductive or too abstract. Conscious and unconscious motivations A number of motivational theories emphasize the distinction between conscious and unconscious motivations. In evolutionary psychology, the "ultimate", unconscious motivation may be a cold evolutionary calculation, the conscious motivation could be more benign or even...
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...Motivation Theories The psychoanalytic view of human motivation suggests that behavior is ultimately determined by unconscious sexual and aggressive drives. There are four basic principles to the psychoanalytic view. They are determinism, drive, conflict and the unconscious. There are forces over which we have no control and these forces determine all human behavior and experience. These powerful forces exist within us, and can be traced back to primitive drives or instincts. Those forces that determine all our behavior and experience, are in constant conflict with each other, and cause anxiety. There is no avoiding conflict and anxiety in life. Conflict between primitive urges and conflicts are deep within us. We are unconscious of the forces that control our behavior and the conflicts that cause our anxiety. We have virtually no control over our lives. Conscious experience and self-actualizing tendencies are most important in the humanistic view of motivation. The all encompassing motivational force in the humanistic theory of personality is the motive to actualize or fulfill the self. Self-actualizing tendencies are built on basic need of safety and security, belonging and love, and self esteem. Intrinsically motivated behavior, the central idea in humanistic psychology, suggests that providing rewards and incentives may not work to reinforce motivational behaviors and sometimes undermine people's interest in the activities for which they are rewarded. The...
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...ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Working With people Organizational behavior is the study and application of knowledge about how people&-&- as individuals and groups&-&-act in organizations. Its goals are to make mangers more effective at describing, understanding, predicting, and controlling human behavior. Key elements to consider are people, structure, technology, and the external environment. Previously known as human relations, organizational behavior has emerged as an interdisciplinary field of value to managers. It builds on anincreasingly solid research foundation that was begun in the 1920s, and it draws upon useful ideas and conceptual models from many of the behavioral sciences. Fundamental concepts of organizational behavior relate to the nature of people (individual differences, a whole person, motivated behavior, desire for involvement, perception, and value of the person) and to the nature of organizations (social system and mutual interest). Managerial actions should be oriented holistically to attain superordinate goals of interest to employees, the organization, and society. This can best be done by the understanding and use of human resource. contingency,productivity, and systems approaches. Models of Organizational Behavior Every firm has an organizational behavior system. It includes the stated or unstated philosophy, values, visions and goals; the quality of leadership communications, and group dynamics;...
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