...United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report Office This note should be read in conjunction with the Regional/ National Human Development Report Toolkit. While the toolkit provides general guidance on preparing a Regional or National Human Development Report, this note gives specific suggestions on how to approach the concept of human security as a topic for such a report. Human Security A Thematic Guidance Note for Regional and National Human Development Report Teams BY OSCAR A. GÓMEZ AND DES GASPER Contents What is Human Security?............ 2 Getting Started...................................... 4 Selecting objectives and themes...... 4 The process.................................................... 6 Many important aspects of human development relate also to people’s security: loosely defined as people’s freedom from fear and freedom from want in a broad sense. Applying a human security approach offers an opportunity to analyse many issues in an informative way. This note explains how one might go about doing that. Human security relates to much more than security from violence and crime. A report team wanting to look at the security of people’s livelihoods (economic, food, environment or health security) might apply a human security approach. Human security can also be used to look into personal, community and political security. Indeed, human development reports from around the world have applied the approach in other innovative ways. But...
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...The Australia human rights government website expresses interest regarding how the policies involving national security that have been applied are ensuring that Australians are protected from security threats and that all efforts to protect Australia's security should mostly comply with basic human rights standards that Australia has agreed to uphold fully. Looking through the counter-terrorism white paper report, it states that the government is strongly committed to taking strong action in order to protect Australians and reduce the risk of attacks, but with that a number of approaches are to be made for that to happen. Stronger border management preventing the movement of individuals who try to enter Australia that may have some sort of...
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...the era of globalization. New actors, new events, new issues being securitized and new approaches of international relations, particularly of International Security Studies came out in this period. With this set of new affairs, the concepts of Human Security and Human Rights gained relevance in the international security and international norms field. And because those terms are still contested among both the academics and the States’ decision-makers, there is a need for us to understand what they really mean. The purpose of the present essay is to bring forward the differences between Human Security and Human Rights, regarding the fact that they are very similar and complementary, and also to understand the implications that the emphasis in the concept of Human Security have for the States foreign policy and for the international order and justice. The essay is composed by an introduction, a main body where we develop the answers for the research questions, a conclusion and finally the references. 2. The Prominence of the Concept Human Rights in International Relations 3.1. Human Security different from Human Rights? Despite the fact that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted in 1948, due the debate raised because of the Holocaust, the WWII and many others factors, it is known that Human Rights gained more emphasis in the post-Cold War period, when the emergence of new wars (no longer conflicts between nation-states, but intra-state conflicts...
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...PROJECT WORK ON “RIGHT TO FOOD” Its Reflection in National Food Security Act 2013 Under the Kind Supervision of – Dr. Tanzeem Fatima Assistant Professor Faculty of Law A. M. U., Aligarh Submitted By:- Faisal Ashfaq LL.M. (P) 13-LLM-20 GB1586 CONTENTS 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Meaning, Nature and Concept of Food Security 3. Emergence of concept of welfare state and its obligation 4. Food Security in International Perspecticve 5. Food Security in Indian Constitutional Perspective 6. Judicial Approach towards Food Security 7. National Food Security Act, 2013 a. Origin and Development b. Object and Purpose of Act c. Food Security: Protection of Human Right in light of Natural law theory 8. Concluding Remarks Bibliography Introductory Remarks “It cannot mockery to tell someone they have the right to food when there is nobody with the duty bound to provide them with food. That is the risk with the rights rhetoric. What I like about choosing the counterpart, the active obligation of duties rather than the rights, you can’t go on and on without addressing the question who has to do what, for whom, when” Onor O’Neill Right to food is indeed a laudable national commitment, it’s apt to remember that ensuring food security to the impoverished million in this country is not a government charity but a Constitutional mandate of the States. Article 21 of the Indian Constitution provides that ‘no person shall be deprived of his life and liberty except according to the...
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...Running head: National Security National Security Teresa Turner Strayer University Garner Campus ECO320503016*201005 Professor Carol Scott December 3, 2010 Abstract The National Security Council is a forum for President’s to consider national security and foreign policy matters with their senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. The council started under President Truman, and the Council’s function is to advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies. The Council is also the President’s principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. National Security is based on four basic strategies to preserve security. The defense and deterrence rank first and second, followed by détente diplomacy and disarmament. These four strategies are used whether in combination or alone. Technology has always influenced their strategy. When technology changes, what the country does to protect themselves changes too. This will entail what the U.S. goals are and what we stand for. Third, I will look at how the United States strengthens alliances to defeat global terrorism and work to prevent attacks against our friends and us. Fourth, I will explain how we work with others to defuse regional conflicts. National Security The struggles of the twentieth century between liberty and totalitarianism ended with victory for the forces of freedom—and a single sustainable model for national success:...
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...Discuss the emergence of the Ebola pandemic as a threat to national security INTRODUCTION National security is the protection or the safety of a country’s secrets and its citizens. The term national security encompasses within it economic security, monetary security, energy security, environmental security, military security, political security and security of energy and natural resources. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. There are currently no licensed Ebola vaccines. As times progress threats to national security are constantly increasing with threats such as climate change, transnational crime, espionage, cyber terrorism and bio-terrorism. This paper is going to look at Ebola as a threat to national security. Weaponization Ebola's exponential spread has rekindled fears that terrorists may seek to turn the virus into a powerful weapon of mass destruction. Ebola virus is classified as a biosafety level 4 agent, as well as a Category A bioterrorism agent by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. It has the potential to be weaponized for use in biological warfare, National security and infectious disease experts agree the obstacles to a large-scale assault with Ebola are formidable. For starters, a bioterrorist would have to obtain the virus and be able to...
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...of war” and one of its main purposes is to maintain international peace and security. Peacekeeping, although not explicitly provided for in the Charter, has evolved into one of the main tools used by the United Nations to achieve this purpose. The Charter gives the United Nations Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. In fulfilling this responsibility, the Security Council may adopt a range of measures, including the establishment of a United Nations peacekeeping operation. The legal basis for such action is found in Chapters VI, VII and VIII of the Charter. While Chapter VI deals with the “Specific Settlement of Disputes”, Chapter VII contains provisions related to “Action with Respect to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace and Acts of Aggression”. Chapter VIII of the Charter also provides for the involvement of regional arrangements and agencies in the maintenance of international peace and security provided such activities are consistent with the purposes and principles outlined in Chapter I of the Charter. United Nations peacekeeping operations have traditionally been associated with Chapter VI of the Charter. However, the Security Council need not refer to a specific Chapter of the Charter when passing a resolution authorizing the deployment of a United Nations peacekeeping operation and has never invoked Chapter VI. In recent years, the Security Council has adopted the practice of invoking Chapter VII of the Charter when...
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...LIMITATIONS PRESENTED BY THE NEW LIBERAL APPROACH OF HUMAN SECURITY By ANON INTRODUCTION 1. ‘Human Security’ is an emerging paradigm which is used to understand contemporary security issues that affect the individual rather than the state. The notion of ‘National Security’ where the perceived threat came from another state intending to attack other states borders is being re-viewed. “Ideally, ‘national security’ and ‘human security’ should be mutually reinforcing, for the past 100 years far more people have died as a direct or indirect consequence of the actions of their own governments or rebel forces in civil wars than have been killed by invading foreign armies. Acting in the name of national security, governments can pose profound threats to human security”. 1 The stability of states in relation to ‘human security’ is viewed as issues that directly effect the population rather than the government. The fundamental objective of ‘human security’ is the freedom from fear and want. This paradigm has a number of possibilities and limitations that make it a challenging new concept. STRATEGIES FOR SUPPORT 2. The ‘Human Security’ paradigm provides the possibility to develop complex strategies which will enable timely intervention by the international community in order to provide support to countries and states that are unable to independently resolve ‘human security’ issues. By understanding the concept of ‘human security’ it is easier for the international community to...
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...Name: Affiliation: Date: Environmental security Introduction An environment basically refers to the total surrounding of all organisms both living and the dead, including natural forces that come into place. All these factors provide conditions for development and growth of an economy whereas on the other hand security refers is a set of customs and rules that govern a society. Therefore environmental security simply means how our surrounding is being protected to avoid damage and depletion of the resources. Many of the natural resources include water, land, air, soil, energy, minerals and all those that are in the resources. Environmental security entails the basic protection of the most important resources that we have e.g. the ecosystem service and have a complete assurance that there will be a constant supply of the resource in the near future without depletion. The human society and its natural surrounding is being threatened by the new global pressures that have been posing challenges on degradation an depletion of the natural resources. The global pressures may include competition to access of water, land, minerals and other fundamental resources, increase in the population of various countries thus posing pressure in land, there has been an increase in the demand for energy due to increased number of people thus having many industries for provision of employment and manufacture of food. Thus our vital resources face danger of depletion and damage if no...
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...GANDHINAGAR PHONE NO: 9408968686 EMAIL-ID: nupurjoshi184@gmail.com TITLE OF THE PAPER: CYBER SPACE MASS SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS,INFRINGEMENT OF PRIVACY OF INDIVIDUALS, BY STATE IN THE NAME OF NATIONAL SECURITY. ABSTRACT: In this present era of cyber revolution and globalization, citizens have turned into “Netizens”. The advancements in the field of technology is also accompanied with the development of various methods of surveillance and intervention by the State into individuals’ private information. Governments are keeping an eagle eye by monitoring individual's movements, businesses transactions and also the means of communication, which includes cyberspace. It is alleged that the United States of America’s National Security Agency runs a program known as PRISM, which enables the US government to gain access to e- mails , conversations, pictures, voice calls and even sign in details of people using websites and applications associated with 1|Page Facebook, Yahoo, Microsoft, to name a few. Failure of cyber law mechanisms and national authorities to advance legislation and frameworks along with the technological developments and the increasing trends on States’ surveillance practices has created an environment in which citizen’s right to privacy is easily violated, leading to human rights violations also and lack of accountability, which raises questions on the legitimacy of such act of state. This research paper will mainly be focusing on this issue of privacy...
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...Information Security - Security Awareness Abstract: 3 Security Awareness 4 Regulatory Requirements for Awareness and Training 7 References 13 Abstract: Information security means protecting information and information systems (IS) from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction. A policy can be described as a set of principles intended to manage actions. An Information Security Policy (ISP) is a defined set of principles intended to protect information and information systems by controlling the actions allowed within an organization. There is not a single off the shelf approach to implement an ISP. The ISP is tailored to the specific organization and defined by the environment of the IS, the classification of the information, governance and compliance laws, and the levels of acceptable risk to the organization. An IPS has many areas to cover but the most prominent subject matter is risk management. Risk management addresses an organization's assets exposure to environmental risks. Since risk management is continuous and must be reevaluated whenever changes are introduced into the environment or when a breach of the policy has occurred so should the ISP. Policies must be useable, workable and realistic. In order to truly measure the effectiveness of an ISP measurements or metrics must be defined in order to grade or rate the effectives. ISPs that are not applicable, reviewed...
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...Plan AAR Average Annual Return AARP American Association of Retired Persons ABF Asset Based Financing ABM Activity Based Management ABMS Activities Based Management System ABS Asset Backed Security ACH Automated Clearing House AD & D Accidental Death and Dismemberment ADA Americans with Disabilities Act ADEA Age Discrimination and Employment Act ADL Activities of Daily Living ADP Automatic Data Processing ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution AE Account Executive AED United Arab Emirates AFL-CIO American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations AFSCME American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employers AJB Americas Job Bank ALC Alien Labor Certification ALEX Automated Labor Exchange ALJ Administrative Law Judge ALM Asset Liability Management AM Asset Management AMA 1.) American Management Association 2.) American Medical Association AMPS Auction Market Preferred Stock ANSI American National Standards Institute AP Accounts Payable AR Accounts Receivable APB Accounting Principles Board APR Annual Percentage Rate APV Adjusted Present Value APY Annual Percentage Yield ASAE American Society of Association Executives ASB Accounting Standards Board ASHHRA American Society for Healthcare Human Resources Administration ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASSE American Society of Safety Engineers ATB Accountants Trial Balance ASTD American Society for Training and Development ...
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... In the 1960s computers began being used for generalizing human behavior. A physician established the idea of the Electronic Medical Record (Srinivasan, 2013). Unfortunately, the usage of electronic medical records did not become more mainstream until two decades later. (Srinivasan, 2013). As the use of EMRs became more prevalent healthcare information technology has played a “pivotal role in improving healthcare quality, cost, effectiveness, and efficiency,” (Srinivasan, 2013). However, the use of healthcare information technology has brought up concerns about privacy and protection of patient health information. In 1996, the Health Information Privacy and Accountability Act also known as HIPAA was passed. This was the first federal law regulating the privacy of health information. HIPAA was “designed primarily to modernize the flow of health information” (Solove, 2013). While at this time medical records were still in paper form, it was clear that health records would become digital in the future. (Solove, 2013). In the early years of HIPAA there was much confusion and no civil enforcement actions were taken. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) proposed a privacy regulation that was finalized in 2000. The Privacy Rule “governs personal health information, which is any ‘individually identifiable health information’ a broad definition including paper records.” (Solove, 2013). The HIPAA Security Rule, established in...
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...P o r t a b i l i t y a n d Accountability Act (HIPAA) require protection of EHR data and basic security guidance to adequately safeguard this data from threats of misuse and/or t h e f t . T h o m a s J . S m e d i n g h o f f q u o t e s H P A A l a w 42 USC Section 1320d-2(d)(2) t h a t establishes three basic security principles “maintain reasonable and appropriate administrative, technical, and physical safeguard”. (Smedinghoff, T. (2008)) A r e a s o n a b l e a t t e m p t to provide safeguards and follow excepted standards for security can be found in the HIPAA Security Guidance, National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) documents, and the SANS Institute policies. The security goal is to provide confidentiality, integrity, and availability of EHR i n f o r m a t i o n . (Smedinghoff, T. (2008)) The policies created below are to address weaknesses in the current system and provide direction on how to meet industry standards and legal requirements. A. Create three organizational policy statements: HIPAA suggests a three prone approach; physical security, technical security, and administrative security. This document will cover organizational policies for each of the three categories based on best practices and national standards such as NIST. a. Administrative security: A written policy stating procedures, standards, and guidelines to ensure honest and qualified...
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...National Security and the U.S. ` Our western security Policy is the established goal of the United State of America to employ a rules-based international order which backs global economic and national security while fostering prosperity. In addition, American Security Policy is crucial to instill new dignity within the U.S. populous, while we set the stage of unified human rights standards across the globe. As discussed by Snow, the geographic location of the United States relative to other states is a key aspect impacting America's perspective on security matters and the development of the US military strategy. National security has been on the priority list of the United States since before WWI, and even could be claimed responsible for sparking our declaration of independence amongst many other nations. within is assignment ill be touching on key threats...
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