...Humanistic Theories Debate Krystal Chapman, Delinda Gonzales, Jessie Sofranac, Meranda Honaker PSY/310 January 26, 2015 Melody Thompson Humanistic Theories Debate Abraham Maslow was the humanistic psychologist most famous for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs. As a leader of humanistic psychology, Maslow approached the study of psychology by focusing on subjective experiences and free will. He was mainly concerned with an individual's innate drive toward self-actualization—a state of fulfillment in which a person is achieving at their highest level of capability. He developed a hierarchy of human needs to explain how a person moves from his/her basic, physiological needs to higher-level self-actualization and transcendence needs. He believed that successful movement through every stage was vital in the development of personality. Those individuals who finally achieved self-actualization were said to represent optimal psychological health and functioning. Maslow stretched the field of psychological study to include fully-functional individuals instead of only those with psychoses, and he shed a more positive light on personality psychology. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is most often presented visually as a pyramid with the largest, most fundamental, physiological needs at the bottom and the smallest, most-advanced, self-actualization needs at the top . Each layer of the pyramid must be fulfilled before moving up the pyramid to higher needs. The first four of the...
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...Answer any five of the following questions. 2. What is the General Adaptation Syndrome, explain with an example. Scientist Hans Selye (1907-1982) introduced the General Adaptation Syndrome model in 1936 showing in three phases what the alleged effects of stress has on the body. In his work, Selye - 'the father of stress research,' developed the theory that stress is a major cause of disease because chronic stress causes long-term chemical changes. He observed that the body would respond to any external biological source of stress with a predictable biological pattern in an attempt to restore the body’s internal homeostasis. This initial hormonal reaction is your fight or flight stress response - and its purpose is for handling stress very quickly! The process of the body’s struggle to maintain balance is what Selye termed, the General Adaptation Syndrome. Pressures, tensions, and other stressors can greatly influence your normal metabolism. Selye determined that there is a limited supply of adaptive energy to deal with stress. That amount declines with continuous exposure. Going through a series of steps, your body consistently works to regain stability. With the general adaptation syndrome, a human’s adaptive response to stress has three distinct phases: ALARM STAGE - Your first reaction to stress recognizes there’s a danger and prepares to deal with the threat, a.k.a. the fight or flight response. Activation of the HPA axis, the nervous system (SNS) and the adrenal glands...
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...Module 1 Notes In this essay I will define what Person Centred Therapy (PCT) is and I will look at the origins of this therapy with particular reference to Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers and examine the fundamental elements necessary for the therapy to be seen as patient centred. I will compare the benefits and disadvantages of Person-Centred Therapy and try to establish whether a therapist can treat all clients effectively using just the one approach or whether it is more beneficial to the client for the therapist to use a more multi-disciplinary approach. To be able to discuss this subject, it is important to describe first what we mean when discussing PCT. Person-Centred Therapy, also known as client-centred, non-directive, or Rogerian therapy, is an approach to counselling and psychotherapy that places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a non-directive role. PCT emphasises person to person relationship between the therapist and client and focuses on the clientâs point of view; through active listening the therapist tries This essay is intended to explore the statement that Person-centered therapy offers therapists all they need to treat clients. In order to do this I intend to further explore the opinions of other individuals practicing and researching counseling therapies. My first thoughts are that if the Person centered approach was sufficient, there might not have been such a great variety of...
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...that was needed to self-actualize and become a fully functioning person. I will also talk about contributions from others and expansion of his theory and lastly, I will discuss the limitations of person-centred approach that may result in ineffective therapy. Philosophy of person-centred approach Carl Rogers developed person-centred therapy in the 1940s. He wanted to move away from therapist reliant to a therapeutic relationship where he had a more humanistic philosophy which is captured nicely by the metaphor of “how an acorn, if provided with the appropriate conditions will “automatically” grow in positive ways, pushed naturally towards its actualization as an oak.” Rogers was born in Illinois to a very strict religions family. He originally studied agriculture, then theology and finally psychology. Rogers approach was developed over four periods. The first being in the 1940s which saw the birth of “non-directive counselling”. Rogers became the leading figure in the third force of psychology known as the Humanistic psychology movement. His philosophy was that people are essentially all good and for the most part able to solve their own problems without direct intervention by the therapist. The therapist’s role is to provide a specific therapeutic climate in order for this change to occur. Thorne B (1992) sums this up nicely by saying “The person-centred counsellor believes that each individual has the potential to become a unique and beautiful creation but that none...
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...Personal Model of Helping University of Phoenix BSHS/ 312 Models of Effective Helping Personal Model of Helping All theories have different views on ways of helping and different goals to imply. By using the person-centered approach ones view of human nature comes from one’s helping style. One would require a style that would make the client believe he or she is safe and understood. By the client knowing his or her therapist or counselor does understand him or her then he or she will believe he or she is safe and accept the help offer by the therapist or counselor. One could possibly set his or her on goals for change or except those of the therapist or counselor. “Person-centered therapy holds an optimistic view of human personality and focuses on present rather than past experience. Focusing on the inner experience of persons rather than on observable behavior, it holds that behavioral change evolves from within the person rather than through the manipulation of the environment” (Parrott III, 2003). View on Helping Developing a personal theory for the way one would want to understand human nature and provide him or her with the help he or she needs takes careful consideration. From what I have learned from this model of effective helping course is that the human service profession is a complex and overwhelming process, and one has to understand the methods one uses. My view on professional...
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...origins and the theoretical constructs and philosophical influences that set it apart from other psychological theories, as well as explore how its founder viewed personality development, and psychological disorders. I will then weigh up the strengths and weaknesses of PCT, drawing upon criticisms by other writers, in order to conclude whether or not it can be used as a stand-alone tool for all clients. Person-Centred Therapy is also know as Client-Centred Therapy, or the Rogerian approach after its founder, Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987), who was an influential American psychologist and one of the founders of humanistic psychology. Developed in the 1950s, PCT is a non-directive form of psychotherapy within the humanistic approach, which is itself often referred to as the third force of psychology – the first two being psychoanalysis and behaviourism. In addition to humanistic philosophy, Rogers was influenced by existentialism, or free will, and phenomenology, or human judgement and emotion. Self-actualisation: Person Centred Therapy centres around the belief that human beings have one basic tendency, and that is to “actualize, maintain and enhance” (Rogers, 1951, p487). Person-Centred Therapy is therefore based on this assumption, that people are inherently good and that they strive to develop to their fullest potential given the opportunity to do so. As a result, Rogers believes that it is the subjective experience of the client that is important – they are the only person that...
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...Business Meetings Etiquette Appointments are necessary and should be made at least 2 weeks in advance. . Appointments may be made in writing or by telephone and, depending upon the level of the person you are meeting, are often handled by the secretary. . Do not try to schedule meetings during July or August, as this is a common vacation period. . If you expect to be delayed, telephone immediately and offer an explanation. . Meetings are to discuss issues, not to make decisions. . Avoid exaggerated claims, as the French do not appreciate hyperbole. Relationships & Communication French business behaviour emphasizes courtesy and a degree of formality. . Mutual trust and respect is required to get things done. . Trust is earned through proper behaviour. . Creating a wide network of close personal business alliances is very important. . If you do not speak French, an apology for not knowing their language may aid in developing a relationship. . It is always a good idea to learn a few key phrases, since it demonstrates an interest in a long-term relationship. . The way a French person communicates is often predicated by their social status, education level, and which part of the country they were raised. . In business, the French often appear extremely direct because they are not afraid of asking probing questions. . Written communication is formal. Secretaries often schedule meetings and may be used to relay information from your French business colleagues...
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...The advantages and disadvantages study in group Nowadays , most of student rather like to study in group better than study individually. Study group is a group we form with 3 or 4 members to discuss certain topic. As you know , all things we did , there will be we get benefit or loss to us. Same for study group. Do you know the advantages and disadvantages of study group? Here ,I will list some for you. There are many advantages we can get from study in group. Firstly , we can share our opinion with another members. As you know , first stage in study group is brainstorming. From brainstorming , all of members must call out one or more ideas to complete the topic discussion. Here , we can collect and gather many ideas base on topic discussion. After this stage , we can discuss how to build the whole body of topic. Study in group make it better and easy if the topic is hard and complex. Secondly , advantage study in group is we can help other members who weak in studying. As you know , not everyone born with high intelligence same as us. There will some of them whose slow to understanding certain topic. So , we can share our notes or guide them if they do not fully understand what they have learn in class. When we teach them the topic , we also have benefit from it. Like the words I like the most , “sharing is caring”. But for the weak student , do not fully depends on your friends. We must find our study method to get along with other students , right? Here...
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...writing reviews writing a journal article review You may be asked to write a journal article review. Although this may be an unfamiliar exercise, it is not as complex a task as writing an essay requiring a lot of library research, and not the same as a review in The Canberra Times which is written for the general reader. Your journal article review is written for a reader (eg, your supervisor, lecturer or tutor) who is knowledgeable in the discipline and is interested not just in the coverage and content of the article being reviewed, but also in your critical assessment of the ideas and argument that are being presented by the author. Your review might therefore be guided by the following questions: Writing a journal article review Objectives Theory Concepts Argument Method Evidence Values Literature Contribution Style Conclusion What does the article set out to do? Is there an explicit theoretical framework? If not, are there important theoretical assumptions? What are the central concepts? Are they clearly defined? What is the central argument? Are there specific hypotheses? What methods are employed to test these? Is evidence provided? How adequate is it? Are value positions clear or are they implicit? How does the work fit into the wider literature? How well does the work advance our knowledge of the subject? How clear is the author’s language/style/expression? A brief overall assessment. So how can you begin to meet these demands? step 1: Get to know the article...
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...what they are saying. I would describe this color as being gifted with connecting with people on a deeper level. Many people that are creative with vivid imaginations are most likely blue. This color is a true romantic and follow their heart. I would say I fit in this color in every aspect of its characteristics. I do everything I can to avoid conflicts. I don’t like to argue or debate at all. I’m very creative and love to talk with people. I have a big circle of friends and I value those relationships as well as the ones with my family. I tend to be the peacemaker in difficult situations. I think Blue has great qualities and a few that can be challenging. For example if you can use the good characteristics such as: empathy, sensitivity, accepting and be sympathetic when talking and listening to people this is an excellent quality to have. I think most people would be more likely to confide in you and ask you for help with issues as you won’t react in a negative, judgmental way to their issues. The negative effects of the color blue is the non-confrontational view. Sometimes there needs to be a debate in order to solve a problem. It’s part of the process to finding a resolution. I see myself learning to accept the debating process however it’s not natural to me at all. I learned a lot about myself through this exercise and how to communicate with others. I think my goals are going to be to try to identify what someone’s’ color might be and then use those strengths to communicate...
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...CheckPoint: Group Communication Stroker Ace XCOM/285 3/10/2012 CheckPoint: Group Communication For this check point assignment, I will be discussing how businesses can organize their employees/staff into teams, the benefits of doing so, and the communication within the group. Group communication differs from individual communication because you need to always be actively listening. Making sure that other group members get an opportunity to speak and share their opinions. Being an active listener can also help resolve conflict between one group member and another. Some examples of conflict resolution would be to make responsibilities and ground rules clear at the beginning, discuss problems as they arise, rather than letting them fester till people explode, and realize that group members are not responsible for each other’s’ happiness. One of the most important elements of a successful team is open and honest communication, with employees sharing opinions and information to ensure that all team members are certain of the business objectives and how to achieve them. Ways to foster group communication would be schedule regular meetings with the whole team, so that each member can provide feedback as to any concerns they may be having...
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...Central Government This level of government works across the whole country and has specific duties. The UKs central government is situated in London; it is formed from MPs from the elected party which is currently the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. Procedures and Roles Questions- Benchmarking may submit oral and written questions. Debates- There is three kinds of debates that are brought up: 1. General- Where both the Houses of Commons and Lords hold debates in which members discuss government policy, proposed new laws and present matters. 2. Adjourned- An adjourned vote is a way in which the Commons can debate but do not have to vote. 3. Emergency- Emergency issues are discussed and debated, but this rarely happens. The most important role of parliament is to make new laws and The House of Commons play a big role in this. County Councils County Councils are responsible for all different roles within their county e.g. Kent. They are responsible for many important duties which include:- * Education • How much money is spent in a place of education e.g. Schools, colleges. • How places of education are maintained. * Refuse Disposal • Collecting their county’s rubbish and waste to dispose of it. * Planning and Development • Building Permission...
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...Myth 6: Women Talk Too Much In the myth, “Women Talk Too Much,” Janet Holmes discusses the misconception that women talk more than men. Throughout the myth she proves that this overused statement is false. She finds that the environment, and different situations are what women’s discussions depend on, and ironically men tend to dominate them. Holmes discusses numerous studies that measured the amount of talking used by men and women in different contexts. The first study, which she called the “New Zealand Study,” found that men dominated talking time. This generally starts when children are attending elementary school (formal contexts). They found that two-thirds of the classroom discussion is taken by teachers and the rest is taken over by male students. The explanation for these findings is that males are more concerned than females about earning status and power. So they feel that by, “participating and verbally contributing,” will help to gain more status in formal contexts. Formal contexts meaning public situations (i.e. business meetings, seminars, committee meetings, etc.) The study also found that men tend to dominate discussions by patronizing women. For example, in this chapter they give a scenario of a work meeting. In the meeting the woman discusses an issue and is interrupted by a male colleague. He interrupts by saying, “I think what Anne is trying to say Roger is….” By interrupting, he’s putting across a message that he knows better (a way of trying...
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...and encountered argument I really didn’t know what to think except that most people argue about one thing or another (happens a lot with my brother and myself), but that I’ve read the chapter I have I a new respect for what it takes to put together an argument to make people understand your side of an issue. 2) Argument is everywhere. This statement true do to the fact with all the things happen now a days people are arguing about just about everything from the government passing a law that allows them to spy on people, or that people believe that all states should follow Washington and Colorado in legalizing marijuana. 3) A traditional argument is based off the ideal of winning the argument, for example when there is a presidental debate in which both side try to prove the other one wrong. An example of consensual argument is when a group looks at all side of an arugment and trys to come up with a consenus on whos ideal help/benefits most or all people involved. 4) The conditions in which an argument works best is when there are the following, 1. An issue (a central focus point), 2. An arguer (someone who knows about the issue and is motivated to initiate an argument), 3. An audience ( people that are willing to listen to the argument weather they be friendly or hostile), 4. Common ground ( an effective argument nust have some kind of common ground between the audience and arguer that is relevant to the issue), 5. A forum ( the ability to be creative and know that they...
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...Introduction Doing teamwork is never easy. Different people of various backgrounds come together, frictions are inevitable and conflicts are bound to happen. In the upcoming surveying studio sessions, we are going to work as a team, either to hold a discussion or to do a group work. Before we get started, just like doing any thing else, we have to have a direction. Therefore, we came up with this report. It presents the possible problems that we may encounter in our future groupwork, and we will also provide solutions to each respective problem. In the followings, the problems identified are categorized into three main parts, namely discussion, working after meeting and general problems. Discussion Meeting is an essential element in collaborative work. Through meetings, team members can share their views and opinions on the groupwork. Members can also know more about the strengths and weaknesses of their partners so as to achieve a better division of labour. Besides, meetings can foster communication and understanding among group members which helps to develop a harmonious team spirit and a sense of belongings. (1) Side-tracking In group discussions, we always come up with discussing topics outside the original themes. The reason why side-tracking occurs in discussion is group members are bored with the original topics. The formal format as well as the atmosphere of the meetings often boresteam members especially after the discussion has been going on for a long period...
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