...THE EXHAUST SYSTEM CONVERTER ASSEMBLY The exhaust system converter for hydrogen engines plays a very vital role in the reduction of the amount of water vapor emitted into the environment. This assembly could be installed in hydrogen cars to cool vapors converting it to water and may be preserved for drinking. Therefore, the converter converts as much vapor as possible into water and returning condensed water into tank. It could also be safe to drink this water if collected in a clean non-corrosive tank. In its construction, the converter consists of a series of S-shaped tubing encased in a container similar to present automobile radiators. As shown in the diagram, the tubings have perforations intermittently separated in such a manner that...
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...London School of Engineering and Materials Science Laboratory report writing instructions DEN101 - Fluid Mechanics 1 Flow Rate Measurement Experiment A. Student Student Number: 1234567 Version 2.0, 27 November 2010 Template for Word 97-2003 Abstract This document explains what is expected in your Fluids 1 lab report. The sections that should be covered are outlined and a structure you could follow is proposed. Detailed advice on how to edit the report is given. The document concludes with the marking criteria for this lab report. Table of Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Writing 3 1.2. Editing and formatting 3 1.3. Content of the introduction 4 2. Background and theory 4 3. Apparatus 4 4. Test 4 5. Experimental procedure 4 6. Results 5 7. Discussion 5 8. Conclusions 5 9. References 5 10. Appendix A: Marking criteria 6 Introduction Before starting to write a report, you should think about what is your audience. Am I writing for colleagues who want a lot of detail how it is done, or am I writing for my boss who just wants an executive summary as he has no time for details? In general, there is not a single type of audience and we have to make our writing suitable for the detailed read, as well as the fast perusal. To understand what is required from you in this report, please have a look at the marking criteria in the Appendix. 1 Writing To limit...
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...Properties of Gases Peter Jeschofnig, Ph.D. Version 42-0189-00-01 Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Observations Make a table of the gases studied. Tabulate their colors, the effect on lighted or glowing splints, and other properties one might use to identify them. | | |Data Table: Experiment Results | |Gas |Flame |Glowing |Limewater |Bromothymol | | |reaction |splint |reaction |blue reaction | |Hydrogen |Bright orange | | | ...
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...swifty217, june 2013 | 2 Pages (480 Words) | 76 Views | 4.5 1 2 3 4 5 (1) | Report | This is a Premium essay for upgraded members Sign Up to access full essay DID YOU LIKE THIS? TELL YOUR FRIENDS... Send Report Submitted: June 21, 2013 Title: Properties of Gases Purpose: To analyze a few physical and chemical properties of gases as well as using those properties to identify the gases. Procedure: * For Hydrogen I placed a piece of Zn metal into a test tube with diluted HCl. * To produce oxygen I added Hydrogen peroxide to manganese. * Next, I added baking soda to vinegar. This caused a quick and energetic reaction! The gas from the reaction I pumped into some Limewater. * Then I mixed Alka Seltzer and water and pumped the gas caused by that reaction into some limewater. Data: Data Table: Experiment Results | Gas | Flame Reaction | Glowing Splint | Limewater reaction | Bromothymol blue reaction | Hydrogen | It enlarged the flame. | | | | Oxygen | It lit up quickly | | | | Hydrogen & oxygen | It puts it out. | | | | Carbon dioxide | It puts it out | | It bubbled and turned cloudy. | It turned it yellow | Alka Seltzer | | | Bubbles stayed in the limewater. | | Breath | | | Nothing happened | | Balanced Chemical Equation for Oxygen and Hydrogen: 2H2+O2 2H2O Observations: * The hydrogen reaction moved very slowly and I really couldn’t see anything happening. However, when I exposed it to flame, it lit up...
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... | | |Foo Yong Hao | |Practical Group |P13 | |Date of lab class |13/7/2015 | |Program |Foundation in Science | |Unit code |FHSB1214 | |Unit description |Biology I | |Year and trimester of study |2015, Trimester 1 | |Title of lab report |Investigation of the effects of different catalytic conditions on hydrogen peroxide | | |decomposition | |Lecturer’s name |Ms.Ting Jen Ching...
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...Name: Date: Instructor’s Name: Assignment: SCI103 Phase 1 Lab Report Title: Measuring pH Levels Instructions: Enter the Virtual Lab, and conduct the experiments provided before going out into the virtual field for additional research. Please type your answers on this form. When your lab report is complete, submit it to the Submitted Assignments area of the Virtual Classroom. Part I: Answer the following questions while in the Phase 1 lab environment. Section 1: You will be testing 4 known solutions for pH levels using a standard wide-range indicator. Based off of the results obtained in the lab room, fill in the following table: |Solution Number |pH from Lab |Acid, Base or Neutral? |Solution Name (what was in the test tube?) | |Solution 1 |6 |Acid |Pure Water | |Solution 2 |1 |Acid |Lemon Juice | |Solution 3 |12 |Base |Bleach | |Solution 4 |5 |Acid |Coffee | 1. How many drops of wide range indicator will you use for each test, based on industry standards such...
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...Enzyme Catalysis: Lab Report Introduction: In the lab there were 4 parts (A, B, C, D). Each part having a different reaction among it, an example of this reaction could be lab A when the catalysis was tested for activity. The reaction was to support the affect catalysis had on the hydrogen peroxide. This was a fizzing and bubbling state supporting a reaction was occurring. So one can infer that if enzyme catalysis brakes down hydrogen peroxide, then an abandons of catalysis would break down more hydrogen peroxide upon a quicker rate. Materials and methods: Part A: hydrogen peroxide, catalysis. After taking 10ml of H2O2 and mixing it with 1ml of catalysis for 30 seconds. After the reaction the data was recorded. Part B: H2H2, H4SO4, KMnO4 H2O. In the reaction an observation of 10ml of H2O2 in a 60ml container, next 1ml of distilled water is transferred, then 10ml H2SO4 is moved to a cup labeled baseline, finally 5ml of the solution is moved from baseline to titration and is titrated. Lastly the data is recorded. Part C: H2O2 (overnight), H2SO4, KMnO4. Basically the same reaction that occurred in part B was duplicated, but with an overnight solution of H2O2. It was in a baseline and the transferred to titration and then data was recorded. Part D: H2O2, H2SO4, KMnO4. With 60ml cups labeled 10sec, 30sec, 60sec,120sec, and 180sec catalysis was put to a decomposes test. 1ml of catalysis was transferred to a cup and then was swirled. Finally H2SO4 was added to stop the enzyme...
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...Lab Report for Experiment # 1 Properties of Gases Student's Name _____________________________ Date of Experiment ___________________________ Date Report Submitted ________________________ Title: Replace this blue text with the title from lab Purpose: Replace this blue text with the purpose from the lab Procedure: Have you made any changes to the procedure? Please explain. If you made no changes, state so. (1 point) Please Note: This lab involves a lot of waiting for the gas collection. Make sure you allot yourself the full three hours to perform the experiments. Observations: Use this table to record all your observations for each section of the experiment. Please use complete sentences. Section in procedure 1: Hydrogen 2 : Oxygen 3: Hydrogen/oxygen mixture 4: Carbon Dioxide: Part 1 4: Carbon dioxide Part 2 4: Carbon dioxide Part 3 4: Carbon dioxide Part 4 Observations 1 Summary of data: Summarize your data in the following two tables. It is not necessary to use complete sentences here. If you did not test a particular property, please indicate so by using N/A. Effect on lighted match Effect on glowing splint Gas H2 O2 H2/O2 mixture CO2 Color Other Questions: (3 pts) A. Write a balanced equation for the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen. You will first need to determine the product for the reaction. (If you have trouble with determining the product, use Google.) B. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide with...
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...Acis CHEMICAL REACTIONS: ACID-BASE BUFFERS Short Overview Acids and bases represent two of the most common classes of compounds. Many studies have been done on these compounds, and their reactions are very important. Perhaps the most important reaction is the one in which an acid and base are combined, resulting in the formation of water (in aqueous solution) and a salt; this reaction is called neutralization. A buffer solution is a solution that contains both an acid and a salt containing the conjugate base anion in sufficient concentrations so as to maintain a relatively constant pH when either acid or base is added. In this experiment you will prepare a buffer solution and observe its behavior when mixed both with an acid and a base. You will also compare the behavior with that of solutions containing only the acid. Theory In his theory of ionization in the 1880’s, Svante Arrhenius defined acids are substances which form H+ and bases as substances which form OH- in water. He further defined a salt as a substance other than an acid or base which forms ions in aqueous solution. Such substances are thus capable of producing an electric current and are called electrolytes. The amount of electricity produced is directly proportional to the concentration of ions in solution. With regard to electrolytes we have learned previously that strong acids and strong bases ionize completely, and are therefore strong electrolytes because they...
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...Some bacteria require oxygen; some can grow with or without it and some are actually killed by oxygen. Bacteria are generally classified into three main groups with respect to oxygen: 1. Obligate aerobes: Like humans, these organisms have an absolute requirement for oxygen. Because aerobic metabolism generates the toxic byproduct hydrogen peroxide, obligate aerobes must produce the enzyme catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas. 2. Obligate anaerobes: Not only do these organisms not require oxygen, they are often killed in its presence. Because anaerobic metabolism does not generate hydrogen peroxide, obligate anaerobes generally do not produce catalase. The causative agent of botulism, Clostridium botulinum is an obligate anaerobe. Since the canning process removes the air, Clostridium botulinum can grow in inadequately sterilized canned foods. This isn't normally a problem in fresh foods since they are exposed to air. 3. Facultative anaerobes: These organisms will use oxygen in their metabolism if it is available, but can also grow without oxygen. Again, since aerobic metabolism generates hydrogen peroxide, they produce catalase. E. coli, which is normal flora of the intestine, is an example of a facultative anaerobe. In addition to these three basic categories of oxygen requirements, bacteria may also be classified as microaerophillic (requires oxygen, but can only tolerate limited amounts), aerotolerant anaerobe (grows...
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...The purpose of the enzyme lab conducted was to observe the chemical composition of cells. In order to do so we tested for the presence of organic molecules. Molecules are what forms when atoms bond together. Organic molecules of cells include proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, which are composed of smaller molecules known as monomers and polymers. Polymers are joined monomers. A chemical reaction links monomers together occurs and releases a water molecule, this is called dehydration synthesis. Hydrolysis separates polymers into monomers by using water to break bonds. Organic catalysts called enzymes are proteins that increase the speed of a chemical reaction. In the lab we used Biuret reagent to test for proteins, iodine solution to test for starch, paper to test for lipids. In the first lab, we tested for the presence of proteins in samples by using blue solution called Biuret reagent, which changes to purple when a protein is present and pinkish-purple for peptides. First test tubes were marked at 1cm and then filled to the mark with water, albumin, pepsin, and starch. Next, five drops of Biuret reagent was added to the sample, covered with Parafilm, and swirled to mix. The water remained clear, indicating the sample lacked the presence of proteins, and thus was our negative control. The albumin sample observed changed to an orange-purple color, indicating the presence of protein. The peptin sample changed to a pink-purple hue, testing positive for presence of peptides...
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...Chlorination of an Alchohol Results The final product was 2-chloro-2-methylbutane and its yield was 2.48 grams (MW: 106.5 grams). Weight of 3-methyl-2-butanol: 3.92 grams (MW: 88.15 grams). Theoretical yield: 3.92g alcohol x 1 mol alc. x 1 mol product x 106.59 g prod. = 4.74 grams product 88.15 g alc. 1 mol alc. 1 mol prod. Percent yield: 2.48 grams product (experiment yield) x 100% = 52.3% 4.74 grams product (theoretical yield) Discussion The acid was put on ice because this reaction was exothermic. The acid, NaCl, and alcohol were put into an apparatus together. The acid protonated the alcohol to form a good leaving group, H2O. The heat was added to the reaction to catalyse the leaving group to leave and form the carbo cation (and H2O). The chlorine from NaCl added to the solution was the nucleophile and attacked the carbocation and yielded 2-chloro-3-methylbutane, which was the kinetic product. The thermodynamic product included a 1,2 hydride shift, and the Cl- yielded 2-chloro-2-methyl butane which completed the SN1 reaction. 2-chloro-2-methylbutane separated from the aqueous layer and creates an organic layer. The distillation apparatus was set up, and the product boiled at 24 deg. cel. And was collected in a second round bottom flask. The yield was quite low, coming in at 52.3% of the theoretical yield. This could have been due to some of the product evaporating, or more likely because our temperature never got past...
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...grating. The materials that are required for this lab will be the following: 3 meter sticks, 1 incandescent light source, 1 diffraction grating (600 lines per mm), 1 pencil, 1 element discharge tube, and 1 Helium, Hydrogen, Mercury or Neon light bulb. In the first section of lab 3, four lab partners will be divided into two pairing two students on the right side of the table and the other two on the left. The groups will then be assigned either an incandescent or an...
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...bases in order to understand how one substance will react with another. In this lab we observed how acids and bases change the color of certain dyes, such as litmus. We also observe the solubility of certain salt compounds. When solids dissolve in water, they dissociate to give the elementary particles from which they are formed. As a result, ionic solids dissociate to give solutions of the positive and negative ions they contain. Experiment Please refer to Report Sheet Calculations Please refer to Report Sheet for pH values of acid bases and salts utilized in the lab experiment Reaction of Salt mixtures FeCl3 + CoCl2 ( FeCl2 + CoCl3 Complete: Fe3+ + 3Cl- + Co2+ + 2Cl- ( Fe2+ + 2Cl- + Co3+ + 3Cl- Net: Fe3+ + Co2+(Fe2+ + Co3+ CoCl2 + Na2CO3 ( CoCO3 + Na2Cl2 Complete: Co2+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + (CO3)2- ( CoCO3 + 2NA+ + 2CL- Net: Co2+ + CO3 2- ( CoCO3 CuSO4 + Na2CO3 ( CuCO3 + Na2SO4 ionic: Cu+2 + SO4-2 + Na2+1 + CO3-2 ( CuCO3 + Na2+1 + SO4-2 Net: CO3- + Cu+ ( CuCO3 CuSO4 + Na3PO4 ( Cu3(PO4)2+Na2SO4 Complete:Cu+2 + SO4-2 + 6Na+ PO4(3-)+2 ( Cu3(PO4)2 + Na+ + SO4-2 Net: 3Cu(2+)+2PO4(3-) ( Cu3(PO4)2 Na3PO4(aq)+NiCl2(aq)->Ni3(PO4)2(s)+NaC Complete: Na+ + PO43- + Ni2+ + Cl- ( Ni3(PO4)2 + Na+ + Cl- Net: PO43- + Ni2+ ( Ni3(PO4)2 Discussion: Action of acids on Salts For a metal to react with an acid to form a salt and hydrogen gas, it has to be above hydrogen in the electrochemical series (ECS). The...
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...amount of dissolved hydrogen ions in a solution. The greater the number of hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic the solution. Strong acids donate hydrogen ions in water, to a much greater extent than weak acids. Bases are substances that are characterized by their ability to accept protons or produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in an aqueous solution. As for acids, the difference in strength of bases directly relates to the degree in which hydroxide ions are formed by the base in water. Like strong acids, strong bases are also dangerous chemicals. Weak bases are found in many everyday items. When feeling the consistency of a base, it feels slippery because it degrades the fatty acids and oils in the skin on contact. However, due to the possibility that an acid or a base could be very dangerous to human tissue, never experiment with an acid or base by tasting or touching it. To determine if a substance is an acid or a base, a pH scale may be used. pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance. The equation for pH is: pH = -log [H+]. The logarithm for pH is based on a scale of 10. As pH is a negative logarithm, the pH of a substance increases as the concentration of hydrogen ions decreases. For example, a pH of 2 is 10^2 times, or 100 times, more acidic than a pH of 4. On the pH scale, a pH greater than 0 and less than 7 is acidic, a pH of 7.0 is neutral, and a pH greater than 7.0 is basic. In addition to the concentration of hydrogen ions, bases can be...
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