...and psychologically different from deep sleep. Lucid dream is a still different mode of functioning where the dreamer has the awareness that he is dreaming. This state is said to be conducive for gaining insight into and awareness of the unconscious and is a technique in mystic training. 3. Hypnosis This state is characterized by increased suggestibility and surrender of one's will. HYPNOSIS Hypnosis is a mental state or imaginative role-enactment it is usually induced by a procedure known as a hypnotic induction, which is commonly composed of a long series of preliminary instructions and suggestions. Hypnotic suggestions may be delivered by a hypnotist in the presence of the subject, or may be self-administered ("self-suggestion" or "autosuggestion"). The use of hypnotism for therapeutic purposes is referred to as "hypnotherapy", while its use as a form of entertainment for an audience is known as "stage hypnosis". Hypnosis has often been carved into two separate elements - 'Trance' and Suggestion Figure: Separation of hypnotic 'trance' and suggestion can be a useful way of thinking about the effects of hypnosis THEORIES OF HYPNOSIS There are three major theories of hypnosis used for research – the Social Cognitive perspective, Neo...
Words: 3444 - Pages: 14
...What is Hypnotherapy? Describe the psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis and discuss the role of relaxation in Hypnotherapy. This essay will offer a definition of hypnotherapy and then proceed into a brief history of hypnosis. Afterwards, the aim is to describe what psychological and physical aspects appear within hypnosis including a few examples for illustration. The latter part of this essay will focus on the role of relaxation within hypnotherapy, finishing with an overall conclusion. To answer what is Hypnotherapy, firstly the term ‘hypnosis’ must be understood. Hypnosis is “a different state of consciousness which you can naturally enter so that, for therapeutic purposes (hypnotherapy), beneficial corrections may be given directly to your unconscious mind”, according to the BSCH at http://BSCH.org.uk/hypnotherapy.htm (2007). Therefore, Hypnotherapy appears to be the therapeutic work done between the client and the Hypnotherapist in order for advantageous changes to occur within the clients (unconscious) mind. Ancient history highlights Hypnosis used by the Egyptians through pictorial evidence of people standing over another making what is assumed hypnotic hand motions, but interpretation of such is difficult, (Waterfield 2004). Modern history starts with Franz Anton Mesmer’s (1733-1815) early notions on ‘universal gravitational fluid’ whereby the planets influence fluid inside the human body. Initial healing used magnets owing Mesmer to change his terminology...
Words: 2236 - Pages: 9
...program was very successful. William Tuke opened a similar institution in York at about the same time. His colleagues and he believed that mental illness was just a state of the person’s mind and so it was built to house only 30 people but only a third of that number participated in this program. This time of treatment was called the moral treatment because patients were treated with human care that would help them return to their normal life. In the United States, physicians who were treating the insane were called alienists because it was believed that this disorder was the cause of becoming alienated. By 19th century there were many more patients and less resources. This was an era of therapeutic nihilism or the absence of belief in the possibility of developing an effective treatment. Therapeutic nihilism created an opening for psychological explanation of mental disorders. Freud had a theory and treatment, which he called it psychoanalysis. In order for us to understand this we have to trace the work of Mesmer in the late 18th century. Mesmer believed that there are some tides in the human body that are affected by stars and planets. He called those tides “animal magnetism” He explored how animal magnetism could treat an illness. He believed that if a patient touches an iron bar that was magnetised or any other objects that were magnetised, the patient will get cured. Mesmer was investigated and exiled. One of the clinicals of the 19th century was Jean Martin Charcot was a director...
Words: 1226 - Pages: 5
...communicate our mental states to others. Beneath the surface, unconscious processing occurs simultaneously on many parallel tracks. Our daily schedule of waking and sleeping is governed by a biological clock known as circadian rhythm. Our sleep also follows a repeating cycle. Awakening people during REM sleep yields predictable “dreamlike” reports that are mostly of ordinary events. Freud’s view that dreams can be traced back to erotic wishes is giving way to newer theories, for example, that dreams help us process information and fix it in memory or that dreams erupt from neural activity. Studies of hypnosis indicate that, although hypnotic procedures may facilitate recall, the hypnotist’s beliefs frequently work their way into subjects’ recollections. Hypnosis can be at least temporarily therapeutic and has the potential of bringing significant pain relief. Hypnosis may be an extension both of normal principles of social influence and of everyday splits in consciousness. Psychoactive drugs also alter consciousness. Depressants act by depressing neural functioning. Although their effects are pleasurable, they impair memory and self-awareness and may have other physical consequences. Stimulants act at the synapses by influencing the brain’s neurotransmitters. Their effects depend on dosage and the user’s personality and expectations. Hallucinogens can distort judgment of time and can alter sensations and perceptions. A number of those who survive a brush with death...
Words: 3169 - Pages: 13
...“What Is Hypnosis?” Describe the psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis and the role of relaxation in Hypnotherapy. Hypnosis * History Hypnosis seems to alter the brain state in a way which allows external input to dominate over internal goals (Posner, 2011) * What it is While many people think that they cannot be hypnotized, research has shown that a large number of people are more hypnotizable than they believe. * Fifteen percent of people are very responsive to hypnosis.6 * Children tend to be more susceptible to hypnosis.7 * Approximately ten percent of adults are considered difficult or impossible to hypnotize.8 * People who can become easily absorbed in fantasies are much more responsive to hypnosis.2 One of the best-known theories is Hilgard’s neodissociation theory of hypnosis. According to Hilgard, people in a hypnotic state experience a split consciousness in which there are two different streams of mental activity. While one stream of consciousness responds to the hypnotist’s suggestions, another dissociated stream processes information outside of the hypnotized individuals conscious awareness.3 Experiments by researcher Ernest Hilgard demonstrated how hypnosis can be used to dramatically alter perceptions. After instructing a hypnotized individual to not feel pain in his or her arm, the participant's arm was then placed in ice water. While non-hypnotized individuals had to remove their arm from the water after a few seconds...
Words: 1910 - Pages: 8
...What is hypnosis? Aileen McCartney Hypnotherapy and Counselling Skills – Year One - Module One MAIDS1A 12 Word Count: 1984 Tutor: Karen Martin Hypnosis is a well known subject to most people, very often through the drama of the stage or television hypnotist. However, the hypnotic trance is a natural phenomenon that most people will have experienced personally, whether aware of it at the time or not. An example of this might be driving a car along a regular route and arriving at the destination with no memory of the journey, having performed the activity safely and reliably while in another sense being quite detached from the experience. This altered level of consciousness is the starting point for the hypnotic process through an induction which focuses on relaxation, inner experiences, feelings and imagery (Heap & Naish, 2012: 7). It is generally accepted that hypnosis is a different experience to that of being awake or being asleep but debate remains over its true nature within academic and scientific circles (Karle & Boys, 2010:14). This essay will discuss the nature of hypnosis, focusing on the psychological and physical aspects while touching on the role of relaxation. Hypnosis is a complex psychological phenomenon and one which is difficult to find an agreed definition for. Indeed the American Psychological Association definition of hypnosis in 2003 is almost 300 words long but centres around hypnosis being a procedure of suggestions where...
Words: 3691 - Pages: 15
...culturally sanctioned. Second, psychotherapy is guided by theories about the sources of distress and the methods needed to alleviate it. Because communication is the primary means of healing in most forms of psychotherapy, the relationship between the therapist and patient, or client, is much more important than in other medical treatments. The therapist’s personality influences the patient and may be used quite deliberately to achieve therapeutic ends. Psychotherapy is often used in conjunction with other treatments, especially psychotropic drug therapy (seePsychoactive Drug; Psychiatry). These drugs may be prescribed by a mental health professional, usually a psychiatrist (a physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems). (See also Mental Disorders; Mental Health.) Attempts to ameliorate emotional and mental disorders through psychological means date from ancient time. Psychotherapeutic practices based on scientific principles date from about 1772, when the Austrian physician Franz Anton Mesmer defined and used a form of hypnosis called animal magnetism. Neuroses were treated in the 19th century with such physical agents as water or painful electrical currents, both of which also depended for effectiveness on the use of suggestion. Hypnotism as a method of suggestion for alleviating certain psychological disturbances reached its height late in the 19th century, as practiced by the French neurologist Jean Martin Charcot and his associates at the Salpêtrière...
Words: 3472 - Pages: 14
...Nick Sharpe 2177 words Choose a medical condition that interests you and research it. Write about the possible uses of hypnosis in the treatment of the condition as you see them. I will be looking at the impact that chronic illnesses have on a person’s life with particular reference to the illness Myalgic encephalomyelitis’ (M.E.) sometimes known as ‘Chronic Fatigue Syndrome’ (C.F.S). I will explore the role that hypnotherapy can have in pain relief and stress reduction. M.E. is an illness about which there is currently much disagreement among medical professionals regarding its classification, aetiology and recommended treatment. Estimates of it’s prevalence in the UK for example have ranged from 6 to 2600 in 100’000 across 10 years of study (1). Estimates by national health organizations say 450’000 people in the UK suffer. it occurs more often in women and is less prevalent among children and adolescents. Most research done has been on the assumption that they’re the same and this is gives good enough information at least for therapeutic purposes. CFS didn’t gained acceptance as a bona fide illness until 1988 because it is a ‘diagnosis by exclusion’ illness that can’t be tested for directly. Also the primary symptoms of fatigue, lethargy and muscle aches are similar to psychological conditions like depression, leading it to be dismissed by...
Words: 2409 - Pages: 10
...Evaluating Psychodynamic psychotherapy Posted March 10, 2006 by Yousif Al Saif • Updated March 13, 2006 Sigmund Freud is one of the founding fathers of modern psychology. He started his work in psychiatry after finishing his medical training in Vienna. He was taught in Paris by one of the most influential psychiatrist in his time Charcot. Charcot tackled hysteria by using hypnosis as a treatment technique. Freud, however, thought that hypnosis is not an effective treatment approach to hysteria and decided to pursue another approach. He later adopted a method of treatment called "free association" where the client says whatever comes to his/her mind and used the resulting stream of strong conscious emotions as a helpful way to his patients (McLeod, 1998). Freud also used dream analysis as a way to enter the subconscious and unveil the suppressed thoughts and memories of patients (Freud, 1900). He also noted key psychotherapeutic phenomenons such as the client-therapist’s “transference” and “counter-transference” and the client’s “resistance”. Freud theories went through considerable modification by the neo-Freudians such as Carl Jung, Otto Rank, and Alfred Adler. Now some psychotherapists base their work broadly on Freud’s work but mainly on neo-Freudians which is called the psychodynamic approach to psychotherapy. The psychodynamic approach gives great importance to childhood experiences and believes that the client’s psychological problems are a direct result of these experiences...
Words: 1894 - Pages: 8
...Sigmund Schlomo Freud BRIEF OVERVIEW Although Sigmund Freud was not the first person to formally study psychology, many consider him the most pivotal figure in the development of the field as we know it today. Freud changed the way society has come to think about and treat mental illness. Before Freud, mental illness was thought to result from deterioration or disease of the brain. Freud changed all of this by explicitly rejecting the purely organic or physical explanations of his predecessors. Instead he believed that unconscious motives and drives controlled most behavior. During a career that spanned 58 years, beginning with an earned medical degree in 1881 and continuing to his death in 1939, he developed and repeatedly revised his theory of psychoanalysis. Most of Freud’s theory was developed from contact he had with patients seen in his private practice in Vienna. This type of “clinical” work was a radical departure from the laboratory research that was practiced by most leading psychologists of the day. When Freud first presented his ideas in the 1890s, many of his contemporaries reacted with hostility. In fact, throughout his career, Freud faced enormous opposition to many of his ideas. Those especially controversial included notions about the role of the unconscious in behavior, childhood sexuality, and how the mind was governed (id, ego, and superego). But despite the opposition, Freud eventually attracted a group of followers that included well-known theorists 1856–1939...
Words: 21427 - Pages: 86
...Patterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson, M.D. Vol. I Richard Bandler and John Grinder 1 We dedicate this book with the highest reverence to Ghost O.T. a little snow in summer and Mazda (the car for people who can hear) 2 Table of Contents .PREFACE……………………………………Vii AACKNOWLEDGMENTS. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . xi GGUIDE TO VOLUME I of Patterns of Erickson's Work 1 PART I Identification of Patterns of Erickson's Hypnotic Work. ………………………………………………..5 Introduction: The Map Is Not the Territory. . …... . . . 7 Preview of Patterns. . . . . .. . . . . . ….. . . . . . . . . . .. 15 The Interspersal Hypnotic Technique for Symptom Correction and Pain Control. . . . . . . . ………... . . .. 26 Basic Trance Induction, with Commentary. . .. . .. 51 A Special Inquiry with Aldous Huxley into the Nature and Character of Various States of Consciousness, with Commentary. . . . . . . … . . . ………… . . . . .. 59 PARTII Familiarization with Patterns of Erickson's Hypnotic Work. . . . . . . ….. . . . . . . . …... . . . . . .. 127 Introduction. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 129 PART II (continued) Pacing, Distraction and Utilization of the Dominant Hemisphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….. . . .. 137 Accessing the Non-Dominant Hemisphere. . . . .. 179 Conclusion to Part II ……………………………201 PART III Construction of the Patterns of Erickson's Hypnotic Work. . . , . . . , , , . . . , ……………….. . . , . . . . ,. 205 Introduction. . . ,...
Words: 80180 - Pages: 321
...Psychoanalytic Model Paper The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind (Freud, 2013). Psychoanalysis is a funny yet crazy type of word, putting Psycho and analysis together sounds like there is a psychotic person that needs to be analyzed. Psychoanalysis is a therapy that is based on what individuals may not know about themselves, mainly their behaviors and their emotions. What may happen with this is that the unconscious behaviors may cause unhappiness in those individuals. There was a method to Freud’s madness, if we should call it that, but the reason behind his psychoanalytic approach to therapy is to identify ones unconscious thoughts and bring them to the fore front, so those individuals that are seeking the therapy are made aware. The downside to this unhappiness is that one’s personality appears to change for the time being. Those behaviors tend to be things like self esteem issues, disturbing personality traits, and they may even have trouble relating to their peers and family members. Psychoanalysis is a technique that is used to treat and evaluate a patient’s behavior; this is performed by a psychotherapist. To which, Freud is one of the first names that many people think of when they think of psychology, and when discussions of psychoanalysis come up in a discussion, in many instances Freud will be the first name that will slip off the lips of various individuals and those in the field of psychology...
Words: 1615 - Pages: 7
...Job Analysis Deborah Fischer-Hansen PSY/435 April 16, 2013 Deborah Hesselbein Job Analysis Job analysis refers to an approach for explaining a specific job and the tacks necessary to fulfill the requirements of the job. One of the main goals is to define the requirements and characteristics of a particular job. The job analysis needs to consider who, what, where, when, and how the job might relate to an individual. Many methods provide different types of information about the jobs and human attributes needed for jobs (Spector, 2012). There are two different categories of job analysis; they are job oriented and person oriented (Spector, 2012). Job oriented emphasizes the responsibilities needed for a job, whereas, person oriented concentrates on the individual particular characteristics needed for the job. The author will further discuss a job with Trinity Teen Solutions, specifically life coach for struggling teen girls and young women. Life Coach Job Analysis Life Coaching is a profession that compliments consulting, mentoring, therapy, and counseling. According to "What Is Life Coaching?" (2012), the coaching process addresses specific personal projects, business successes, general conditions and transitions in the client's personal life, relationships or profession by examining what is going on right now, discovering what your obstacles or challenges might be, and choosing a course of action to make your life be what you want it to be. The...
Words: 918 - Pages: 4
...Foundations and Components of Psychoanalysis Cohran, Robin Dec, 1, 14 PSY/301 Foundations and Components of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis remains the single most influential theory for the practice of psychotherapy. Freud (1964) began the movement and his theory can be broken down into five parts. The first part of Freud’s theory is Dynamics. This level deals with instinctual forces (Rapaport and Gill, 1959). Freud traces all instincts, in a certain sense, therefore all actions, back to two instincts; they are Eros (“sexual instinct” or “libido”) and the “destructive” (aggressive) instinct”. They work together and against each other and have a hand in everything we do. The primary example of this is, sex itself, where of course libido is present, and varying degrees of aggressiveness (or lack of) can lead someone to either be bashful and impotent or a sex murderer and anything in between. Economic Freud’s theory of the instincts is further realized in the “economic” level of his theory. This attempt, in some fashion, to abstractly quantify the power of instincts through the concept of “psychic energy”. This is described through a system in which this energy is invested towards instinctual goals through catharsis, toward maximizing the pleasure for the individual. This, however, is balanced by the concept of anti-catharsises, in which the energy is invested as a force against the instinct, via defense in the ego. Developmental Oral phase begins at birth. Sadistic-Anal...
Words: 1767 - Pages: 8
...Discuss the relationship between stress, anxiety, habits and phobias and describe how you would treat these issues with hypnotherapy Introduction In this essay I will be looking at the relationship between stress, anxiety, habits and phobias and the ways that they may affect people. I will then outline ways in which I could use hypnotherapy to treat people who may have these issues. Stress, anxiety, habits and phobias are disorders that share a certain amount of common ground and can be related to each other. Understanding the commonalities and differences between these issues and how they may affect my clients will help me to work with them to develop the most appropriate treatment plan for them. In order to outline ways to treat these, I will first define what each one is and how it affects individuals. Stress Stress is the name given to how we feel under pressure. It is often considered a modern day affliction, in fact stress is a natural reaction and a normal part of everyday life, which in small quantities can actually be helpful to motivate us to react in certain situations. Feeling too much stress over a prolonged period is unhealthy for the mind and body. People feel stressed when they are angry, frustrated or upset, and that can be debilitating and depressing, leading to an unhealthy emotional state In a medical or biological context stress is a physical, mental, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension. Stresses can be external (from the environment...
Words: 2035 - Pages: 9
